Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SCALP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Visual evoked potential from scalp in guinea pigs.

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded from the scalp in guinea pigs were compared with those from the dura. The study was performed with ten adult male guinea pigs weighing 350-750 g. VEPs recorded from the scalp had large negative components (N40 and N75) and a large positive component (P55). The waveform of the VEP in the scalp recording was similar to that in the dural recording in that N40 was a major early negative component. Great differences between the scalp and the dural recording were observed in the late negative components (N75 and N140). In the dural recording, the peak N75 was a very small component, and the peak N140 was very large. There was no significant difference between the peak latencies of the two kinds of VEPs except for the peaks P55 and P100. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of VEPs recorded from the scalp were smaller than those from the dura except for P55-N75. The peak-to-peak amplitude in the scalp recording compared to that in the dural recording varied from a ratio as low as 1.0:2.9 to as high as 1.0:36.2, and was markedly variable in each component. The scalp recording correlated with the dural recording as regards the early component.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Influence of scalp shaving on prevention of postoperative intracranial infection].

Shaving of the whole scalp is ordinarily performed prior to neurosurgical operation. Although it is performed in order to prevent postoperative intracranial infection, there has been no apparent basis for this practice published in previous reports. We examined whether shaving the whole scalp reduced the rate of postoperative infection or not. We divided 274 cases, who received their first intracranial operation in the last 2 years, into two groups; a whole shaving group and a partial shaving group. We compared the rate of postoperative intracranial infection between the two groups according to age, diagnosis, operation, operation time and placement of drainage. Overall, 12 cases out of 274 (4.38%) had postoperative intracranial infection. The long operation time and the long term placement of drainage mechanism increased the postoperative intracranial infection rate. There was no postoperative intracranial infection in 74 patients who received burr-hole/twist-drill operation. As for craniotomy/craniectomy operations, 7 cases out of 83 (8.4%) in the partial scalp-shaving group whole scalp shaving group and 5 cases out of 117 (4.2%) had postoperative intracranial infections. Thus, there was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative intracranial infection between the two groups, if anything, the whole scalp shaving group tended to show a higher rate. According to these results, partial scalp shaving did not increase the rate of postoperative intracranial infection. Considering that patients who have lost their hair find it embarrassing to return to society, it is well to know that the whole scalp shaving is not absolutely necessary for all first craniotomy.

Craniotomy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term treatment of psoriasis with calcipotriol scalp solution and cream.

The efficacy and safety of long-term concurrent twice-daily treatment of scalp and body psoriasis with calcipotriol scalp solution (50 mcg/ml) and calcipotriol cream (50 mcg/g) were evaluated in a prospective, multi-centre, open-label, non-controlled evaluation over 52 weeks in 202 patients. Safety and efficacy as measured by total sign score (scalp psoriasis), modified PASI (body psoriasis) and patient self-assessment were assessed at week 2, 6 and 10 and thereafter every six weeks. By week 28, mean total sign score for scalp psoriasis had reduced from 5.9 to 2.5 (p<0.001). No further reduction was seen. By week 34, mean PASI for body psoriasis had reduced from 6.8 to 2.6 (p<0.001). No further reduction was seen. At week 52, the percentage of patients assessing their psoriasis as moderate or severe had decreased from 72 to 21% for scalp psoriasis and from 62 to 19% for body psoriasis. Facial irritation was the most frequent adverse event (91/276 events) with the highest incidence occurring at week 2 and few new reports at subsequent visits. There were no significant changes in mean serum calcium, parathormone or urinary calcium/creatinine ratio. Combined treatment with calcipotriol scalp solution and cream was effective and safe for long-term treatment of scalp and body psoriasis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Scalp laceration: an obvious 'occult' cause of shock.

Scalp lacerations are often present in patients requiring emergency care for blunt trauma. These injuries are most commonly seen in unrestrained drivers or occupants involved in motor vehicle crashes in which the victim is partially or totally ejected. Patients with scalp lacerations often have associated injuries that redirect the clinician's attention to other injury sites. Some scalp lacerations are severe enough to cause hypovolemic shock and acute anemia. If the patient arrives in shock, the perfusion pressure may be low, and there may be minimal active scalp bleeding. Under such circumstances, the scalp wound may be initially dismissed as trivial and attention appropriately turned to assuring an adequate airway, establishing intravenous lines, initiating volume resuscitation, and searching for more "occult" sources of blood loss. However, as the blood pressure returns toward normal, bleeding from the scalp wound becomes more profuse and presents a hemostatic challenge to the clinician. A case presentation illustrates some of these issues and confirms the effectiveness of an often overlooked but simple technique to control scalp hemorrhage--Raney clip application.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

Micropigmentation as an adjuvant in cosmetic surgery of the scalp.

