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PubMed2006

Work-family conflict and retirement preferences.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates relationships between retirement preferences and perceived levels of work-family conflict. METHODS: Using the large sample of 52-54-year-old respondents to the 1992 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we estimated multinomial logistic regression models of preferences for partial and full retirement within the next 10 years. We examined the association between retirement preferences and perceived work-family conflict, evaluated the extent to which work-family conflict was a mediating mechanism between stressful work and family circumstances and preferences to retire, and explored potential gender differences in the association between work-family conflict and preferring retirement. RESULTS: Work-family conflict was positively related to preferences for both full and partial retirement. Yet work-family conflict did not appear to mediate relationships between stressful work and family environments and retirement preferences, nor did significant gender differences emerge in this association. DISCUSSION: Our analyses provide the first direct evidence of the role played by work-family conflict in the early stages of the retirement process, although we were not able to identify the sources of conflict underlying this relationship. Identifying the sources of this conflict and the psychological mechanisms linking work-family conflict to retirement preferences is an important task for future researchers.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement.

Research over the past 30 years concerning the effect of retirement on personal adjustment has resulted in conflicting findings. Some studies reported a negative effect for retirement; others showed no effect at all. This study utilized the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Men to test the net effect of retirement on happiness with life and to analyze an evaluation of retirement item in order to discern specific factors that cause lower satisfaction with retirement. Logistic multiple regression and ordinary least squares regression were used in the analysis. The main findings are as follows: (a) although a negative bivariate relationship exists between retirement and happiness with life, retirement has no significant net effect; (b) health factors, recent widowhood, and income have the greatest impact on happiness with life; and (c) poor health, lower income, and earlier-than-expected retirement are the main determinants of negative evaluations of retirement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Consequences of retirement.

Six longitudinal data sets were used to examine the consequences of retirement controlling for preretirement characteristics. Results show (a) about one-half to three-fourths of income differences between retired and working men was caused by retirement; (b) little, if any, of the health differences are caused by retirement; (c) there are few effects of retirement on social activity; and (d) there are few effects on attitudes such as life satisfaction and happiness. Early retirement, however, has stronger effects than retirement at normal ages. The results show that retirement has different effects depending on type of outcome and timing of retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Locus of control and retirement preparation.

Locus of desired control and participation in a retirement preparation program were investigated in relation to retirement attitudes and adjustment. Fifty-nine older workers and retirees, approximately half of whom had participated in a retirement preparation program, completed measures assessing locus of control, attitudes toward work and retirement, life satisfaction and self-esteem. Retirement preparation was found to maintain both the desirability and expectancy of internal control and positive retirement attitudes among the worker participants relative to controls. Retirees did not differ on measures of adjustment; those with retirement preparation, however, evidenced higher externality than those without. Although the results indicated that internal expectancies were associated with positive psychological functioning, the role of retirement preparation in maintaining such expectancies into retirement remained equivocal.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Ill-health retirement: national rates and updated guidance for occupational physicians.

BACKGROUND: Advising on ill-health retirement is an important role of most practising occupational physicians. In recent years, the eligibility criteria and process for gaining early retirement benefits have changed in many pension schemes in the UK. AIM: To investigate the variation in rates of retirement due to ill-health in National Health Service (NHS) Trusts and Local Authorities and to update previously published guidance on ill-health retirement with specific reference to pension schemes with eligibility criteria that include permanence of incapacity due to ill-health. METHODS: Rates of retirement were calculated for 222 NHS Trusts and 132 Local Authorities with more than 1500 employees. Literature searches and consensus statements by the authors. RESULTS: Rates of retirement were widely distributed in the NHS Trusts and Local Authorities. The median rates of retirement were 2.11 (IQR 1.37-2.91)/1000 active members and 4.10 (IQR 3.01-6.10)/1000 employees, respectively (P<0.001). Difficulties in the doctor-patient relationship and in ascertaining the true functional ability of some patients were identified. CONCLUSION: There continues to be marked variation in rates of early retirement due to ill-health within and between organizations that warrants further investigation. The general and specific guidance that appears as an appendix in Supplementary data to this paper should help occupational physicians to make equitable recommendations when assessing applications for early retirement benefits and fitness to work.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2002

Physical workload and risk of early retirement: prospective population-based study among middle-aged men.

