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PubMed2001

Characterization of novel human oral isolates and cloned 16S rDNA sequences that fall in the family Coriobacteriaceae: description of olsenella gen. nov., reclassification of Lactobacillus uli as Olsenella uli comb. nov. and description of Olsenella profusa sp. nov.

The diversity of organisms present in the subgingival pockets of patients with periodontitis and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) were examined previously. The 16S rRNA genes of subgingival plaque bacteria were amplified using PCR with a universal forward primer and a spirochaete-selective reverse primer. The amplified DNA was cloned into Escherichia coli. In one subject with ANUG, 70 clones were sequenced. Seventy-five per cent of the clones were spirochaetal, as expected. Twelve of the remaining clones fell into two clusters that represent novel phylotypes in the family Coriobacteriaceae. The first novel phylotype was most closely related to Atopobium rimae (98% similarity). The phylotype probably represents a novel Atopobium species, but will not be named until cultivable strains are obtained. The second novel phylotype was only 91% similar to described Atopobium species and 84% similar to Coriobacterium glomerans. The 16S rRNA sequences of the type strain of Lactobacillus uli and a strain representing the Moores' Eubacterium group D52 were determined as part of on ongoing sequence analysis of oral bacteria. The sequence for L. uli was more than 99.8% similar to sequences for the second clone phylotype. It therefore appears that the second clone phylotype and L. uli represent the same species. The sequence for the Eubacterium D52 strain was 95.6% similar to that of L. uli. The G+C content of the DNA of L. uli and Eubacterium D52 is 63-64 mol %. These organisms are thus distinct from the neighbouring genus Atopobium, which has a DNA G+C content of 35-46 mol%. A new genus, Olsenella gen. nov., is proposed for these two species on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence analysis to include Olsenella uli comb. nov. and Olsenella profusa sp. nov.

Actinobacteria↗

PubMed2001

Hydrogenothermus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, recognition of Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum as a member of the genus Hydrogenobacter and proposal of the reclassification of Hydrogenobacter acidophilus as Hydrogenobaculum acidophilum gen. nov., comb. nov., in the phylum 'Hydrogenobacter/Aquifex'.

A novel thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, VM1T, has been isolated from a marine hydrothermal area of Vulcano Island, Italy. Cells of the strain were gram-negative rods, 2-4 microm long and 1-1.5 microm wide with four to seven monopolarly inserted flagella. Cells grew chemolithoautotrophically under an atmosphere of H2/CO2 (80:20) in the presence of low concentrations of O2 (optimum 1-2%). Carbohydrates and peptide substrates were not utilized, neither for energy generation nor as a source of cellular carbon. Growth of VM1T occurred between 45 and 80 degrees C with an optimum at 65 degrees C. Growth was observed between pH 5 and 7. NaCl stimulated growth in the range 0.5-6% with an optimum at 2-3%. Hydrogen could not be replaced by elemental sulfur or thiosulfate as electron donors. Nitrate and sulfate were not used as electron acceptors. The major respiratory lipoquinone was a new menathioquinone. Analysis of the fatty acids of VM1T revealed straight-chain saturated C18:0 and the unsaturated C18:1omega9c and C20:1omega9c as major components. The G+C content of the total DNA was 43 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis placed strain VM1T near the members of the genera Hydrogenobacter, Thermocrinis and Aquifex on a separate deep-branching phylogenetic lineage. Therefore, it is proposed that strain VM1T (= DSM 12046T = JCM 10974T) represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Hydrogenothermus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. In addition, it is shown that Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum should be transferred to the genus Hydrogenobacter; the name Hydrogenobacter hydrogenophilus comb. nov. (DSM 2913T = JCM 8158T) is proposed for this organism. Furthermore, on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, Hydrogenobacter acidophilus is only distantly related to Hydrogenobacter species. Owing to this finding and its growth at low pH, the name Hydrogenobaculum acidophilum gen. nov., comb. nov., is proposed for Hydrogenobacter acidophilus. The type strain is JCM 8795T (= DSM 11251T).

Base Composition↗

PubMed2001

Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from jeotgal with L-lysine in the cell wall, and reclassification of Bacillus marinus Rüger 1983 . as mMrinibacillus marinus gen nov., comb. nov.