BACKGROUND: Unsightly scalp scars, refractory to surgical revision, can pose a difficult therapeutic problem. Application of cosmetics for camouflage is time consuming, repetitive, expensive, and seldom satisfactory. Treatment of scalp scars with micropigmentation has never been reported. OBJECTIVE: To show that iron oxide micropigmentation of scalp scars is simple, safe, and effective. METHODS: A commercially available micropigmentation system, sterile needle assemblies, and appropriately colored iron oxide pigments were used in all procedures. Due to the varying textures of scalp scars, greater force was required in some areas to achieve proper needle penetration. Once the scar area was pigmented, the surrounding scalp was also pigmented to obtain a "feathering" effect. RESULTS: The cosmetic improvement after micropigmentation was always dramatic and all patients were pleased with the results. About 22% of the patients requested a touch-up of the micropigmentation to reinforce the residual pigment. Frontal edema was the only complication and was seen in one patient. CONCLUSION: Micropigmentation of the scalp is a safe and effective technique for camouflaging scalp scars.

Cicatrix↗
PubMed2000

[Determination of scalp ER and AR of patients with male pattern baldness and the effects of hair transplantation on them].

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of sex hormone receptor capacity of the scalp in male pattern baldness(MPB). METHODS: Estrogen receptor(ER) and androgen receptor(AR) assays were performed using fluorescent steroid hormone conjugate technique (FSHCT) in hairness and bald scalp in 8 patients with MPB. Changes of ER and AR capacity in recipient and donor sites of hair transplantation in MPB scalps were examined. RESULTS: The percentage of AR staining cells in the outer root sheath, sebaceous gland and bulb papilla of the lesional scalps was significantly higher than that of hairness scalps (P < 0.01). The percentage of ER positive cells in the outer root sheath of lesional scalps increased significantly (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Changes of contents of sex hormone receptors(SHR) in some sensitive area of the scalp induce MPB.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[In situ re-grafting of the scalp skin flap after its covering of the exposed devitalized skull following electrical injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical therapeutic effects of in situ re-grafting of the scalp skin flap after its covering of the exposed devitalized skull following electrical injury. METHODS: The scalp wounds were debrided during the early postburn stage and the necrotic skull was preserved. The wounds with necrotic skull were then covered with an adjacent scalp skin flap. The grafted scalp skin flap was re-grafted back to the donor site 3 - 6 months after the first operation. The remaining scalp wound with fresh granulation tissue was recovered with split-thickness skin grafts. RESULTS: Ten scalp skin flaps were applied in 8 cases of electrical injury of the skull with the maximal defect of 24 cm x 10 cm and all survived very well free from infection or necrosis. The wounds were closed primarily. CONCLUSION: In situ re-grafting of the scalp skin flap after its covering of the exposed devitalized skull following electrical injury shortened the wound healing time with satisfactory contour.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Observation on therapeutic effect of scalp acupuncture analgesia on labor].

OBJECTIVE: To observe analgesic effect of scalp acupuncture on labor. METHODS: Seventy primiparae with term pregnancy and monocyesis were randomly divided into scalp acupuncture group treated by acupuncture at the Shengzhi area of scalp, and control group by no treatment. Pain grades before and after scalp acupuncture were evaluated with the pain 4-grade rating criteria stipulated by WHO, and the active stage and the second birth process, the Apgar scores of new-born and postpartum hemorrage amount were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The labor pain with 1 to approximately 2 grades was found in 33 cases in the scalp acupuncture group, and 2 cases in the control group with very significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01); the active stage was (130.70 +/- 74.16 ) min and the second birth process was (40.70 +/- 21.65) min in the scalp acupuncture group, and (166.15 +/- 62.65) min and (53.30 +/- 26.93) min in the control group, respectively, with significant differences between the two groups (all P < 0.05); and there were no significant differences in Apgar score of new-born and postpartum hemorrhage amount. CONCLUSION: Scalp acupuncture has a better analgesic effect in vaginal delivery with no adverse effect on the mother and infant.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗
PubMed1988

Effect of preoperative shampoos with chlorhexidine or iodophor on emergence of resident scalp flora in neurosurgery.

