Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SALTS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Blood pressure response to hyperinsulinemia in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats.

We investigated the role of insulin in salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. The rats were kept in metabolic cages, and sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion were measured. In salt-sensitive rats receiving a 0.3% NaCl diet, sodium retention was significantly greater at weeks 1 and 2 in rats that received an insulin infusion than in those receiving a saline infusion. Mean arterial blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels were significantly higher at week 3 in insulin-treated rats than in saline-treated rats (mean arterial pressure, 137 +/- 3 mm Hg versus 119 +/- 3 mm Hg, p < 0.05; plasma norepinephrine, 0.40 +/- 0.02 ng/ml versus 0.27 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Insulin did not influence sodium retention, mean arterial pressure, or plasma norepinephrine in salt-resistant rats. Coadministration of an alpha-blocker (bunazosin, 10 mg/kg per day for 3 weeks) in salt-sensitive rats abolished the insulin-induced elevations in mean arterial pressure and sodium retention. When salt-sensitive rats were fed a low salt diet (0.03% NaCl), insulin did not raise mean arterial pressure. Thus, insulin elevated blood pressure only in the salt-sensitive model. The sympathetic nervous system and sodium retention in the early phase of insulin overload may contribute to elevation of mean arterial pressure in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effects of potassium on blood pressure in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant black adolescents.

This study examined the effects of increasing dietary potassium on ambulatory blood pressure nondipping status (<10% decrease in blood pressure from awake to asleep) and cardiovascular reactivity in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant black adolescents. A sample of 58 normotensive (blood pressure, 101/57+/-9/4 mm Hg) black adolescents (aged 13 to 16 years) participated in a 5-day low sodium diet (50 mmol/24 h) followed by a 10-day high sodium diet (150 mmol/24 h NaCl supplement) to determine salt-sensitivity status. Participants showed a significant increase in urinary sodium excretion (24+/-19 to 224+/-65 mmol/24 h) and were identified as salt-sensitive if their mean blood pressure increase was >/=5 mm Hg from the low to high sodium diet. Sixteen salt-sensitive and 42 salt-resistant subjects were then randomly assigned to either a 3-week high potassium diet (80 mmol/24 h) or usual diet control group. Urinary potassium excretion significantly increased in the treatment group (35+/-7 to 57+/-21 mmol/24 h). At baseline, a significantly greater percentage of salt-sensitive (44%) compared with salt-resistant (7%) subjects were nondippers on the basis of diastolic blood pressure classifications (P<0.04). After the dietary intervention, all of the salt-sensitive subjects in the high potassium group achieved dipper status as a result of a drop in nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (daytime, 69 versus 67 mm Hg; nighttime, 69 versus 57 mm Hg). No significant group differences in cardiovascular reactivity were observed. These results suggest that a positive relationship between dietary potassium intake and blood pressure modulation can still exist even when daytime blood pressure is unchanged by a high potassium diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Estimation of salt intake and recommendation for iodine content in iodized salt in Mongolia.

In 1996, the Mongolian Government pledged to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders by 2001 using salt iodization as its primary strategy. Iodine content in salt was set at 50 +/- 10 PPM based on an assumption of 5 g of daily salt intake. In 1998, the authors suspected that salt intake was more than 5 g and that pregnant women consumed more salt than non-pregnant women. Over 1,600 adults of both sexes were studied in five provinces. In this study we estimated salt intake based on urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine. A formula was used to calculate salt intake from excreted volumes of sodium and creatinine. Average values for pregnant women, non-pregnant women, and men, were found to be 15.6 g (n = 499), 12.6 g (n = 598), and 14.6 g (n = 571), respectively. We concluded that appropriate iodine content in salt should range from 20 to 40 PPM. It is recommended that health education regarding proper levels of salt intake be carried out with the general public, with emphasis on pregnant women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade and dietary salt intake on left ventricular hypertrophy in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

