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PubMed2002

Regarding the sources of data analyzed with quantitative structure-skin permeability relationship methods (commentary on 'Investigation of the mechanism of flux across human skin in vitro by quantitative structure-permeability relationships').

We investigated the sources of data used in recently published predictive models of skin permeability. It was found that skin permeability coefficients for 63 compounds are poorly documented. We hypothesized that these coefficients were calculated using the simple two variable, three parameter 'Potts and Guy' regression equation and hence were not derived from experimental measurements. We therefore examined the distribution of residuals of these reported coefficients compared with the Potts and Guy predictions. The residuals cannot be described by a normal distribution. A substantial (51%) number of residuals equaled 0.00. Further analysis demonstrated that 89% (56 out of 63) of the skin permeability coefficients can be explained as being calculated by the Potts and Guy equation using different documented octanol-water partition coefficients, and/or transcription errors. The results strongly suggest that these 63 skin permeability coefficients are calculated and not experimentally determined-a conclusion subsequently confirmed by one of the developers of the data set. Continued use of these data would lead to biased model selection, underestimation of experimental variability, and overestimation of model predictive ability.

Linear Models↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of body density and lean body mass to body measurements: application to Indian soldiers of relationships developed for people of European descent.

Body density was measured directly in 90 young Indian soldiers from the Gurkha, Rajput and South Indian regiments. Body density was also predicted on the same subjects using skinfold thicknesses as well as other anthropometric measurements. Validity of the regression equations of Pascale, Grossman, Sloan and Frankel (1956), Sloan (1967) and Wilmore and Behnke (1969) was also tested on these Indian soldiers. Lean body mass was estimated directly from another equation of Wilmore and Behnke (1969), where skinfold thicknesses were not involved. The results indicate that all the body density predicting equations underestimate the measured body density, with the equation of Sloan (1967) approximately more closely to the actual value in these ethnic groups. The equation of Wilmore and Behnke (1969) regresses lean body weight from body measurement satisfactorily in all the ethnic groups of this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Relationship between food protein quality and adrenal cortex function. 7. Relationship between activity of selected liver and small intestine hydrolases and adrenal cortex function].

Male Wistar rats received 10% true digestible crude protein of varying quality (maize gluten (MK) = low protein quality; maize gluten + lysine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine (MK + AS) = high protein quality) for a period of three weeks. The trial was carried out to investigate the activity of the two enzymes leucine-arylamidase (LNA) and aminotripeptidase (TP) in the liver and the mucosa of the small intestine and that of alpha and gamma amylases and of total amylases in the mucosa of the small intestine in animals exhibiting differences in the functional state of their adrenal cortices (adrenalectomized animals (AE), normal rats (N) and animals receiving additional treatment with cortisol (KS). It was found that mucosal LNA and gamma amylase did not respond to functional changes in the adrenal cortex. Mucosal LNA had a higher activity if the dietary protein was of low quality and a lower activity if the protein quality was high. The level of liver LNA activity was significantly lower in N and KS animals than in AE animals. The highest activity of mucosal and liver TP was found in KS animals; it was lowest in N animals. Statistically significant differences brought about by changes in the quality of dietary proteins were only found to occur in the KS group. The activity of alpha amylase and total amylases was found to be lowest in N animals; it was significantly higher in animals of the AE and KS groups. Animals of the N and KS groups receiving MK + AS exhibited a significantly higher level in their alpha and total amylase activities than animals in the same group receiving MK. Here, the "permissive action" of glucocorticosteroids on metabolically active hydrolases is clearly evident. The pattern of mucosal LNA activity in the small intestine and that of gamma amylase may be regarded as further characteristic evidence for the digestive action of these enzymes. Liver LNA and liver TP as well as mucosal TP and alpha amylase acted like metabolic enzymes.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1990

The meaning of grandparenthood and its relationship to demographic, relationship, and social participation variables.

The meaning of grandparenthood has been a focus of research, especially during the last decade. Types of meanings and variables differentiating these grandparental meanings have been established. Most recently Kivnick (1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1985) has derived a multidimensional framework representing five aspects of the meaning of grandparenthood. The present study attempted to verify whether these five aspects of meaning were related to unique combinations of demographic, social, personal, and health variables. Zero-order correlations showed high intercorrelations among Kivnick's five subscales, and low correlations among the majority of variables. Regression analyses indicated that no more than 30% of the variance in any one of the dimensions could be explained and that considerable overlap existed in the significant predictors across aspects of meanings.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Women physicians in dual-physician relationships compared with those in other dual-career relationships.

This study compared the career and domestic responsibilities of women physicians whose domestic partners were physicians (WP-Ps) with those of women physicians whose domestic partners were not physicians (WP-NPs). In 1988 the authors surveyed 602 women physicians in a large midwestern city regarding their career and domestic roles; 390 were physicians in training (students and residents), and 212 were physicians in practice (academic medicine and private practice). Overall, 382 (63%) responded; of the 382, 247 (65%) had domestic partners; of these 247, 91 (37%) were WP-Ps and 156 (63%) were WP-NPs. The WP-Ps were found to be twice as likely as the WP-NPs to interrupt their careers to accommodate their partners' careers. The WP-Ps also assumed significantly more domestic responsibilities and worked fewer hours practicing medicine than did the WP-NPs. The 163 women physicians in training (44-48%-of the WP-Ps and 119-76%-of the WP-NPs) demonstrated a more egalitarian division of labor overall, with no significant differences between the WP-Ps and the WP-NPs. The authors recommend that longitudinal studies be undertaken to determine whether women physicians in training continue this trend as they enter the practice of medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Questioning the relationship between cochlear otosclerosis and sensorineural hearing loss: a quantitative evaluation of cochlear structures in cases of otosclerosis and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The literature provides conflicting information regarding the prevalence and cause of sensorineural hearing loss (HL) in individuals with otosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the association between involvement of the cochlear endosteal layer with otosclerosis and sensorineural HL. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. METHODS: Temporal bones and audiograms from five individuals with otosclerosis were evaluated. The cochlear elements were quantified. The location and extent of the cochlear element loss was correlated with the location and extent of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. RESULTS: A reduction in the population of cochlear elements was observed in most individuals; however, the reduction was not proportional to the extent of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. The cochlear elements remained normal adjacent to some areas of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. One individual with extensive cochlear otosclerosis had normal hearing and predominantly normal cochlear elements. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a variable amount of degeneration of the cochlear elements in individuals with otosclerotic involvement of the endosteum. The reduction in the population of cochlear elements was not related to the extent and location of endosteal involvement with otosclerosis. These findings suggest that factors that limit the effect of otosclerotic endosteal involvement on the cochlear elements or processes that effect the cochlear elements directly and are independent of bone involvement may be present.

Aged↗