A moderately halophilic, round-endospore-forming bacterium (strain YKJ-13T) was isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood, and studied by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. This organism was related to the phylogenetic clade comprising members of Bacillus rRNA group 2 and formed a cluster with Bacillus marinus with a bootstrap fidelity value of 93.6%. The peptidoglycan type was A1alpha linked directly through L-Lys. Based on cell morphology, peptidoglycan type and phylogeny, strain YKJ-13T, together with B. marinus, is considered to be a member of Bacillus rRNA group 2. Strain YKJ-13T was also characterized by having MK-7 and MK-8 as the predominant menaquinones and iso-C15:0 as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 44 mol%. Strain YKJ-13T exhibited a 16S rDNA similarity value of 95.7% with B. marinus DSM 1297T, its closest phylogenetic relative. Levels of 16S rDNA similarity between strain YKJ-13T and other Bacillus spp. were less than 94.2%. Therefore, on the basis of the data presented, the name Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for strain YKJ-13T (= KCCM 80002T = JCM 10872T). It is also proposed that B. marinus be reclassified in Marinibacillus gen. nov. as Marinibacillus marinus comb. nov.

Bacillus↗

PubMed2002

Pseudoalteromonas maricaloris sp. nov., isolated from an Australian sponge, and reclassification of [Pseudoalteromonas aurantia] NCIMB 2033 as Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra sp. nov.

A marine, gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that produced cytotoxic, lemon-yellow, chromopeptide pigments that inhibited the development of sea urchin eggs has been isolated from the Australian sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata Hentschel. The cells of the organism were rod-shaped with a single polar flagellum and they required NaCl for growth (0.5-10%) with optimum growth at 1-3% NaCl. The temperature for growth was 10-37 degrees C, with optimum growth at 25-30 degrees C. Growth occurred at pH values from 6.0 to 10.0, with optimum growth at pH 6.0-8.0. Major phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine. Of 26 fatty acids with 11-19 carbon atoms that were detected, 16:1omega7, 16:0, 17:1omega8 and 18:1omega7 were predominant. The DNA G+C content was 38.9 mol%. All of these phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters place the organism in the genus Pseudoalteromonas (Gauthier et al, 1995). These data are consistent with the phylogenetic analyses that confirmed that strain KMM 636T is a member of the Pseudoalteromonas cluster in the gamma-subclass of the Proteobacteria. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that the levels of relatedness between the DNA of the strain studied and DNAs of type strains of the species that clustered together (on the basis of 16S rDNA sequences) and [Pseudoalteromonas aurantia] NCIMB 2033 ranged from 19 to 35%, and that the DNA-DNA homology between [P. aurantia] NCIMB 2033 and other phylogenetically and/or phenotypically similar type strains ranged from 32 to 52%. According to the polyphasic evidence presented in this study, it is proposed that strain KMM 636T (= LMG 19692T = CIP 106859T) be classified as Pseudoalteromonas maricaloris sp. nov. and [P. aurantia] NCIMB 2033 be reclassified as Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra NCIMB 2033T (= KMM 3630T = LMG 20361T) sp. nov.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Reclassification of Eubacterium formicigenerans Holdeman and Moore 1974 as Dorea formicigenerans gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Dorea longicatena sp. nov., isolated from human faeces.

Two strains of a gram-positively staining, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strains 111-13A and 111-35T, were isolated from human faeces. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these strains were members of the Clostridium coccoides rRNA group of organisms. The nearest relatives of the unknown bacterium were Eubacterium formicigenerans (having a sequence similarity of 94%) and an uncultured bacterium (similarity > 99%). Characterization studies indicated that the unidentified faecal bacterium was biochemically distinct from Eubacterium formicigenerans, members of the Clostridium coccoides group and all other described Eubacterium species. On the basis of the data from these studies, it is proposed that the hitherto unknown rod-shaped bacterium be designated a species of a novel genus, namely Dorea longicatena gen. nov., sp. nov., and that Eubacterium formicigenerans be transferred to this genus as Dorea formicigenerans gen. nov., comb. nov.

Eubacterium↗

PubMed2002

Leuconostoc ficulneum sp. nov., a novel lactic acid bacterium isolated from a ripe fig, and reclassification of Lactobacillus fructosus as Leuconostoc fructosum comb. nov.

An isolate, designated strain FS-1T, was recovered from a ripe fig. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes and DNA-DNA reassociation values showed that the organism represented a novel species of the genus Leuconostoc closely related to Lactobacillus fructosus. The novel isolate could be distinguished from the type strain of Lactobacillus fructosus by the fatty acid composition and several phenotypic and growth characteristics. In strain FS-1T, 18:1 delta9 (18:1omega9c) was present in relatively large amounts whilst, in Lactobacillus fructosus, this fatty acid was a minor component. Strain FS-1T and Lactobacillus fructosus produced acid in API 50CHL microtubes from glucose, fructose and mannitol within 48 h, whereas only strain FS-1T also fermented trehalose, gluconate, turanose and sucrose after 48 h. Other differences in acid production from carbohydrates also distinguished strain FS-1T from Lactobacillus fructosus. Both organisms were heterofermentative with fructose as a substrate and fermented glucose only in the presence of fructose, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Strain FS-1T was catalase-positive. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA reassociation values, physiological and biochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition, the name Leuconostoc ficulneum is proposed for the novel species represented by strain FS-1T, and it is proposed that Lactobacillus fructosus be reclassified in the genus Leuconostoc as Leuconostoc fructosum comb. nov.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗

PubMed2002

Reclassification of Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum as Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Sedimentibacter saalensis sp. nov..

