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PubMed2003

Women's perceptions and practices regarding their rights to reproductive health.

ABSTRACT At the outpatient clinic of Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, perceptions and practices of 1000 women regarding their reproductive health rights (reproductive rights) were evaluated. The majority had positive perceptions about their rights to reproductive health; however, 30% disagreed with prohibitions of discrimination against women, particularly prohibitions of female genital mutilation (FGM). A significant association was found between perceptions of sexual rights and demographic characteristics and between education and practices regarding early detection of cancer. No significant association was found between education and concepts of adolescent health education as a reproductive right. Programmes about women's reproductive rights that emphasize the issue of sexual health through religious education are recommended as one of the best strategies for the eradication of FGM.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reproductive health and human rights.

Reproductive health programs should adopt an approach based on human rights at the levels of clinical management as well as national policy, especially those programs responsible for abortion and post-abortion care. Resource-poor women face greater maternal mortality and morbidity, suffer continuous risk because of a lack of access to adequate reproductive health services, and are likelier than more affluent women to resort to unsafe, inaccessible, and/or unaffordable abortion services. The public health and medical communities are highly effective when providing safe abortion procedures and treatment in the event of complications. Efforts must be continued to develop strategies to prevent unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and abortion-related deaths; to treat abortion complications; to broaden the types of medical and health professionals who are allowed to perform abortions; and to enhance training for abortion providers.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2004

Reproductive autonomy rights and genetic disenhancement: sidestepping the argument from backhanded benefit.

John Robertson has famously argued that the right to reproductive autonomy is exceedingly broad in scope. That is, as long as a particular reproductive preference such as having a deaf child is "determinative" of the decision to reproduce then such preferences fall under the protective rubric of reproductive autonomy rights. Importantly, the deafness in question does not constitute a harm to the child thereby wrought since unless the child could be born deaf he or she would otherwise never have existed--his or her prospective parents would simply have chosen to abort. As such, for this child, being born deaf counts as a benefit, albeit of the "backhanded" variety, since the only other practical alternative is nonexistence. In what follows, I want to investigate this argument in detail. The target of my investigation will be the possible future use of gene therapy technology to "disenhance" one's offspring. I intend to show that the apparently unlimited right to reproductive autonomy, that is, the right to choose both the quantity and qualities of future offspring, entailed by the argument from backhanded benefit can in fact be "sidestepped" through considering what sorts of reproductive practices we as a society ought to allow.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Young people's sexual and reproductive health rights.

The world's population contains more young people than ever, with almost half under the age of 25 years. Millions every year enter their 'reproductive age'. Many do this in a safe and controlled way, and manage to balance life goals, education and sexual maturity as essential positive elements of human life. However, in developing countries, many young people are exposed to the increasing risks of unprotected sexual practice, such as exposure to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, other sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted or unplanned pregnancies, sexual abuse and rape, and mental health problems related to unwanted sexual exposures. Some, especially the poor and uneducated, enter into sexual activities without proper information or access to protective services. There are cultural and moral reasons for this lack of information. Worldwide, evidence demonstrates that informed young people demonstrate more protective behaviour than uninformed young people. This paper addresses how one can meet the reproductive rights of young clients, especially females, in a human rights and reproductive rights framework, as well as in clinical practice and also safeguard their health and ensure their sexual safety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Infertility, assisted reproduction and rights.

The rights to reproduce and found a family are recognized as basic human rights. Infertile couples should enjoy the same right to reproduce as those who have the ability to do so without assistance. Both positive and negative rights to access to assisted reproductive technologies are required in order to fully realize the reproductive rights. However, there is a limit to such a claim. The positive right of individuals to have state-funded assisted reproductive treatments has to be balanced against the provision of other societal goods and healthcare rationing. The negative right to acquire access to assisted reproductive technologies by individuals' own resources is also restrained. The barrier to such access is often of a moral nature, the standard of which depends on the values of the society.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human rights and reproductive choice.

A central challenge in developing reproductive health strategies is giving real meaning to the right of couples and individuals to determine, freely and responsibly, the number and spacing of their children. This article places the right of reproductive choice in legal and historical contexts, highlights salient issues that arise in trying to formulate international standards for its enforcement, and examines two particularly thorny issues: the tension between demographic priorities and reproductive choice and the tension between international standards and local custom/religion. The article calls on health professionals to participate actively in the elaboration of reproductive rights, both through their immediate work in the health-care field and through involvement in the international policymaking process that will take place in three upcoming international conferences.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed2003

The need for family planning and safe abortion services among women sex workers seeking STI care in Cambodia.