Early retirement produces a heavy economic burden in many western societies. There is a need to identify single risk factors for early retirement and to find methods for preventing it. To estimate the effect of heavy physical work on early retiring, a cohort of 1755 men aged 42 to 65 years from eastern Finland was followed up from 1984 to 2000. Self-estimated physical workload was assessed at baseline. The inclusive pension records were obtained from national pension institutions. Logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the effect of physical workload and single physical risk factors on the risk of disability pension and nonillness-based pension. Risks were estimated for both disease-specific and all disability pensions. The interaction of physical fitness and physical workload and the resulting effects on risk were also estimated. During the follow-up, 861 (49.1%) men retired on a disability pension and 331 men (18.9%) retired on a nonillness-based early pension. Only 273 (15.6%) men reached the age for getting the normal old-age pension without having had any other early pension After adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, maximal oxygen uptake, education and corresponding illness at baseline, heavy physical work was found to be associated with an increased risk of being retired on a disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders (odds ratio (OR) 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 3.61) but not due to cardiovascular or mental diseases. The association was stronger if cardiorespiratory fitness was poor. Lifting, static muscular loading and uncomfortable work positions increased the risk of early retirement especially due to musculoskeletal disorders. Loading of the upper extremity alone or with the neck and shoulder region seems to be an independent risk factor for early retirement. We concluded that physical workload increases the risk of retirement on a disability pension especially due to musculoskeletal disorders. In heavy physical work, the risk is increased especially among men with musculoskeletal or cardiovascular disease and poor cardiorespiratory fitness.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed2002

What might encourage later retirement among general practitioners?

More GPs are needed, but there are concerns about retaining the existing workforce quite apart from recruiting new doctors. This survey of GP principals in the Northern deanery aged over 45, identified factors potentially encouraging them to take early retirement (before 60) or to work on beyond 60. Over a third of those with retirement plans intended to retire early. Perceived undesirable changes in the NHS and workload were the main factors influencing intentions to retire. Reducing hours and administrative duties, and improving managerial support were factors that may encourage later retirement. Financial incentives in the form of increased pensions were most attractive to those already planning later retirement. A total of 35 per cent scored above threshold for significant psychological distress, and the higher psychological distress the earlier GPs wanted to retire. Interventions encouraging later retirement should be targeted at reducing workload and administration. Interventions to reduce stress could also encourage later retirement.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Natural history of male psychological health, XV: retirement satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies of shorter duration have identified numerous risks and protective factors that powerfully influence outcomes in young adulthood and midlife, this long-term prospective study examines the effect of these prognostic factors on age at retirement and satisfaction with retirement. METHOD: In this prospective study, a cohort of socially disadvantaged men (N=151) were followed from adolescence until a mean age of 75 years (SD=2). Periodic interviews, biennial administration of questionnaires, and physical examinations every 5 years were conducted to determine biopsychosocial risk variables, age at retirement, and satisfaction with retirement. RESULTS: Early age of retirement was found to be a function of preexisting mental and physical health and later age of retirement a function of occupational status. A surprising finding was that risk factors such as poor objective physical health, low income, and depression, which are commonly associated with poor outcomes in young adulthood and in midlife, were largely unrelated to satisfaction with retirement. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively high level of satisfaction with retirement was often attained by men who had reported many risk factors for poor child and midlife development (e.g., low IQ, dropping out of school, poor mental health, and being part of a multiproblem family) but who in later life had some positive resources (e.g., a good marriage, a low level neuroticism, enjoyment of vacations, and a capacity for play). In short, retirement may offer some men a fresh lease on life.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The impact of men's and women's retirement on marital relations: a comparative analysis.