Wound contamination with endogenous bacterial scalp flora plays an important role in the pathogenesis of postoperative neurosurgical infections. To assess the effect of preoperative antiseptic shampoos on the emergence of resident scalp flora during surgery and subsequent wound contamination, we randomized 151 neurosurgical procedures into four study groups: group A--preoperative shampoos with chlorhexidine, surgical scalp preparation with chlorhexidine; group B--no shampoos, surgical preparation with chlorhexidine; group C--shampoos with iodophor, surgical preparation with iodophor; group D--no shampoos, surgical preparation with iodophor. Quantitative cultures of the scalp were obtained preoperatively and at the end of surgery, and qualitative wound cultures were taken prior to wound closure. Group A had the lowest concentration of bacteria on the scalp both preoperatively and postoperatively (median range = 30 [0-5.7 x 10(5)] and 0 [0-2.5 x 10(3)] respectively). Group A also had significantly fewer positive postoperative scalp cultures (29%) than groups B (51%), C (58%), and D (53%) (P less than 0.05), as well as fewer positive wound cultures (20% v 25%, 42%, and 30% respectively). A density of bacteria on the scalp of greater than 10(2)/4cm2 best predicted the presence of bacteria in the wound. Repeated preoperative shampoos with chlorhexidine reduce intraoperative emergence of resident skin flora and subsequent contamination of the wound.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Scalp reconstruction after avulsion: emergency microsurgery and secondary tissue expansion. Apropos of 3 cases caused by farming machines].

Total scalp avulsion is an uncommon accident. Three recent cases illustrate our surgical procedure. Small and central hair-bearing avulsed scalps can be treated by secondary scalp expansion (1 case). Large hair-bearing scalp (> 400 cm2) or including aesthetic relief should be treated by microsurgical reimplantation. Venous grafts allow vascular anastomoses beyond the intimal trauma area. Secondary expansion of reimplanted tissue (2 cases) eliminates scalp defects after initial necrosis. Thus, in the cases of total scalp avulsion even with high risk of failure (long time elapsed since injury, significant crush, part being in bad condition, two levels avulsion...), reimplantation has to be performed according to localization and size of avulsion. A secondary procedure with using expansion of the remaining replanted scalp is possible.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

[Usage of intra-operative scalp expansion for primary wound closure in cranio-facial operation].

The size of detects in scalp for which primary wound closure can be applied is limited. Cases with a scalp defect for which primary wound closure is difficult to perform are frequently seen. In these cases, an attempt is made to close the wound by extending the margin of an incision produced by extensive subgaleal undermining or galeal incisions. However, its effectiveness is limited. We performed in such cases intra-operative scalp expansion with a tissue expander for primary wound closure, and this technique has yielded good results. A case with craniosynostosis and five cases with cranioplasty received this procedure. Four of these cases had a previous history of undergoing surgery for carvarial bone defect three to five times from the same incision. The scalp at the carvarial bone defect had a scar and was atrophic with great depression. It was expected that the expansion of cranium resulting from cranioplasty would make it difficult to perform primary wound closure. During the surgery, a tissue expander was placed subgaleally in an osseous area prior to the bone operation, and intermittent air expansion was carried out for 20 to 30 minutes by means of air inflation and deflation to expand the scalp. In all of these cases little tension was generated by the wound closure despite the lapse of time during the bone operation. In consequence, primary wound closure was accomplished easily, and the reliable closure of the galea made it possible to prevent the scar widening. This is a simple and easy technique combining primary wound closure of the scalp with intra-operative scalp expansion. We believe that the technique should be considered for cases for whom primary closure of compression deformity is difficult or in whom there is a wound at the carvarial reconstruction site. The technique and typical cases are reported.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Scalp localization using a simple algorithm.

We have developed a simple algorithm for scalp localization for craniotomy. Using a series of CT/MRI data, the point on the scalp closest to the center of the lesion (T) is determined by our program. A plane (plane R) is defined by three points: bilateral auditory meati and T. Point S is the intersection of three planes: the plane R, the scalp surface and the midsagittal plane. The distance from either S or the ipsilateral external auditory meatus to T is measured along the scalp surface on the plane R. The distance from the nasion to S along the scalp surface on the midsagittal plane is also measured. To determine the craniotomy site, these distances are measured directly on a patient's scalp in the operating room. This simple and accurate method for scalp localization could be used by installing our program in conventional CT/MR scanners.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Human hair production by scalp samples grafted onto nude mice. Biochemical data on normal human hair and the genetic defect trichothiodystrophy.