We studied the effects of chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on hypertension and cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats given a high-salt or low-salt diet. [Experiment 1] Twelve-week-old male DS rats were fed an 8% NaCl diet and received the angiotensin II receptor (AT1) antagonist, candesartan (3 mg/kg/d), the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (30 mg/kg/d), or vehicle for 6 wk after 3 wk of 8% salt-loading. Neither candesartan nor enalapril with concomitant high salt-loading attenuated the blood pressure (BP) elevation. LVH was also not attenuated significantly by these treatments. [Experiment 2] After 8 wk of 8% salt-loading, the rats were given a 0.3% NaCl diet and concurrently received candesartan, enalapril, or vehicle for 5 wk. Switching from the high-salt to low-salt diet significantly decreased BP and left ventricular mass in the vehicle-treated animals. Both candesartan and enalapril normalized BP during salt-depletion; the blockade of the renin-angiotensin system produced an additive reduction in LVH. These findings suggest that sodium intake and hemodynamic load, but not the renin-angiotensin system, may be major determinants of the development of LVH in DS rats.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1990

Elevated 22Na uptake in aortae of Dahl salt-sensitive rats with high salt diet.

We examined the effects of high salt intake on blood pressure and vascular 22Na uptake in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. At 6 weeks of age, one group of 6 DS rats was placed on a low (0.4%) salt diet and the second group of 6 DS rats was placed on a high (8.0%) salt diet for a period of 4 weeks. Blood pressure recordings were made weekly. At 10 weeks of age, the animals were sacrificed and aortic 22Na uptake was measured. Total and amiloride sensitive (Na(+)-H+ antiport) components of 22Na uptake were measured from which was calculated the amiloride insensitive component. Na+, K(+)-pumps were inhibited for these vascular 22Na uptake experiments with ouabain to prevent Na+ efflux. DS rats on the high salt diet demonstrated significantly (P less than 0.01) higher blood pressure when compared to DS rats on a low salt diet. Similarly, DS rats on a high salt diet demonstrated significantly (P less than 0.05) higher total, amiloride sensitive and amiloride insensitive vascular 22Na uptake as compared to DS rats on low salt diet. The parallel increase in vascular 22Na uptake and blood pressure suggests a possible, key role of Na+ influx in the mechanism of salt induced hypertension of DS rats.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2005

Diclofenac salts. III. Alkaline and earth alkaline salts.

Diclofenac salts containing the alkaline and two earth alkaline cations have been prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDAX spectroscopy; and by thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): all of them crystallize as hydrate when precipitated from water. The salts dehydrate at room temperature and more easily on heating, but recovery the hydration, when placed in a humid environment. X-ray diffraction spectra suggest that on dehydration new peaks appear on diffractograms and the lattice of the salts partially looses crystallinity. This phenomenon is readily visible in the case of the calcium and magnesium salts, whose thermograms display a crystallization exotherm, before melting or decomposing at temperatures near or above 200 degrees C; these last salts appear to form solvates, when prepared from methanol. The thermogram of each salt shows a complex endotherm of dehydration about 100 degrees C; the calcium salt displays two endotherms, well separated at about 120 and 160 degrees C, which disappear after prolonged heating. Decomposition exotherms, before or soon after the melting, appear below 300 degrees C. The ammonium salt is thermally unstable and, when heated to start dehydration, dissociates and leaves acidic diclofenac.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2000

Protective effect of the bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri against bile salt cytotoxicity.

Bacterial bile salt hydrolysis is considered a risk factor for the development of colon cancer because of the risk of forming harmful secondary bile salts after an initial deconjugation step. In this study, the influence of enhanced bacterial bile salt transformation by the bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri was studied in batch culture using the microbial suspension of the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem; (SHIME), which was supplemented with oxgall at 5 g/l or 30 g/l. Changes in the fermentative capacity of the microbial ecosystem and the (geno)toxic properties of the SHIME supernatants were investigated. Increasing concentrations of oxgall inhibited the fermentation. Transient cell toxicity was observed for samples supplemented with 5 g oxgall/l, while samples with 30 g oxgall/l exhibited toxicity. The results of the haemolysis test suggest that the detrimental effects were probably due to the membrane-damaging effects of bile salts. In all cases, the adverse effects could be counteracted by the addition of 7.5 +/- 0.5 log10 CFU L. reuteri/ml. Plausible mechanisms for the protective properties of L. reuteri could involve a precipitation of the deconjugated bile salts and a physical binding of bile salts by the bacterium, thereby making the harmful bile salts less bioavailable.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1993

Bile salt-stimulated lipase in human milk. Evidence that bile salt induces lipid binding and activation via binding to different sites.