The study examined whether men's and women's retirement have a differential impact on several aspects of marital life: Power relations (as reflected in decision-making), spousal resources, division of household tasks, and quality of marriage. Questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 519 pre-retired and retired Israelis. The findings indicate that in general, both men's and women's retirement have a similar impact on marital relations in all of the areas examined. No appreciable change in spousal resources was found after retirement, but there was evidence of change in decision-making patterns about spending time and carrying out feminine and general tasks. Retired respondents of both sexes reported fewer marital complaints than the pre-retired respondents, but also expressed less marital enjoyment. It was also found that men's retirement has a different impact than women's retirement on decisions about house-hold affairs and performance of feminine tasks. In addition, gender-based differences were found in several areas, irrespective of employment status. The women reported higher quality of marriage than did the men, and more resources for strengthening the family, whereas the men perceived themselves as making more decisions in the important areas of life, as more hardy, and as controlling the family's financial resources.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Selling your practice at retirement. Are there problems ahead?

BACKGROUND: The dental work force is maturing as fewer dentists enter practice. In this article, the authors considered two questions: "Will demographic trends in the numbers of dentists leaving and entering practice place additional downward pressure on the value of dental practices?" and "How important is the sale of practices for retirement income?" METHODS: To address the first question, the authors estimated the number of retirees using 62 years as retirement age, and they projected the number of graduates using current trends of first-year enrollments. To address the second question, the authors used the ADA's 1995 Survey of Current Issues in Dentistry, which addressed dentists' retirement savings. RESULTS: The annual rate of dentists' retiring is projected to be 2.1 percent compared with 1 percent among dentists projected to graduate during the period of 2001-2020. Although dental practice value is 40 percent or more of practitioners' reported retirement savings, the majority of dentists report that they do not depend on the sale of their practices to finance their retirement. CONCLUSIONS: In the next 20 years, the number of retirees will grow faster than the number of graduates, exerting a downward pressure on the value of dental practices. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: To successfully plan for retirement, dentists need to carefully assess their target levels of retirement savings, the time of their retirement and their dependence on the sales of their practices.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

To everything there is a season and a time to every purpose: retirement and the neurosurgeon.

Neurosurgery has designed a rigid curriculum that must be followed precisely by those who wish to enter the specialty. A similar process at the other end of the practice cycle has never been formalized except for mandatory retirement from certain administrative positions at a particular age. Basic considerations for strategic decision making about voluntary retirement from neurosurgery, especially operative neurosurgery, are investigated. Statistical data from the US Census Bureau and sources in the medical literature were reviewed regarding life expectancy and retirement ages. Age-related differences in verbal and performance intelligence quotients, attention span, verbal memory recall, and visuospatial facility were surveyed. A questionnaire was sent to 29 recently retired academic neurosurgeons about their age and reasons for retirement along with postretirement activities; 22 responses were received. Analysis of the data indicates that surgeons are now retiring at the age of approximately 60 years, whereas life expectancy is approximately 80 years. An individual thus may have 15 to 20 productive years after leaving active neurosurgical practice. Reasons for retirement among the 22 responding neurosurgeons included decreasing personal satisfaction and financial rewards, a desire to pursue other activities, local ground rules mandating age-specific retirement, the general sense that enough is enough, and, overall, a strong desire to stop performing surgery while at the top of one's game. The process of age-related competence assessment of commercial airline pilots is outlined, and a similar process of assessment of practicing surgeons may be warranted, with consideration for mandatory retirement from operative neurosurgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Predictors of disability retirement.

OBJECTIVES: Disability retirement may increase as the work force ages, but there is little information on factors associated with retirement because of disability. This is the first prospective population-based study of predictors of disability retirement including information on workplace, socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related factors. METHODS: The subjects were 1038 Finnish men who were enrolled in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, who were 42, 48, 54, or 60 years of age at the beginning of the study, and who participated in a 4-year follow-up medical examination. RESULTS: Various job characteristics predicted disability retirement. Heavy work, work in uncomfortable positions, long workhours, noise at work, physical job strain, musculoskeletal strain, repetitive or continuous muscle strain, mental job strain, and job dissatisfaction were all significantly associated with the incidence of disability retirement. The ability to communicate with fellow workers and social support from supervisors tended to reduce the risk of disability retirement. The relationships persisted after control for socioeconomic factors, prevalent disease, and health behavior, which were also associated with disability retirement. CONCLUSIONS: The strong associations found between workplace factors and the incidence of disability retirement link the problem of disability retirement to the problem of poor work conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Encouraging workers to save: the 2005 Retirement Confidence Survey.