Strain ZF2T, isolated from freshwater sediment, is a motile, rod-shaped, gram-positive, endospore-forming, amino acid- and pyruvate-utilizing, anaerobic bacterium. It requires yeast extract for growth. Carbohydrates are not utilized. The optimal temperature and pH for growth are 37 degrees C and 6.8-7.3, respectively. The G+C content of the DNA is 34.0 mol %. A 16S rDNA sequence analysis of strain ZF2T revealed that the highest similarity (94.4%) was shared with Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum JW/Z-1T. Strain ZF2T, however, was not able to carboxylate phenol or to decarboxylate 4-hydroxybenzoate, which are characteristic properties of strain JW/Z-1T. The degree of 16S rDNA relatedness, together with the physiological and chemotaxonomic properties, suggest that strain ZF2T represents a novel species that is clearly distinct from Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum JW/Z-1T. In a phylogenetic dendrogram, both strains form a separate cluster that is peripherally associated with the Peptostreptococcus group (cluster XIII) of the clostridia and the lineage of Helcococcus kunzii. Strains ZF2T and JW/Z-1T show a somewhat deeper branching from the cluster XII clostridia Clostridium purinolyticum and Clostridium acidiurici. The latter strains possessed the closest 16S rDNA similarity (between 88.4 and 90.7%), but were clearly separated by phenotypic markers. Therefore, a new genus, Sedimentibacter gen. nov., is described, comprising Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus gen. nov., comb. nov., as the type species of the genus, with JW/Z-1T (= ATCC 51151T = DSM 7310T) as the type strain, and the novel species Sedimentibacter saalensis sp. nov., with strain ZF2T (= DSM 13558T = ATCC BAA-283T) as the type strain.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2002

Reclassification of Bacteroides forsythus (Tanner et al. 1986) as Tannerella forsythensis corrig., gen. nov., comb. nov.

The characteristics of the fusiform species Bacteroides forsythus, isolated from human periodontal pockets, were examined. 165 rDNA sequence analysis confirmed that B. forsythus was not a species within the genus Bacteroides sensu stricto. Although B. forsythus was phylogenetically related to Bacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides merdae in the phylogenetic tree, the ratio of anteiso-15:0 to iso-15:0 in whole-cell methanolysates of B. forsythus was different from those of B. distasonis, B. merdae and other Bacteroides species. B. forsythus did not grow on medium containing 20% bile, but members of the Bacteroides fragilis group did. B. forsythus was the only species tested that was trypsin-positive in API ZYM tests. The dehydrogenase enzyme pattern was of no use for the differentiation of B. forsythus and the B. fragilis group. On the basis of these data, a new genus, Tannerella, is proposed for Bacteroides forsythus, with one species, Tannerella forsythensis corrig., gen. nov., comb. nov. The type strain of Tannerella forsythensis is JCM 10827T (= ATCC 43037T).

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Comparison between Streptococcus macedonicus and Streptococcus waius strains and reclassification of Streptococcus waius (Flint et at. 1999) as Streptococcus macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998).

Two species of dairy streptococci, Streptococcus waius and Streptococcus macedonicus, were originally characterized by 16S-23S intergenic spacer sequence analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting, PFGE analysis and DNA-DNA reassociation experiments. All genetic data suggested that S. waius strains belong to the previously described species S. macedonicus. Likewise, the phenotypic characterization showed that strains of S. macedonicus and S. waius were highly related and easily differentiated from the closest phylogenetic neighbour, Streptococcus bovis, principally by their failure to produce a blackening reaction in medium containing aesculin. The utilization of maltose and cellobiose by S. macedonicus/S. waius strains allowed their differentiation from the most studied dairy species, Streptococcus thermophilus. On the basis of genetic and phenotypic data S. macedonicus and S. waius species should be considered synonyms and S. macedonicus has the priority.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed2002

Re-evaluation of the status of the genus Oerskovia, reclassification of Promicromonospora enterophila (Jáger et al. 1983) as Oerskovia enterophila comb. nov. and description of Oerskovia jenensis sp. nov. and Oerskovia paurometabola sp. nov.

