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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. A validity study.

The study is a validation study of two psychogeriatric depression rating scales, The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD). The sensitivity and specificity, and the convergent and criterion validity of the two scales as well as the inter-rater reliability of the CSDD are reported. Two independent clinicians using the ICD-10 for depression and dementia, the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), the Hamilton Depression rating scale 17-items and the Mini-Mental-State Examination (MMSE), interviewed each patient or control subject. One hundred forty-five persons of 65 years or more of age were included, 73 were depressed only, 36 depressed and demented; 36 persons were control subjects, 11 of these were demented. The inter-rater reliabilities were high or very high equalling perfect correlation. There was very high convergent validity between the screening tools and the severity scales; the shorter versions of the GDS (15-, 10- or four-item version) had lower though still almost perfect correlations. The criterion validity in the total population showed the CSDD as the better scale with sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 97% with a cut-off value of > or =6. The GDS versions had sensitivities and specificities ranging from 82% to 90% and 75% to 94% respectively with cut-off values > or =9, 4, 3 and 1. The CSDD retained its validity and specificity as a screening tool for depression in a population of demented, while the GDS versions all diminished in validity. The GDS and the CSDD are both valid screening tools for depression in the elderly; however, the CSDD alone seems to be equally valid in populations of demented and non-demented.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale: a possible more stable sub-scale model for the original version of RIPLS.

The original version of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) was published by Parsell and Bligh (1999). Three sub-scales with acceptable or high internal consistencies were suggested, however two publications suggested different sub-scales. An investigation into how to improve the reliability for use of the RIPLS instrument with undergraduate health-care students commenced. Content analysis on the original 19 items involving experienced health-care staff resulted in four sub-scales. These sub-scales were then used to formulate a possible model within a structural equation model. The goodness of fit was assessed using a sample (n = 308) of new first year undergraduate students from 8 different health and social care programmes. The same data was fitted to each of the two original sub-scale models suggested by Parsell and Bligh (1999) and the results compared. The fit of the new four sub-scale model appears superior to either of the original models. The new four factor model was then tested on subsequent data (n = 247) obtained from the same students at the end of their first year. The fit was seen to be even better at the end of the academic year.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Similarities and differences in assessing nausea on a verbal category scale and a visual analogue scale.

The use of verbal category scales in assessing patient symptoms is evolving, but the extent to which reliability and precision are lost in using them as opposed to a visual analogue scale (VAS) remains uncertain. The present study analyzed the concordance between a four-point verbal category scale and a VAS in assessing nausea intensity in patients undergoing chemotherapy. The analysis of a total of 348 simultaneous ratings by 104 women over four cycles revealed good concordance between the scales. The means of the VAS ratings (range 0-100 mm) corresponding to the four verbal categories divided the scale in four almost equally large parts (no nausea = 0.7, mild = 24.8, moderate = 48.3, severe = 75.1). However, the VAS ranges were wide. On an individual level a one-step change in the verbal category was associated with an average change of 20 mm on the VAS. The choice of scale to use should be based on the need in the particular situation. When measuring intensity of nausea in patients, the VAS is a reasonable choice due to its possibly greater ability to detect changes over time. On the group level, findings on a four-point category scale and a VAS on the average seem similar.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gait in children with cerebral palsy: observer reliability of Physician Rating Scale and Edinburgh Visual Gait Analysis Interval Testing scale.

The aim of this study was to test the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the Physician Rating Scale (PRS) and the Edinburgh Visual Gait Analysis Interval Testing (GAIT) scale for use in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Both assessment scales are quantitative observational scales, evaluating gait. The study involved 24 patients ages 3 to 10 years (mean age 6.7 years) with an abnormal gait caused by CP. They were all able to walk independently with or without walking aids. Of the children 15 had spastic diplegia and 9 had spastic hemiplegia. With a minimum time interval of 6 weeks, video recordings of the gait of these 24 patients were scored twice by three independent observers using the PRS and the GAIT scale. The study showed that both the GAIT scale and the PRS had excellent intraobserver reliability but poor interobserver reliability for children with CP. In the total scores of the GAIT scale and the PRS, the three observers showed systematic differences. Consequently, the authors recommend that longitudinal assessments of a patient should be done by one observer only.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1994

A new self-rating scale for depression and anxiety states based on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale.

