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Homeless adolescents: a hidden crisis.
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Pathways into prostitution among female jail detainees and their implications for mental health services.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the service needs of women in jail, the authors examined three pathways into prostitution: childhood sexual victimization, running away, and drug use. Studies typically have explored only one or two of these pathways, and the relationships among the three points of entry remain unclear. METHODS: Data on 1,142 female jail detainees were used to examine the effects of childhood sexual victimization, running away, and drug use on entry into prostitution and their differential effects over the life course. RESULTS: Two distinct pathways into prostitution were identified. Running away had a dramatic effect on entry into prostitution in early adolescence, but little effect later in the life course. Childhood sexual victimization, by contrast, nearly doubled the odds of entry into prostitution throughout the lives of women. Although the prevalence of drug use was significantly higher among prostitutes than among nonprostitutes, drug abuse did not explain entry into prostitution. CONCLUSIONS: Running away and childhood sexual victimization provide distinct pathways into prostitution. The findings suggest that women wishing to leave prostitution may benefit from different mental health service strategies depending on which pathway to prostitution they experienced.
The Imbrication Model for the integration of social services in a community.
An innovative model for organising social services in a community, the Imbrication Model, is contrasted with two traditional models, the Entrepreneurial and the Umbrella Agency. The structural characteristics and dynamics of the three models are illustrated with actual case histories. Imbrication Model calls for the interlocking of personnel from several agencies, with the purpose of redirecting the dysfunctional interagency rivalry prevalent in the traditional models. Imbrications at all organisational levels--Board of Directors, Administrators and Staff--facilitate adoption of the superordinate goal of providing clients with the best services available, regardless of which particular agency delivers the service. Few observers of the current social service scene would challenge the statement that needs for service are unlimited and resources limited. In the USA the imbalance between needs and resources persists despite a decade of massive governmental programmes intended to alleviate social ills. Recent substantial cutbacks in federal funds, moreover are not likely to improve the situation. The resource shortage involves more than a limitation of funds. Deliverers of service and competent programme administrators are also on critically short supply. These shortages are more often than not exacerbated by a chronic spirit of competition among agencies and programmes at the local level. Three organizational models for the delivery and administration of social services, two conventional and one of more recent date, are examined in this article. The innovative model, which has been named the Imbrication Model, explicitly calls for redirecting interagency rivalry and competition. Its ambitious goal is to integrate the efforts of those attempting to meet a community's social service needs.
Intervening briefly in the family system.
A brief therapeutic intervention in a family is presented with the use of the Synallactic Collective Image Technique (S.C.I.T.). The technique proves to be a very useful tool for therapeutic intervention along General System Theory lines. The S.C.I.T. makes use of family paintings as a 2nd catalyst (the first one being the therapist) of transaction. Five sessions were held over a period of about one month. The family paintings reflect the successive phases through which the family transaction proceeded: From a dry, unsatisfying, mutually destructive relationship with no hope for co-operation and survival, through a phase of resistance during which each one was able to see his predicament, through a final phase after the 'storm' where the sun rises for the first time and co-operation for fruitful exploration begins. It has been observed that such a brief and intense intervention could lead, with proper handling, to the reactivation of self-leading processes, which generate more functional transaction within the family system.
Factors influencing early return of escapees from a mental hospital.
Factors influencing early return of escapees from a mental hospital were studied retrospectively from among 3,892 admissions in the year 1977. 128 case files of patients who according to the operational definition used, were escapees, were taken in. 39 escapees had returned within one week of escape and were called early returns. When compared with the rest of the escapees early return was significantly associated with two factors, viz., patients who were brought for admission by a close relative, and patients who were paying as voluntary boarders. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Incest syndromes: observations in a general hospital psychiatric unit.
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Psychiatric presentation of epilepsia cursiva.
Coarse brain disease can first present as a behavioural or psychiatric disorder. Partial seizures with complex symptomatology (psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy) may offer particular difficulties in differential diagnosis from the "functional psychoses". The authors report a case of "running epilepsy" (epilepsia cursiva), that first presented as a behavioural problem, and review the literature on this rare form of psychomotor epilepsy.
Predicting the timing of women's departure from abusive relationships.
The aim of this study was to investigate forces that affect the timing of women's exit from violent relationships with men. Abused women were recruited from posters in the community and battered women's shelters, interviewed, and followed up for 10 years. Data for this study are based on 100 women and were analyzed using event history analysis. Age, ethnicity, and alcohol consumption levels of both partners predicted the timing of women's termination of abusive relationships. An interaction effect showed that women who scored above the mean on an index of physical aggression and who never used shelter services had the longest trajectories of violence exposure; severely abused women without shelter use were more likely to stay. Our findings indicate that women who receive shelter services endure shorter periods of violence than women who do not access such services. Further outreach, especially to women experiencing high rates of physical aggression, is recommended.