The authors report on a laboratory model for continuous production of human hair during long periods of time. This study shows that the amino acid composition of hairs collected in situ from human scalp was similar to that of terminal hairs produced by the donors' scalp follicles grafted and maintained onto nude mice. A similar experiment was performed with scalp samples from a foetus with trichothiodystrophy (TTD). The amino acid analysis of TTD lanugo hairs and of the TTD shafts produced by grafted scalp specimens was consistent with findings published in the literature: severe decrease of cys (< 50% of control values) and moderate decrease of thr and pro (80% of control values or less) with an increase of ala-asp-ile-leu-lys-met-phe (120% of control values or more). These changes indicate a decrease of high sulphur proteins (HSP) and consequently a relative increase of keratins. Furthermore, when foetal scalp samples were grafted, the lanugo hairs transformed into terminal hairs along with normal initiation of melanisation. Hence, keratin and HSP gene expression and regulation of melanogenesis in the normal and genetically defective TTD human hair follicle grafts appear to be independent of systemic host-related factors, at least during a 6 months follow-up period after grafting. The present experimental evidence further supports conclusions gained from previous assays with normal and TTD variant scalp grafts, i.e. that the nude mouse bearing human scalp specimens may serve as a clinically relevant laboratory model for evaluating regulation of normal and abnormal gene expression in the hair follicle under well controlled experimental conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Phenotypic analysis of T-cells in extensive alopecia areata scalp suggests partial tolerance.

This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of using flow cytometric analysis with intracellular cytokine staining for characterization of T-cell phenotype and functional status in extensive alopecia areata (EAA) scalp skin. Cell suspensions were made from scalp punch biopsies taken from 12 patients with long-standing EAA (average disease duration 14 years, 95% hair loss) and six control subjects. EAA samples had a lower percentage of CD-3-expressing cells, but CD-4/CD-8 ratios remained similar to controls. Expression of CD-69 was found only in EAA scalp biopsies, suggesting that T-cells from EAA scalp have undergone activation. No difference was found in tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Surprisingly, EAA scalp T-cells produced less IL-2 and CD-8 T-cells produced less IFN-gamma. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens demonstrated that IFN-gamma-producing cells in EAA scalp were not greater in number than in normal specimens. The few identified IFN-gamma-producing cells demonstrated no tendency to localize to the perifollicular region, and were similarly distributed as in control specimens. The abnormalities in cytokine production may explain the relative paucity of inflammatory change observed in the clinical setting and suggest that T-cell responses in EAA scalp are tightly, albeit aberrantly, regulated via mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dandruff: a condition characterized by decreased levels of intercellular lipids in scalp stratum corneum and impaired barrier function.

Dandruff is a major problem, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism and subsequent biochemical changes occurring in the scalp skin that lead to its manifestation. The characteristic flaking and scaling of the scalp experienced by dandruff sufferers suggests, similar to the changes classically seen in xerosis, that the desquamation process is impaired. We initiated studies to quantify the biochemical nature of the stratum corneum in the scalp of healthy individuals and dandruff sufferers. Total amounts and relative ratios of stratum corneum lipids species were analysed in scalp stratum corneum samples collected during studies conducted in the UK and Thailand in order to examine ethnic differences. In both populations, dandruff was associated with a dramatic decrease in free lipid levels, with significant decreases in ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol. Detailed sub-analysis of the major ceramide species within the total ceramide fraction revealed a decrease in ceramide 1 and increased proportions of ceramide 6i and 6ii. In a separate study, we demonstrated that dandruff sufferers show both an elevated blood flow and an increased reported incidence of itch in response to histamine topically applied to the scalp compared with no-dandruff controls. Taken together these two studies indicate that the quality and resilience of the epidermal water barrier is impaired in the scalp of dandruff sufferers. We propose that the perturbed barrier leaves dandruff sufferers more prone to the adverse effects of microbial and fungal toxins, and environmental pollutants, thus perpetuating their impaired barrier.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hair-bearing temporoparietal fascial flap reconstruction of upper lip and scalp defects.