Human milk bile salt-stimulated lipase ensures efficient triacylglycerol utilization in breast-fed newborns. For activity against long-chain triacylglycerol, primary bile salts are a prerequisite. Bile salts also protect the enzyme from inactivation by intestinal proteases. We have studied the effect of different bile salts on activation, protease protection, lipid binding, and enzyme inactivation, caused by an arginine modifying agent. Based on the results we propose a model involving two bile salt binding sites; one activation-site specific for primary bile salt, and another, less specific, lipid binding promoting site at which also secondary bile salt binds. Binding to this latter site induces binding of enzyme to emulsified substrates but binding promoting site at which also secondary bile salt binds. Binding to this latter site induces binding of enzyme to emulsified substrates but without subsequent lipolysis.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed2004

A novel salt-tolerant L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase from Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka, a halophytic wild rice: molecular cloning, bacterial overexpression, characterization, and functional introgression into tobacco-conferring salt tolerance phenotype.

l-myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4, MIPS), an evolutionarily conserved enzyme protein, catalyzes the synthesis of inositol, which is implicated in a number of metabolic reactions in the biological kingdom. Here we report on the isolation of the gene (PINO1) for a novel salt-tolerant MIPS from the wild halophytic rice, Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka. Identity of the PINO1 gene was confirmed by functional complementation in a yeast inositol auxotrophic strain. Comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of PINO1 with that of the homologous gene from Oryza sativa L. (RINO1) revealed distinct differences in a stretch of 37 amino acids, between amino acids 174 and 210. Purified bacterially expressed PINO1 protein demonstrated a salt-tolerant character in vitro compared with the salt-sensitive RINO1 protein as with those purified from the native source or an expressed salt-sensitive mutant PINO1 protein wherein amino acids 174-210 have been deleted. Analysis of the salt effect on oligomerization and tryptophan fluorescence of the RINO1 and PINO1 proteins revealed that the structure of PINO1 protein is stable toward salt environment. Furthermore, introgression of PINO1 rendered transgenic tobacco plants capable of growth in 200-300 mm NaCl with retention of approximately 40-80% of the photosynthetic competence with concomitant increased inositol production compared with unstressed control. MIPS protein isolated from PINO1 transgenics showed salt-tolerant property in vitro confirming functional expression in planta of the PINO1 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a salt-tolerant MIPS from any source.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Salt gland and kidney responses to intracerebral osmotic stimulation in salt- and water-loaded ducks.

Saltwater-adapted ducks with functioning supraorbital salt glands were chronically implanted with a device for perfusion of the third cerebral ventricle (icv perfusion) with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of different tonicities. The osmoregulatory responses to icv stimulation were studied at conditions of salt and water loading in which only the salt glands, both salt glands and urinary fluid excretion, or only urinary fluid excretion were stimulated; in the latter experiments plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was measured with a radioimmunoassay. Hypertonic icv stimulation enhanced salt gland secretion and caused antidiuresis, due to the increase of plasma ADH. Hypotonic icv stimulation inhibited salt gland activity and caused diuresis, due to the decrease of plasma ADH. Salt gland activity, urine formation, and plasma ADH reacted more sensitively to changes of icv tonicity in the hypertonic than in the hypotonic range. The effect of icv hypotonic stimulation could be obtained also with icv perfusion of isosmotic artificial CSF deficient in NaCl content. Perfusion with artificial CSF exceeding plasma tonicity by 50 mosmol X kg-1 or more caused inhibition of salt gland secretion associated with enhanced urinary output in several experiments.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2003

The role of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and nuclear hormone receptors in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis: Bile salts as ligands for nuclear hormone receptors.