Self-assessment scales have long been used in psychiatric research even if their validity has often been questioned, one reason being poor the concordance of expert ratings. In clinical practice the use of rating scales is restricted, since they are considered to be time-consuming and perhaps even to disrupt the clinician's rapport with the patient. In the present study, a self-assessment scale, the CPRS Self-rating Scale for Affective Syndromes (CPRS-S-A), was constructed by re-phrasing in a self-rating format 19 items from the original Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and covering depression, anxiety and obsessional symptoms. In a group of 30 patients with depression syndromes and anxiety syndromes, the CPRS-S-A and the original CPRS were both used on 2 occasions. The patient's Global Assessment of Functioning scores ranged from 30 to 76 (mean 58), which suggests a moderate severity of illness, as does the fact that the majority were outpatients. There was a high degree of concordance between the instruments for most items and for the scores on the subscales for both diagnostic groups (i.e., the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Brief Anxiety Scale, which are both subscales drawn from the CPRS). The time taken to complete the CPRS-S-A varied from 5 to 30 min (mean 19 min for depressive and 16 min for anxiety patients on the first occasion, 13 min for both groups on the second), and the self-rating procedure was readily accepted by both groups of patients. The CPRS-S-A would thus seem to be a promising instrument for quantitative rating of symptoms in ambulatory patients, both in clinical practice and in research.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The primary care anxiety and depression (PCAD) scale: a culture-oriented screening scale.

The construction of a screening scale for states of anxiety and depression among primary health care (PHC) patients is described. Most of the scale items were selected from a pool of items chosen from two international screening scales which were validated locally, namely the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale. A validity study of a new sample of PHC patients indicated that the scale provided a valid measure of anxiety and depressive states, and was closely correlated with the psychiatrist's clinical judgement. The scale correlated more strongly with the psychiatrist's clinical judgement than the general practitioners' assessments. Two cut-off points were established, one of which is more appropriate for clinical use and the other for prevalence estimation. The former threshold of the scale could be used to alert the busy general practitioner to the possibility that clinically significant anxiety or depression may be present.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Moving average fields, macro-scale response measures, and homogenizing micro-scale variation.

There are two critical issues when deriving a macro-scale prediction model starting from a more complete, underlying model. The first is the precise relationship of the fields predicted by the more complete model and the fields predicted by the macro-scale model. The second is the manner of solving a closure problem that is invariably encountered in all such derivations. The understanding that moving averages of the fields predicted by the more complete model are the fields predicted by the macro-scale model is challenged on the grounds that accomplishing a moving average does not eliminate micro-scale variation, it only appears to do so in one representation of the moving average field. The solution of a closure problem by assumption is challenged on the grounds that the most common assumptions are demonstrably invalid, even while leading to prediction models that can provide reasonable estimates of the macro-scale response in some scenarios. In presenting the challenges, it is further shown how a multiresolution analysis by an orthogonal wavelet system provides a framework for both precisely defining macro-scale response fields, i.e., fields from which all micro-scale variation has been eliminated, and presenting a formally exact solution for a precisely described closure problem.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the Fake Bad Scale and other MMPI-2 validity scales with personal injury litigants.

Five MMPI-2 validity scales were evaluated with 120 personal injury litigation patients (LP) and 208 clinical patients (CP) along with 43 normal participants (NP). The validity measures included the Fake Bad Scale (FBS), Infrequency scale (F), Back Infrequency scale (Fb), Infrequency-Psychopathology scale (F[p]), and the Dissimulation scale-2 (Ds2). Results showed that only the FBS significantly differentiated the LP and CP, whereas the LP and CP scored significantly higher than the NP on FBS, F, Fb, and Ds2. The content of the FBS, with several items from the Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria (Hy) Scales, appears to enhance the FBS' ability to detect the somatic overreporting often observed with personal injury claimants. The authors suggest that the FBS may be a useful index of symptom magnification when employed within a comprehensive assessment of malingering in personal injury plaintiffs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reproducibility and responsiveness of the Symptom Severity Scale and the hand and finger function subscale of the Dutch arthritis impact measurement scales (Dutch-AIMS2-HFF) in primary care patients with wrist or hand problems.

BACKGROUND: To determine the clinimetric properties of two questionnaires assessing symptoms (Symptom Severity Scale) and physical functioning (hand and finger function subscale of the AIMS2) in a Dutch primary care population. METHODS: The first 84 participants in a 1-year follow-up study on the diagnosis and prognosis of hand and wrist problems completed the Symptom Severity Scale and the hand and finger function subscale of the Dutch-AIMS2 twice within 1 to 2 weeks. The data were used to assess test-retest reliability (ICC) and smallest detectable change (SDC, based on the standard error of measurement (SEM)). To assess responsiveness, changes in scores between baseline and the 3 month follow-up were related to an external criterion to estimate the minimal important change (MIC). We calculated the group size needed to detect the MIC beyond measurement error. RESULTS: The ICC for the Symptom Severity Scale was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.54-0.78). The SDC was 1.00 at individual level and 0.11 at group level, both on a 5-point scale. The MIC was 0.23, exceeding the SDC at group level. The group size required to detect a MIC beyond measurement error was 19 for the Symptom Severity Scale. The ICC for the hand and finger function subscale of the Dutch-AIMS2 was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.47-0.74). The SDC was 3.80 at individual level and 0.42 at group level, both on an 11-point scale. The MIC was 0.31, which was less than the SDC at group level. The group size required to detect a MIC beyond measurement error was 150. CONCLUSION: In our heterogeneous primary care population the Symptom Severity Scale was found to be a suitable instrument to assess the severity of symptoms, whereas the hand and finger function subscale of the Dutch-AIMS2 was less suitable for the measurement of physical functioning in patients with hand and wrist problems.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Correlations between the MMPI and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms in schizophrenic patients.

