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PubMed1995

Tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia.

The serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were studied in 25 patients with louse-borne relapsing fever, to evaluate their association with the level of bacteraemia, anti-borrelia chemotherapy and the presence of a Jarish-Herxheimer reaction (JHR). Although there was an association between the level of bacteraemia and the development of JHR and complications during treatment, TNF, IL-6 and CRP concentrations were not associated with the JHR. TNF concentrations increased after the administration of antibiotics and remained high for 24 h. IL-6 was elevated on admission but soon decreased. CRP was high on admission and remained so throughout the illness. The observed elevations in TNF, IL-6 and CRP may be associated more with the administration of antibiotics than with the presence of a JHR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Variable antigen genes of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii are activated by promoter addition.

Borrelia hermsii, an agent of relapsing fever, avoids the host's immune response by means of multiphasic antigenic variation. Serotype specificity is determined by variable antigens called the Vmp lipoproteins. Through recombination between linear plasmids a formerly silent vmp gene replaces another vmp gene at a telomeric expression locus. We examined strain HS1 borreliae before and after a switch from serotype 7 to serotype 21. The nucleotide sequences of 5' regions of silent and expressed vmp7 and vmp21 were determined. Silent and active vmp7 and vmp21 genes shared a block of homologous sequences surrounding their 5' ends. Sequences upstream of silent vmp7 and vmp21 genes lacked the promoter and substantially differed from each other. In this antigenic switch a vmp gene was activated by a recombination that placed it downstream of a promoter.

Antigenic Variation↗
PubMed1980

Tick-borne relapsing fever in children.

Three cases of tick-borne fever diagnosed during the summer of 1979 are reported and the ecoepidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of this infection are reviewed. Although challenging, the diagnosis can be made easily if specific historical clues are sought and the patient's blood smear is carefully examined. The diagnosis of this condition early in its course can save clinicians and patients the anxiety and cost of the work-up of a "fever of unknown origin." Since vacationing in the national parks and forests has become increasingly popular among many American families, tick-borne relapsing fever should be considered in any patient with an acute or recurrent fever of unknown origin who exhibits nonspecific symptoms of an undifferentiated "viral illness," and who gives a history of sleeping overnight in log cabins in the coniferous forests of the Western mountains of the United States.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Tickborne relapsing fever outbreak after a family gathering--New Mexico, August 2002.

On August 2, 2002, the New Mexico Department of Health (NMDOH) and the Indian Health Service (IHS) were notified of a tickborne relapsing fever (TBRF) outbreak after a 1-day family gathering held in late July at a remote, previously uninhabited cabin located in a mountainous region of northern New Mexico (elevation: approximately 8,000 feet). Approximately 40 persons attended the event; at least half slept overnight in the cabin. This report summarizes the investigation of this outbreak, which indicates that prompt diagnosis and collaboration among clinicians and public health authorities can reduce morbidity associated with TBRF. Persons living in areas where TBRF is endemic should avoid sleeping in rodent-infested buildings, rodent-proof susceptible buildings, and consider fumigation of buildings that harbor rodents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cross-species hybridization of a Borrelia burgdorferi DNA array reveals infection- and culture-associated genes of the unsequenced genome of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii.

The known genome sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi, an agent of Lyme borreliosis, was used to study the genetic content and gene expression in B. hermsii, another spirochete pathogen and a cause of relapsing fever. Cross-species hybridization of a DNA array representing 1628 open reading frames (ORF) of B. burgdorferi with genomic DNA of B. hermsii indicated that the latter organism has at least 81% of the chromosomal genes and 43% of the plasmid genes of B. burgdorferi. We then carried out quantitative hybridization of the arrays with multiple replicates of cDNA produced from B. hermsii cells growing in the blood of infected mice or in culture medium that was adjusted to the same pH, temperature and a spirochete density as infected blood. Of 642 B. burgdorferi ORFs hybridized by all replicates under both conditions, 12 (1.9%) demonstrated differential expression by a regularized t-test and stringent criteria. BBP07 and BBG30, two plasmid-borne ORFs with the greatest measurable difference in expression between in vivo and in vitro conditions, putatively encode proteins of unknown function. Orthologues of BBP07 in B. hermsii were identified, and increased expression in infected mice was demonstrated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of the vector of tick-borne relapsing fever to pesticides by using the standard test paper].

Standard test paper, recommended by the WHO for the assessment of the arthropod sensitivity, was used to assess the sensitivity of Ornithodoros papillipes, the agent of tick-borne relapsing fever, to a number of pesticides widely used in or holding good promise for the agent control. Poor sensitivity of the tick to dieldrin, malathion, propoxur, bendiocarb (less than 40% of the ticks died after 1 h exposure), satisfactory sensitivity to DDT, and permetrin (60% of the ticks died), and very high sensitivity to deltametrin (100% death of the ticks) were revealed. The authors believe that the ticks will be similarly sensitive to other cyan-containing pyretroids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The variable antigens Vmp7 and Vmp21 of the relapsing fever bacterium Borrelia hermsii are structurally analogous to the VSG proteins of the African trypanosome.

The relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii avoids the host's immune response by the strategy of multiphasic antigenic variation. A given Borrelia cell can express one of a number of alleles for polymorphic outer-membrane proteins, known as Vmp proteins. The genes for the variant-specific Vmp proteins of serotypes 7 and 21 of B. hermsii strain HS1 were sequenced. The genes, which were designated vmp7 and vmp21, were obtained from populations of borreliae before and after a switch in serotypes from 7 to 21. The analysis showed that vmp7 and vmp21 are 77% identical in terms of their coding sequence. The deduced translation products of vmp7 and vmp21 are polypeptides of 369 (37.2 kD) and 364 amino acids (37.1 kD), respectively. Vmp7 and Vmp21 have sequence features of prokaryotic lipoproteins and are processed as such during expression in E. coli. The secondary structure predictions of the Vmp proteins reveals analogous structures to the VSG proteins of the African trypanosome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Multifocal neuropathy and vocal cord paralysis in relapsing fever.

A 19-year-old soldier developed multifocal neuropathy following an infection with tick-borne Borrelia. He suffered from involvement of the right accessory nerve, the right brachial plexus and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. As was expected, all these complications were reversible. In contrast to louse-borne relapsing fever, neurological manifestations in the tick-borne variants are not common. To the best of our knowledge, vocal cord paralysis has never been described before.

Adult↗