The coordinated effect of lipid activated nuclear hormone receptors; liver X receptor (LXR), bound by oxysterol ligands and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), bound by bile acid ligands, act as genetic transcription factors to cause feed-forward cholesterol catabolism to bile acids and feedback repression of bile acid synthesis, respectively. It is the coordinated action of LXR and FXR, each dimerized to retinoid X receptor, that signal nuclear DNA response elements to encode proteins that prevent excessive cholesterol accumulation and bile salt toxicity, respectively. LXR helps prevent hypercholesterolemia by enhancing transporters for cholesterol efflux that enhance reverse cholesterol transport, while FXR enhances intestinal reabsorption and preservation of bile salts by increasing the ileal bile acid binding protein. FXR also targets sodium taurocholate cotransport peptide and bile salt export pump (protein) genes to limit bile salt uptake and enhance export, respectively, which prevents bile salt toxicity. Other nuclear hormone receptors such as pregnan X receptor, which share the obligate partner, retinoid X receptor, and vitamin D receptor also function as bile acid sensors to signal detoxification by hydroxylation of toxic bile acids. Pharmacologically targeted receptor agonists (or antagonists) may be developed that alter cholesterol and bile salt concentrations by modulating nuclear hormone receptors and/or their coactivators or corepressors to positively affect cholesterol homeostasis and bile salt metabolism. It is the coordinated transcription factor action of LXR, which responds to ligand binding of circulating oxysterols in both liver and peripheral tissues, and FXR responding to bile salts within the enterohepatic circulation that make possible the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1995

Structure-activity relationship between the hydrophobicity of alkali metal salts of warfarin [3-(alpha-acetonyl-benzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin] and the effectiveness of the taste response to these salts in mice.

The taste responses to five alkali metal salts of warfarin, aqueous rodenticides, in laboratory mice were observed at a short measurement time of 20 min by the two-bottle preference test using a licking time monitoring system newly developed. It was made clear that the order of taste avoidance to the warfarin salts was as follows: cesium salt > rubidium salt > lithium salt > sodium salt > potassium salt. The relationship between the hydrophobicity of the warfarin salts and the effectiveness of the taste avoidance was analyzed. The effectiveness of the taste avoidance largely depended on the hydrophobicity.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2000

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: In the past women have been advised that lowering their salt intake might reduce their risk of pre-eclampsia. Although this practice has largely ceased, it remains important to assess the evidence about possible effects of advice to alter dietary salt intake during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of dietary advice to alter salt intake compared to continuing a normal diet, on the risk of pre-eclampsia and its consequences. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the register of trials maintained and updated by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register Disc Issue 4, 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if they were randomised trials of advice to either reduce or to increase dietary salt during pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All data were extracted independently by both reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Two trials were included, with 603 women. They compared advice about a low salt diet with no dietary advice. The confidence intervals for all of the outcomes reported were wide, and cross the no effect line. This includes pre-eclampsia (relative risk 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.46 to 2.66). Even when taken together, these trials are insufficient to provide reliable information about the effects of advice on salt restriction during normal pregnancy. None of the trials included women with pre-eclampsia, so this review provides no reliable information about changes in salt intake for treatment of pre-eclampsia. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Salt consumption during pregnancy should remain a matter of personal preference.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Diclofenac salts. I. Fractal and thermal analysis of sodium and potassium diclofenac salts.

Sodium and potassium diclofenac salts form hydrates when crystallized from water; the sodium salt contains four crystallization water molecules, while the potassium salt precipitates as a dihydrate. Crystallization from organic solvents occurs with a change of the crystal habit. The fractal dimension of the particle surface of both salts obtained from water is low and is in agreement with the formation of smooth and regular surfaces during crystallization. The fractal dimension for dissolution is relatively high and comparable for hydrate and anhydrate forms of both salts, and the result was interpreted as being due to the surfactant behavior of diclofenac anions. Thermograms of both salts show a couple of endotherms in the range 30-100 degrees C, which disappear when the salts have been previously heated at 100 degrees C, but slowly reappear when the anhydrate forms are stored in a humid environment. Both salts present a complex exotherm of decomposition at 284 and 314 degrees C, respectively. The results are briefly discussed with regard to the formulations of the anti-inflammatory agent diclofenac.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1998

The expression of the salt-responsive gene salT from rice is regulated by hormonal and developmental cues.

