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Mink were found to be susceptible to the intranasal inoculation of human, swine, equine and avian influenza A viruses. The viruses were recovered until the 7th post inoculation (p.i.) day from the respiratory tract. The inoculated mink showed antibody response against these viruses. Contact infection in mink with A/Kumamoto/22/77 (H3N2) was possible.
Myocarditis with complete atrioventricular block is a very unusual complication of the herpex simplex infection. We report a 10-year-old boy infected very likely by the herpes simplex virus and who presented with high fever, erythema multiforme, complete atrioventricular block, and Adams-Stokes seizures. Emergent temporary pacemaker was performed for bradycardia. A sixteen-fold rise in herpes simplex antibody titer by a complement fixation method occurred within two weeks. Normal cardiac rhythm recovered 11 days later with a sequela of complete right bundle branch block after 2 years follow-up.
Hitherto undescribed tubular and crystalline structures were detected by negative contrast electron microscopy in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. It is suggested that these are viral in origin and are composed of aggregates of viral glycoprotein.
Carcinoma of the breast is the most common malignancy in women in the United States. More than 40% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection develop cancer during their illness, but breast cancer has seldom been reported. Twenty patients with breast cancer and HIV infection seen at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital between January 1988 and August 2000 were retrospectively analyzed. Seventeen patients had a previous or concurrent diagnosis of HIV at the time of the breast cancer diagnosis. Their CD4 count ranged from 13-1126/microL (median, 309/microL). Most patients were premenopausal (16 of 20), with ages ranging from 31-61 years (median, 44 years). All stages of breast cancer were seen: ductal carcinoma in situ (2 patients), stage I (1 patient), stage II (9 patients), stage III (6 patients), and stage IV (2 patients). Ten tumors had estrogen receptors. Four of the 13 patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection had abnormal lymph node findings, including 2 with follicular hyperplasia and 2 with caseating granulomas. Seven patients received chemotherapy with very poor tolerance. Estrogen receptor-positive patients were treated with tamoxifen. Of the 18 patients who presented with local disease, 7 have died: 2 of breast cancer, 4 of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and 1 of cardiac arrest. Nine patients remain free of disease (5 of them > 5 years) and 2 patients are alive with metastatic disease. Breast cancer in the HIV-positive population is similar to that seen in seronegative women. Most of the patients that are long-term survivors were treated with surgery and tamoxifen. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy are not clear.
Esophageal candidiasis, an opportunistic infection that generally occurs in the latest phases of infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is currently a diagnostic criterion for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We recently treated one patient for esophageal candidiasis associated not with AIDS but with acute HIV infection. At follow-up 19 months later, he was well and had no symptoms related to infection with HIV. We reviewed nine previously reported cases of esophageal candidiasis associated with acute HIV infection. None of the patients involved had other predisposing illnesses or risk factors for candidiasis. The case described herein, together with those reviewed, supports a revision of the Centers for Disease Control's clinical definition of primary HIV infection to include esophageal candidiasis in the clinical spectrum. Moreover, the value of esophageal candidiasis as a diagnostic criterion for AIDS should be reassessed.
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Lichen myxoedematosus (LM), or papular mucinosis, is an uncommon papular eruption caused by the dermal deposition of mucin. Three clinical forms can be distinguished, namely localised, disseminated (involving more than one site), and generalised LM, the last is called scleromyxoedema, and demonstrates erythema and skin sclerosis. Paraproteinaemia, often consisting of an abnormal IgG with lambda light chains, is usually present in patients with LM. Visceral involvement has also been documented. An association between LM and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been reported recently. We now describe two further HIV-positive patients with LM and present a review of the literature regarding this association.
We report a case of transplacentally acquired neonatal sepsis with non-typhoid Salmonella. The infant's mother, a 36-y-old woman, presented with fever and malaise in the 25th week of gestation. Because of a pathological cardiotocogram, Caesarean section was performed a few h following admission. The premature infant had clinical signs of sepsis with multiorgan failure and died 4 d later despite intensive medical care. Maternal blood cultures and swab cultures taken from within the uterine cavity and from cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of the infant grew Salmonella virchow. This case and the few sporadic reports in the literature indicate that septicaemia due to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. during pregnancy is highly lethal to the foetus or newborn, whereas prognosis for the mother apparently is excellent.
Penicillium marneffei, a dimorphic fungus that is endemic in southeast Asia, causes deep-seated infection in humans and rodents. About 20 cases have been reported among the local populations of China, Thailand, and Hong Kong, and 35 cases have now been described in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We present a review of the literature and report two additional cases. Both immunocompromised and apparently immunocompetent hosts tend to develop disseminated, symptomatic infection. HIV-infected patients having travelled to southeast Asia and presenting with fever, skin lesions, hepatomegaly, adenopathies, or lung disease should be investigated for Penicillium marneffei infection. The diagnosis is based on the demonstration of the organism in clinical specimens. Treatment with amphotericin B or itraconazole is generally successful, but maintenance therapy is warranted for patients with an underlying immunodeficiency.
Pretreatment of bovine turbinate (BTu) cells with cloned human interferon (IFN)-alpha 2a reduced the yield of infectious bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3 V). Intracellular synthesis of HN glycoprotein was reduced on postinfection day 1 (PID 1), but it recovered to normal levels subsequently. However, reduction of this protein persisted in the released virus through PID 2. Thin section electron microscopy demonstrated a drastically reduced release of mature virions and an accumulation of viral nucleocapsids inside the cytoplasm on PID 2. These results suggest that cloned human IFN-alpha 2a affects the glycoprotein synthesis, and morphogenesis of bovine PI-3 V, and thus inhibits the release of viral particles from treated cells.
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We present the cytologic and histologic features of two cases of Penicillium marneffei (PM) infection occurring in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients following a journey to endemic areas. PM closely resembles Histoplasma capsulatum, in both its morphology and tissue reactions. Distinctive histologic features and culture provide the definitive diagnosis. The presence of a PM infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient returning from an endemic area should be considered an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defined illness.
The gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) of Aequorea victoria was introduced into the expression cassette of a virus vector based on potato virus X (PVX). Host plants of PVX inoculated with PVX.GFP became systemically infected. Production of GFP in these plants was detected initially between 1 and 2 days postinoculation by the presence of regions on the inoculated leaf that fluoresced bright green under UV light. Subsequently, this green fluorescence was evident in systemically infected tissue. The fluorescence could be detected by several methods. The simplest of these was by looking at the UV-illuminated plants in a darkened room. The PVX.GFP-infected tissue has been analysed either by epifluorescence or confocal laser scanning microscopy. These microscopical methods allow the presence of the virus to be localized to individual infected cells. It was also possible to detect the green fluorescence by spectroscopy or by electrophoresis of extracts from infected plants. To illustrate the potential application of this reporter gene in virological studies a derivative of PVX.GFP was constructed in which the coat protein gene of PVX was replaced by GFP. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of the inoculated tissue showed that the virus was restricted to the inoculated cells thereby confirming earlier speculation that the PVX coat protein is essential for cell-to-cell movement. It is likely that GFP will be useful as a reporter gene in transgenic plants as well as in virus-infected tissue.
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