Our study examined the relationship between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS; Andreason, 1984) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; Andreason, 1983) in patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (n = 125). A significant correlation was found between the SAPS Delusions scale and Scale 6 (Paranoia), the SAPS Positive Thought Disorder Scale and Scale F (Infrequency), and the SAPS Positive Thought Disorder and Scale 9 (Hypomania). Additional analysis also shows, however, that severity of symptoms was the best predictor of MMPI scores. Consistent with previous studies, the MMPI appears useful for screening but not for the detailed evaluation of symptomatology of schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of two MMPI-2 validity scales on basic scale relations to external criteria.

Many clinicians have come to rely on the broad array of validity scales available on the MMPI and the MMPI-2. In this study, we evaluated the utility of 2 MMPI-2 validity scales, the K scale and VRIN scale, in a sample of 692 psychiatric inpatients. Specifically, the effects of the K-correction procedure and the exclusion of protocols based on VRIN scale elevations were examined on the relation between MMPI-2 basic clinical scales and external criteria including both self-report and clinician ratings of psychopathology. Results indicated that the K-correction procedure commonly used with the MMPI and MMPI-2 did not result in higher correlations with external criteria in comparison to non-K-corrected scores. In contrast, MMPI-2 protocols that produced VRIN T-score values > or = 80 generally produced lower correlations with patients self-reports and clinician ratings of psychopathology in comparison to protocols judged to be valid based on VRIN scale results.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The Edinburgh-2 coma scale: a new scale for assessing impaired consciousness.

In the management of patients with acute cerebral disturbances, it is essential to determine precisely the degree of impaired consciousness. However, a coma scale for assessing impaired levels of consciousness has not yet been standardized internationally. The Edinburgh-2 coma scale (E2 CS) is introduced and compared with the Glasgow coma scale (GCS). The reliability of the E2 CS was tested by comparing levels of the E2 CS with the outcome of patients who underwent neurosurgical operations. A good correlation was observed between the levels of the E2 CS and the outcome. A change of two levels suggests that some change influencing the outcome has occurred or exists within the cranium of the patient. A correlation between the E2 CS and the GCS was proven to exist. The merits and drawbacks of both scales are discussed. One advantage of the E2 CS is that it has removed ambiguous terms, which are still present in the GCS. Also it is easier to grasp changes in a patient's condition shown on a chart because the levels of the E2 CS are arranged first-dimensionally. Use of the GCS should not preclude the use of other scales, such as the E2 CS; the E2 CS could be used together with the GCS. The accumulation of data on both scales would provide information useful in improving the existing coma scales.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the Pain Assessment in Neonates (PAIN) scale with the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS).

PURPOSE: To establish the validity and clinical usefulness of a modified pain assessment scale, the Pain Assessment in Neonates (PAIN) scale. DESIGN: Correlational design to compare scores obtained on the PAIN with scores obtained on the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS). SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 196 neonates from an NICU and a step-down unit with gestational ages of 26 to 47 weeks. METHOD: Bedside nurses observed the neonates for two minutes and then scored their responses on both scales. The scales were scored sequentially and in a randomized order. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: Correlation of individual item scores and total scores on the PAIN and the NIPS. RESULTS: The scores for individual items on the PAIN were significantly associated with scores obtained on the NIPS. Overall correlation between the scales was 0.93. These associations suggest that the PAIN is a valid scale for assessment of neonatal pain.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1992

Correlates of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Scales with selected Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Scales.