This Issue Brief reports findings of the 15th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), which points to potential solutions to the American retirement savings problem, specifically ways that could help workers save more through their employment-based retirement plans. IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYER MATCH: More than 7 in 10 workers not currently contributing to their employer-sponsored retirement plan say an employer contribution of up to 5 percent of their salary would make them much more or somewhat more likely to participate (72 percent). SIMPLIFIED OPTIONS: Other retirement plan options that nonparticipants say would make them more likely to contribute are an investment option that automatically becomes more conservative as their retirement date approaches (66 percent) and a feature that automatically raises workers' contributions by a fixed amount or percentage when they receive a pay raise (55 percent). Two-thirds of nonparticipants indicate they would be very or somewhat likely to remain in their employer's plan if they were automatically enrolled (66 percent). SOCIAL SECURITY: Nearly 7 in 10 of today's workers are skeptical that Social Security will continue to provide benefits of at least equal value to those received by current retirees (68 percent). This proportion has remained relatively constant in recent years, but is below the 1995 level (79 percent). Workers continue to be unable to identify the age at which they will be eligible for full Social Security benefits. MOST BEHIND SCHEDULE IN SAVING: A majority of workers believe they are behind schedule when it comes to planning and saving for retirement (55 percent). Most of those behind schedule say that high expenses, particularly everyday expenses (49 percent), child-rearing expenses (39 percent), and medical costs (35 percent), are a major factor in keeping them from saving. LESS THAN HALF HAVE TRIED TO CALCULATE NEEDED SAVINGS: Approximately 4 in 10 workers say they have tried to calculate how much they need to accumulate for retirement. More than one-third of these workers say they asked a financial advisor to calculate this number or used their own estimates; 10 percent say they simply guessed how much they will need in retirement.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

Health, income, and activities of retired physicians.

Driven to retire mainly by changes in the health care delivery system, physicians nevertheless find it difficult to reduce their professional activities as they grow older. Retired physicians in a seven-county region of upstate New York were surveyed to discover how they were faring in retirement and to elicit information of possible value to doctors planning to retire. Good health and adequate income were the prime factors in successful retirement, along with active involvement in postretirement activities, especially nonmedical ones. Three quarters of respondents found annual incomes between $25,000 and $50,000 to be comfortable. All agreed that private investments must make up at least a third of this amount, supplementing Social Security, pensions, individual retirement accounts, and Keogh plan distributions. There was diversity of opinion on remaining active in medical affairs after retirement. A large majority of those who found retirement better than anticipated advised a clean break with medicine. Most of their colleagues who rated retirement about as expected or not as good as anticipated counseled continued involvement in professional activities.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

[Attitude toward retirement of employed workers in 5 Dutch communities; a research report].

Most studies on retirement in the Netherlands concern workers of one specific industrial branch or company. This puts restrictions on the generalization of research outcomes. We selected 553 male workers, aged 64 (N = 376) and 60 (N = 177) via the population registers of five northern municipalities, who were on the pay-roll for at least eight hours a week. The mean total of working hours per week, however, was 41,5. From a pilot study with other, although similar respondents 35 items relating to retirement were generated. These could be reduced in the main study to four, a priori hypothesized dimensions: the attitude toward retirement, the perception of retirement and life after retirement, the attitude toward loss of social work contacts and the actualization of self after retirement. The data from the longitudinal research project, that are reported in this article, are gathered in the period 1973-74. We estimate that in the population of those aged 64, 15-25% had a negative attitude toward retirement, 16-26% a negative perception of retirement, 45-55% a negative attitude toward the loss of social work contacts and 61-70% a negative perception of self-actualization after retirement. For those aged 60 we estimate these intervals at respectively 8-22%, 13-27%, 45-59% and 62-76%.