Women's use of physical and nonphysical self-defense strategies during incidents of partner violence.
Two incidents of partner violence are investigated using qualitative methodology to discover strategies women use to protect themselves and examine women's use of violence. Data were collected from 447 women (age 18 or older) from 7 domestic violence programs and 5 substance use disorder treatment programs in a midwestern state. Women were found to have developed numerous self-protection strategies, some using nonphysical means only, others using physical means only, and others combining nonphysical and physical means. Women often used a variety of strategies in the same incident. Few women initiated violence against partners. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Global and domain-specific self-concepts of a matched sample of adolescent runaways and nonrunaways.
Assessed the self-concepts of 132 adolescents (66 adolescent runaways and 66 nonrunaways) with the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale (MSCS). Adolescent runaways were found to have significantly lower global self-concepts than the matched group of children who did not run away (hereafter nonrunaways). Runaways were also found to have lower domain-specific self-concepts than nonrunaways in 5 of the 6 important domains assessed by the MSCS (i.e., Social, Affect, Academic, Family, and Physical). Within-group analyses revealed that runaway adolescents had significantly lower Family self-concepts than other specific domains of self-concept, which highlights the influence of families on children's psycho-social adjustment. As expected, nonrunaways did not differ across any of the domain-specific self-concepts.
Social policy and runaways.
This paper examines the relationship between social policy and the phenomenon of runaways and their health. Through an exploration of the literature and reference to empirical studies, including the author's own work, it provides background and establishes the relationship between being in care and running. Assumptions which guide social policy as well as the service delivery itself provide an explanation for the runaway--child welfare connection. The paper concludes with discussion of the implications and recommendations for a policy shift with respect to services for adolescents.
Developing policies for runaways: insights from the literature.
This article examines the literature on runaways from an historical perspective. It argues that societal responses to runaways have been structured by the prevailing assumptions about the nature and meaning of runaway behaviour. The recurring theme of detachment and connection is highlighted and its implication for policy development is examined.
The pediatrician's role in the prevention of missing children.
In 2002, the Second National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children report was released by the US Department of Justice, providing new data on a problem that our nation continues to face. This clinical report describes the categories of missing children, the prevalence of each, and prevention strategies that primary care pediatricians can share with parents to increase awareness and education about the safety of their children.
[Street children talk about shelters].
The paper focuses reports of homeless children about their experience of living in shelters. It's a part of one research of which purpose was to allow the street children themselves, on São Paulo city, to express their representation about their life's trajectory. The data, gathered by individual interviews, were organise according to the method of the Analysis of Contents and principles of the theory of the Social Representation. The categories detached from the speech transcript, were grouped into meaningful experiences for the children, among which "the shelters". The analyse of this category showed clearly that the lack of a personal and affectionate attendance in the shelters contributes to the children choosing to stay in the streets.
Evaluation of a peer-led drug abuse risk reduction project for runaway/homeless youths.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Drug Prevention in Youth risk reduction program that was implemented in shelters for runaway/homeless youths in the Southeastern United States. The program focuses on knowledge, attitudes and skills that can help this group of high risk young people minimize the serious negative consequences of drug abuse. An evaluation strategy was developed so comparisons could be made between peer-led, adult-led and non-intervention groups. Dependent samples t tests and least squares ANCOVAS were used to measure pretest-posttest differences both within and between groups. Results indicate that the peer-led groups were more successful than the other two groups, and that program effects were the most powerful with the youngest group of shelter clients. Process evaluation revealed important factors related to group leader training and group management. It is concluded that well-trained and motivated peer/near peer leaders have particularly valuable contributions to make with regard to drug abuse risk reduction for shelter clients.
Self-concepts and ideal-self concepts of run-away youths: counselling implications.
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Self-esteem patterns distinctive of groups of drug abusing and other dysfunctional adolescents.
Self-report measures on seven scales representing four broad processes of self-esteem were used to contrast three groups of drug abusers (pretreatment, in-treatment, and posttreatment), two other groups of institutionalized dysfunctional youth, and a "normal" public school sample, all from a population of White middle-class suburban adolescents. Multivariate analysis of covariance with adjustment for age and sex was used to compare the dysfunctional groups with the normal group. Discrimination analysis portrayed the dimensions of self-esteem separating all the groups. Pretreatment and in-treatment drug abusers had significantly lower scores on all seven measures of self-esteem; posttreatment abusers did not show these decrements, but reported greater ease in sharing feelings than normals did. The learning disabled adoles reported a lower sense of well being and greater ease in sharing feelings. These outcomes suggest that low self-esteem is not a general consequence of personal dysfunction per se, and may play a causal role in drug abuse.