The pattern of correlations between selected MMPI scales and the scales of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire were examined in a convenience sample of 88 patients who had received both tests. Time between tests (usually less than one year) did not affect the correlations, but MMPI response-set variables (L, F, K, F-K) did. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire harm avoidance scale and subscales had many correlates on the MMPI. The Novelty seeking scale and subscales showed a number of moderate correlations with a smaller number of MMPI scales; these correlations did not significantly exceed the correlations with MMPI response-set variables. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire reward dependence scale and subscales had few, if any, significant MMPI correlates. It was also noted that no Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire scales were related to MMPI repression factor scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Lower vapor concentrations in solvent workplaces in larger-scale enterprises than in smaller-scale enterprises, and exceptions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between environmental vapor concentrations in organic solvent workplaces and size of enterprises, and to examine if occupational hygiene conditions were better in larger-scale enterprises. For this purpose, a total of 3,567 solvent workplaces were surveyed for environmental solvent vapor concentrations in 1999 to 2002. The results were classified by the size of enterprises (taking the number of employees as an indicator) and by the type of solvent work. It was observed that the vapor concentration in a typical small-scale enterprise was approximately three times as high as that in the large-scale enterprise, although the administrative control levels were not exceeded in general. The proportion of testing and research work (with less use of organic solvents and thus low vapor concentrations) among all solvent workplaces was higher in large-scale enterprises than in small-scale enterprises. The vapor concentrations in this type of workplace did not differ however irrespective of the enterprise size. Further comparison in various types of solvent workplaces disclosed similar size-dependent difference in workplaces for degreasing, cleaning, wiping, printing, and surface coating. In painting and solvent-drying work, in contrast, there was no difference in environmental concentration regardless of the size of enterprises, possibly because environmental improvement of this type of workplaces was technically more difficult than others. Thus, it was concluded that large-scale enterprises generally had better control of work environments than small-scale enterprises, with possible exceptions of painting work and solvent-drying work.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Rapid simultaneous comparison system for subjective grading scales grading scales for facial paralysis.

OBJECTIVE: The senior authors developed a computer-assisted rapid, simultaneous comparison system for nine international grading scales for facial paralysis. The purpose of this study is to present the system and to compare the agreement of hand-performed House-Brackmann and Sunnybrook scales, two frequently used scales herein taken as the concurrent criterion test standards, with those like scales done simultaneously in the computed system. STUDY DESIGN: The study design was a prospective concurrent criterion validity study. Test-retest reliability and interobserver agreement were assessed using the kappa statistic (k) for ordinal data and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for semidimensional data. SETTING: The study was conducted at a university practice. PATIENTS: Ten consecutive consenting subjects with varying degrees of facial paralysis were studied. INTERVENTION: Each subject was measured, in random order, twice by each method by each of two independent observers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: House-Brackmann score, Sunnybrook score, and like-scale scores done simultaneously in the computed system were measured. RESULTS: Agreement between the computed system and hand-performed criterion standards was equal to each scale compared against itself; for the House-Brackmann, agreement was moderate (k = 0.554); for the Sunnybrook, agreement was excellent (ICC = 0.976). CONCLUSIONS: The computed system has the advantage of allowing an examiner to view a rapid, simultaneous display of multiple grading scale scores at a keystroke from one clinical assessment input, obviating the labor of repeating measures by hand.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Musical scales and evaluations of happiness and awkwardness: effects of pitch, direction, and scale mode.

Participants rated the perceived happiness, brightness, awkwardness, pitch velocity, and tempo change of ascending and descending musical scales in four modes (natural, melodic, and harmonic minor modes and the major mode). Only minor differences between ratings of natural, harmonic, or melodic minor scales or between ratings of parallel and relative major scales were found. Ascending scales were rated as happier, brighter, and more accelerating than were descending scales; ascending minor scales were rated as faster and more awkward than were descending minor scales. Musical keys in each mode were compared, and significant differences were found. Musical keys that started on a higher pitch were rated as happier, brighter, and faster and as speeding up more than were keys that started on a lower pitch. The data were consistent with previous findings and suggest that pitch and direction (contour), rather than mode or key, influence listeners' judgments of musical stimuli.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2004

Development and validation of a scale for rating motor compensations used for reaching in patients with hemiparesis: the reaching performance scale.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent movement analysis studies have described compensatory movement strategies used by people with hemiparesis secondary to stroke during reaching and grasping tasks. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a new scale--the Reaching Performance Scale (RPS)--for assessing compensatory movements for upper-extremity reaching in people with hemiparesis secondary to stroke. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight individuals with hemiparesis, with a mean age of 54.9 years (SD=18.6), participated. METHODS: The study design involved scale development with expert panels and criterion standards for validity. Participants were evaluated on the new scale as well as other clinical tests for validity. They were videotaped while performing reaching and grasping movements. RESULTS: The RPS scores correlated with measurements of grip force and Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment and Upper Extremity Performance Test for the Elderly (TEMPA) scores. The RPS discriminated patients with different impairment levels according to the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment. Preliminary intrarater and interrater reliability coefficients were acceptable for the whole scale. Mean kappa values on individual scale components for 3 raters represented a mean of 67% (SD=13.5%) agreement. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although the RPS shows some types of validity, more rigorous tests of reliability are needed for meaningful conclusions. This study is a first step in validating the scale to assess efficacy of intervention for motor recovery of the arm.

Adult↗