BACKGROUND: The temporoparietal fascial flap has proven to be a versatile flap for a broad spectrum of reconstructive problems in the head and neck. The temporoparietal fascial flap is a thin, pliable layer of richly vascularized tissue that may be transferred either pedicled or free and alone or as a carrier of subjacent bone or overlying skin and scalp. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience using a hair-bearing temporoparietal fascial flap for reconstruction in 6 male patients with extensive upper lip and scalp defects, including a discussion of the surgical anatomy and technique. METHODS: Temporoparietal fascial flaps with overlying scalp were used as pedicled and free flaps for the reconstruction of upper lip and scalp defects. RESULTS: All reconstructive results were satisfactory. Oral competence, measured by both speech and mastication performance, was achieved in patients with upper lip defects. Healthy scalp coverage was obtained in patients with local defects. The cosmetic appearance was satisfactory to all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ideal reconstruction of large upper lip and scalp defects is achieved with local tissue that best mimics the normal face color, texture, and hair-bearing qualities. Hair-bearing temporoparietal fascial flaps possess these characteristics and are an excellent choice for the restoration of function and aesthetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Central scalp projection of the N30 SEP source activity after median nerve stimulation.

Conflicting results have been reported about abnormalities of the N30 somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in movement disorders. In these studies, the N30 amplitude was measured in the frontal scalp region. Our aim was to identify the scalp electrodes recording the genuine activity of the N30 generator. In 18 subjects, we recorded the scalp SEPs from 19 electrodes and found a negative potential around 30 ms reaching its maximal amplitude in the frontal region. However, neither simple visual inspection of the frontal traces nor topographic analysis could distinguish the N24 from the N30 component of the frontal negativity. Brain electrical source analysis of SEPs showed that a four dipolar source model could well explain the scalp SEP distribution. We calculated the scalp field distributions of the source activities as modeled from the scalp recordings and observed that the maximal field distribution reflecting the activity of the N30 source was in the central region, whereas that reflecting the N24 source activity was frontal. We conclude that the negative response recorded around 30 ms in the central traces represents "genuine" N30 source activity, whereas the frontal negativity, which is higher in amplitude, is a mixture of the activities of both the N30 and N24 sources.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Treatment of scalp psoriasis. An effective and safe tacalcitol emulsion].

BACKGROUND: The scalp is a problematic area in psoriasis where treatment is often difficult. The lesions often extend beyond the hairline to involve the forehead, neck and sensitive facial skin. Topical corticosteroids and potentially irritant topical preparations have only limited utility in these sensitive areas. Most of the patients additionally suffer from psychosocial problems due to the visibility of lesions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind study, was to assess efficacy, safety and tolerability of once daily tacalcitol emulsion (4 micro g/g) compared to placebo in the treatment of scalp psoriasis. METHODS: To determine efficacy, safety and tolerability, 273 patients with mild to moderate scalp psoriasis were treated over a 8-week period. Response to treatment was evaluated using the sum score of erythema, infiltration and scaling. Global improvement of psoriasis was rated by the investigators and the patients using a 5-point scale. In addition the single scores of erythema, infiltration and scaling were assessed by the investigators, and the patients were asked to evaluate the intensity of itching and scaling over the treatment period. RESULTS: Tacalcitol was significantly superior to placebo in reducing the severity of scalp psoriasis. At the end of the study, the median sum score decreased by 53% in the tacalcitol group and was significantly better than placebo with 30% (p<0.0001). Global assessment of improvement was significantly greater in the tacalcitol group in both investigator and patient evaluation. 80% of patients on tacalcitol showed improvement to clearance and was statistically significant better than placebo (p <0.0001) in the investigator rating after 8 weeks. Tacalcitol was significantly superior to placebo in reducing erythema, scaling and infiltration, and in the patient assessment in reducing scalp scaling and itching. Treatment was very well tolerated. Local reactions were transient and uncommon. Their incidence was similar in both treatment groups. No serious side effects were reported, including those relating to calcium homeostasis or vitamin D(3) metabolism. No changes in mean levels of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol and in 24h-urinary excretion were observed. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that topical application of tacalcitol (4 micro g/g) emulsion once daily is an effective, safe and very well- tolerated treatment for scalp psoriasis.

Adolescent↗