Attitude↗
PubMed1981

[Socio-hygienic rationale for the preparation for retirement (author's transl)].

The objective of the study made within the framework of bilateral cooperation between the Institute of Gerontology of the Academy of Medical Sciences, Kiev and the GDR Research Project of Social Gerontology was to provide a scientific basis for the health-promoting and rational way of life of elderly persons of pre-retirement and retirement age. 1,500 Kiev citizens of pre-retirement or retirement age were examined and/or interviewed. Like similar investigations conducted in the GDR, the Soviet findings showed a highly significant correlation to exist between health education, healthy living. Knowledge about one's health and health-promoting behavior. The poorest results were obtained for unskilled or semi-skilled production workers, both male and female. They had the highest proportion in advanced degenerative diseases. The persons investigated were best informed about the positive influence of exercise, a balanced diet, periodic medical check-ups and home visits by doctors. The effectiveness of health education and health propaganda was calculated by means of efficiency indices. Generally speaking, the relation between knowledge and action is still inadequate. This applies primarily to preventive measure by the individual and to the organization of his daily regime (indices just over 50%). The indices related to diet and exercise were higher (71 and 72%, respectively). Adverse psychological factors included a lack of concrete plans for retirement age, a rather passive mode of life and dissatisfaction with the situation during pre-retirement and retirement age. An active approach to old age proved much more favourable, including satisfaction with one's life and with the present situation. A significant correlation was found to exist between a non-rational way of life, morbidity and multi-morbidity. The results of the study will be used to make recommendations regarding to the preparation for old age, especially for the transitional period between pre-retirement and retirement age.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Gender, employment, and retirement quality: a life course approach to the differential experiences of men and women.

Using a life course perspective in integrating 2 theories of retirement satisfaction--role theory and continuity theory--this study draws on a sample of retired men (n = 244) and women (n = 214), ages 50-72, to investigate factors contributing to the quality of their retirement experience. Overall, we find that men report greater retirement satisfaction than women, although the difference is small. For women, increased retirement quality is associated with good health, a continuous career (fewer years spent in part-time employment), an early retirement (though not earlier than anticipated), and a good postretirement income. For men, the key correlates with retirement quality are good health, an enjoyable preretirement job, low work-role salience, substantial preretirement planning, and retiring for internally motivated reasons (e.g., to do other things). These results underscore the importance of a life course focus on gendered pathways to and through life transitions such as retirement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

[Suicide in the elderly at home and in retirement homes in France].

BACKGROUND: Suicide in the elderly attracts less attention that in the young. However it is more frequent among the former. The retirement home receives the populations most isolated from their families and those most vulnerable from a psychological and physical point of view. The aim of this research is to provide information concerning suicide in the elderly in France, to specify the means employed and to compare suicide rates at home and in retirement homes METHODS: The statistics utilized are those of population size (censuses) and medical causes of death. With these latter causes a relation cannot be made between place of residence and place where the death by suicide is registered. They therefore underestimate suicide rates which are only considered at the home or retirement home. Consequently different estimations have been made. RESULTS: Suicide rates are higher in the retirement home than at home for both sexes. However, for men, the suicide rates in retirement homes are similar to those recorded for isolated men living at home. On the contrary, for women, the retirement home seems to constitute a specific risk in itself with suicide rates quite distinct from the other situations studied. In the retirement homes, conversely to men, it is the youngest women, (65 to 74 years) who have the highest rates. Hanging is the most prevalent mean of suicide both at home and in the retirement homes. Jumping from a high place is the second mean utilized in the retirement homes where fire arms and consumption of substances are less represented CONCLUSIONS: There are few studies in France concerning suicide in the elderly. Due to the demographic evolution, the number of suicides among the aged may well increase considerably in the years to come.

Age Factors↗