In Cambodia, clinics established for the prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women sex workers do not address other reproductive health services. The aim of this study was to assess the need for more comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services for women sex workers in Cambodia. In January 2000, relevant documents were reviewed, interviews with key informants carried out and group interviews with women sex workers conducted. Medical records from women sex workers were also reviewed and some data collected prospectively in one government STI clinic. Interviews with the women and data from the government clinic indicated that excluding condoms, a very low proportion of women sex workers were currently using a modern contraceptive method--5% of 38 women and 1.6% of 632 women, respectively. Induced abortion was widely used but was perceived to be risky and costly. Data from a mobile team intervention and the government clinic respectively showed that 25.5% (n = 1744) and 21.9% (n = 588) of women sex workers reported at least one previous induced abortion. These findings reveal the need for accessible contraception and safe abortion services among sex workers in Cambodia, and raise the issue of the reproductive rights and reproductive health needs of women sex workers in general.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2002

Women on waves: where next for the abortion boat?

Women on Waves was founded to contribute to the prevention of unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortions throughout the world by direct action. Because national penal laws, including those governing abortion, generally extend only as far as territorial waters (12 miles), Women on Waves made plans to provide reproductive health services on a ship with a mobile clinic, including abortions, outside the territorial waters of countries where abortion is illegal. We went to Ireland first because it was nearby and there was a dedicated pro-choice community with immediate interest in and commitment to the project. Although we encountered problems that meant we could not do abortions, we were contacted by more than 300 women in five days and provided reproductive health information, contraception, workshops and information on where to obtain legal abortions in Europe. In many parts of the world an anti-abortion backlash is taking place. To safeguard our reproductive rights in the face of anti-abortion activities, it is crucial to recapture a pro-active, pro-choice role. Women on Waves helped to make visible the need for legal abortion services in Ireland, and the extensive class and other differences between women able to access abortions abroad and those who could not. We are currently attempting to resolve our status under Dutch law, but until women everywhere have the right to reproductive freedom, we will continue to make waves.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

The implementation of reproductive health programs: experiences, achievements and challenges.

As a fundamental element of population strategies for international development, reproductive health has received much recognition since the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994. Nevertheless, much remains to be done to improve the understanding of the concept of reproductive health, support reproductive rights, operationalize reproductive healthcare within basic health services and promote a more conducive social, cultural and economic environment, especially for women and girls, to enable the attainment of reproductive health. Collaboration between governments and non-governmental organizations will be crucial and obstetrician-gynecologists have a unique role, through service provision, review of regulatory frameworks, education and advocacy, for the promotion of reproductive health.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of tools to assess genetic discrimination and genetically based racism.

It is possible that communication from mass media, public health or consumer advertising sources about human genetics and health may reify stereotypes of racialized social groups, perhaps cueing or exacerbating discriminatory and racist attitudes. This research used a multifaceted approach to assess lay perceptions of genetic discrimination and genetically based racism (N = 644). Two tools for use in strategic planning efforts associated with communicating about human genetics and health, the genetic discrimination instrument (GDI) and the genetically based racism instrument (GBRI), were derived. The GDI emerged as having five dimensions associated with lay perceptions of genetic discrimination. The GBRI was found to be unidimensional. Scale validation activities supported the tools' concurrent and discriminant validity characteristics. Significant differences between blacks and whites on the criminal control rights, social reproductive rights and employer rights factors as well as the GBRI were found. We recommend application of these screening tools prior to national dissemination of messages associated with genes and disease susceptibility, including school and university-based curricula.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Women's rights to reproductive and sexual health in a global context.

The worldwide burden of reproductive and sexual ill-health falls disproportionately on women belonging to vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. Women's rights to reproductive and sexual health, as protected under national constitutions as well as regional and international human rights treaties, require that health systems account for the distinctive needs and circumstances both of and among women. The purpose of this article is to investigate what we can do as advocates to ensure that the reproductive and sexual health rights of all women are respected, protected, and enforced, both internationally and in Canada.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The church, the state and women's bodies in the context of religious fundamentalism in the Philippines.

After almost 500 years of Spanish colonial rule, Canon law and laws of Spanish origin continue to dominate Philippine family, civil and penal law. Most if not all of these laws place serious limitations on the realisation of women's sexual and reproductive rights. Since 2002, the current president, Gloria Mocapagal Arroyo, has increasingly substituted church dogma for state policy, i.e. revoking the reproductive health and family planning policies of her predecessor, rejecting all modern contraceptive methods as forms of abortion, limiting government support for family planning to providing natural methods to married couples, and restricting access to emergency contraception. This article reflects on which advocacy methods will best serve the goals of sexual and reproductive rights when conservative church interests dominate state policy, as is currently the case in the Philippines. Religious fundamentalists, at one and the some time, argue for religious accommodation of their views by the state on the grounds of religious freedom but refuse to entertain, let alone accommodate, a plurality of views on women's sexuality. Thus, it is not enough to base a case in support of sexual and reproductive rights on the separation of church and state since, even though the State claims it is secular, it still manages to impose restrictions and control over women's bodies.

Catholicism↗