The expression pattern of the salT gene was analyzed in different cell types and organs of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to saline and hormonal treatments to obtain detailed information on the physiological cues controlling gene expression. Gel blot analysis of RNA and in-situ hybridization performed on seedlings grown for 10 ds in the presence of 1% NaCl revealed that salT was expressed mainly in the younger tissues of the plant. In contrast, 6-week-old plants exhibited maximal salT mRNA accumulation in sheaths of older leaves. In addition, salT was normally expressed in rapidly dividing suspension-cultured cells, but not in quiescent ones. Altogether, these results may indicate that salT expression in each region of the plant is dependent on the metabolic activity of the cells as well as on whether or not they are stressed. The effects of two growth regulators, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid, were investigated in combination with the effects of NaCl. Gibberellic acid had a synergistic effect on the induction of the salT gene when combined with 0.5% NaCl, but did not induce salT on its own. At 10 microM, ABA induced salT both in the absence of NaCl and in its presence. Whereas 1 microM ABA acted additively with NaCl to induce gene expression, 5 microM ABA with NaCl was only as effective as NaCl alone. This may indicate that the two stimuli act independently and possibly through antagonistic signal transduction pathways.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of aldosterone binding in aortic cells from Dahl salt-susceptible and salt-resistant rats.

The Dahl salt-resistant substrain of Sprague-Dawley rats represents a uniform population of animals that are resistant to salt and mineralocorticoid induced hypertension. Aldosterone binding in the aortae of these rats is contrasted to that of age- and sex-matched rats of the Dahl salt-susceptible strain in an effort to identify a mechanism for resistance to salt induced hypertension. Cultured smooth muscle cells of both substrains contain two classes of aldosterone binding sites: corticoid receptor I with high affinity and low capacity, and corticoid receptor II with low affinity and high capacity. No differences were found between the two substrains in the affinities or binding capacities of these receptors. Both groups of Sprague-Dawley rats had a significantly higher corticoid receptor I affinity than the salt resistant Fischer 344 rats, a strain with a two-fold lower affinity than salt sensitive strains. These results indicate that an intrinsic defect in mineralocorticoid binding in aortic smooth muscle cells could not account for the resistance to salt and mineralocorticoid induced hypertension seen in Sprague-Dawley rats and that the biochemical abnormality underlying salt resistance is likely to be different from that of Fischer 344 rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The relationship of salt intake and arterial blood pressure in salted-tea drinking Kashmiris.

In this study we attempted to explore the relationship between salt and blood pressure in a salted-tea drinking population of Northern Kashmir which has not been exposed to a Western way of life. All the available family members of randomly selected houses in 14 villages were studied. Dietary intake was documented for the whole month of the study period to estimate the daily salt consumption in 281 subjects (193 males, 88 females), whose ages were reliably known. Their age ranged from 15 to 85 years (median 35) and their mean daily salt intake was 150 +/- 52 mmol (range 80-440). Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed a significant increase with the salt intake and age; multiple regression analysis suggested an independent effect of salt intake on blood pressure after adjusting for age. Twenty-six subjects (9.3%) had hypertension (blood pressure greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg); their daily salt intake was significantly higher than that of normotensive subjects (mean 167 +/- SD 53 vs 142 +/- 46 mmol; P less than 0.001). These studies suggest a relationship between habitual high salt intake and blood pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Possible mechanisms of salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Genetic factors, diet, and salt sensitivity have all been implicated in hypertension. To further understand the mechanisms involved in salt-induced hypertension, cardiovascular, hemodynamics, and biochemical parameters in Dahl salt-sensitive rats were evaluated in animals on high- and low-sodium diets. During a 4-week treatment period, blood pressure was significantly elevated in the high (8.0%) salt group compared to the low (0.3%) salt group (p< or =0.05 for weeks 2 and 4, respectively). No significant changes were observed in heart rate. The increase in blood pressure was associated with significant increases in lower abdominal aortic and renal vascular resistance, along with a reduction in blood flow. A fourfold increase in arginine vasopressin was observed in animals on the high-salt diet. In contrast, there was no effect on plasma sodium, potassium, or aldosterone levels during the treatment period. As measured in isolated aortic rings, the high-salt diet also caused a significant elevation in stimulated norepinephrine release and a reduction in cyclic GMP levels. These data suggest that salt-induced elevation in blood pressure is due to activation of both the sympathetic and arginine vasopressin systems via mechanisms involving decreased cyclic GMP generation in vascular smooth muscle.

Aldosterone↗