Phylogenetic analysis of Promicromonospora enterophila indicates that this taxon clusters with Cellulomonas species, adjacent to Cellulomonas turbata (basonym Oerskovia turbata). 16S rDNA analysis, DNA-DNA reassociation, riboprinting, peptidoglycan analysis and determination of phenotypic properties of various strains of P. enterophila and C turbata reveal that they form a cluster that can be distinguished unambiguously from other Cellulomonas species by morphology, amino acid composition of the cell wall and 16S rDNA signatures. As a result of thispolyphasic study, it appears taxonomically reasonable to re-establish the genus Oerskovia for C turbata and to reclassify P. enterophila as Oerskovia enterophila comb. nov.; two novel species, Oerskovia jenensis sp. nov. (type strain DSM 46000T = CIP 100330T) and Oerskovia paurometabola sp. nov. (type strain DSM 14281T = LMG 20385T), are also proposed.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed2002

Emended description of the genus Trichococcus, description of Trichococcus collinsii sp. nov., and reclassification of Lactosphaera pasteurii as Trichococcus pasteurii comb. nov. and of Ruminococcus palustris as Trichococcus palustris comb. nov. in the low-G+C gram-positive bacteria.

Analyses of 165 rRNA gene sequences, restriction endonuclease digestion fingerprints of 16S-23S intergenic regions, DNA base compositions, fatty-acid profiles, cell-wall chemistry, cell physiology and fermentation end-product composition, along with other biochemical and phenotypic properties, supported the view that Trichococcus flocculiformis EchtT (DSM 2094T), Lactosphaera pasteurii KoTa2T (DSM 2381T), Ruminococcus palustris Z-7189T (DSM 9172T) and an isolate named 'Carnococcus allantoicus' NDP were all very similar and should be merged into a single genus. Detailed characterization of strains Ben 77, Ben 200 and Ben 201 described previously as 'Nostocoida limicola' I, a filamentous bacterium which causes bulking in activated sludge systems, revealed that these strains also belonged to the same genus as T. flocculiformis EchtT, L. pasteurii KoTa2T, R. palustris Z-7189T and 'C allantoicus' NDP. In fact, their shared properties suggested that these strains all belonged to a single species. However, DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that T. flocculiformis EchtT, all of the 'N. limicola' I isolates and 'C allantoicus' NDP belonged to the same species, whereas L. pasteurii KoTa2T, R. palustris Z-7189T and two new isolates, 37AN3*T and 45AN2, represented three distinct species within the same genus. The priority of the genus name Trichococcus is established and since its validation predates the description of the genus Lactosphaera this name should take precedence. Under certain culture conditions, all of the strains mentioned above could produce chains of cocci. Furthermore, the morphology of T. flocculiformis EchtT could change to a non-filamentous form on certain media. This study proposes that the above strains be reclassified as members of the genus Trichococcus as four species, namely Trichococcus flocculiformis emend. (type strain EchtT = DSM 2094T), Trichococcus pasteurii comb. nov. (type strain KoTa2T = DSM 2381T = ATCC 35945T), Trichococcus collinsii sp. nov. (type strain 37AN3*T = DSM 14526T = ATCC BAA-296T, and Trichococcus palustris comb. nov. (type strain Z-7189T = DSM 9172T).

Bacteria↗

PubMed2002

Reclassification of equine isolates previously reported as Actinobacillus equuli, variants of A. equuli, Actinobacillus suis or Bisgaard taxon 11 and proposal of A. equuli subsp. equuli subsp. nov. and A. equuli subsp. haemolyticus subsp. nov.

Members of Bisgaard taxon 11 have been isolated from horses. These bacteria are of importance in the veterinary clinic and also to the medical profession, since they may be isolated from infected wounds of humans bitten by horses. Six strains from different continents were identified as taxon 11, with 16S rRNA similarities between 98.0 and 99.7%. A single isolate that represented the so-called (+)L-arabinose-positive Actinobacillus equuli isolated from a diseased foal showed 99.9% 16S rRNA similarity to the type strain of A. equuli. DNA-DNA hybridizations showed that (+)L-arabinose-positive strains of A. equuli represent A. equuli sensu stricto. DNA-DNA hybridizations also showed that A. equuli and Bisgaard taxon 11 represent two genotypes. These genotypes differ with respect to disease pattern and epidemiology. For these reasons, two subspecies of A. equuli are proposed, Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli subsp. nov. (type strain NCTC 8529T = ATCC 19392T) and Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus subsp. nov. (type strain F 154T = CCUG 19799T = NCTC 13195T).

Actinobacillus↗

PubMed2002

Reclassification of the Sporobolomyces roseus and Sporidiobolus pararoseus complexes, with the description of Sporobolomyces phaffii sp. nov.

More than 50 ballistoconidium-forming yeast strains, isolated from plant leaves collected in Yunnan, China, were identified as Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver & van Niel by conventional methods. However, comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and 265 rDNA D1/D2 domain sequences indicated that these strains represented more than one species. Type or authentic strains of the synonyms of Sporobolomyces roseus and the closely related species Sporidiobolus pararoseus Fell & Tallman were employed in the rDNA sequence comparison. Sporobolomyces boleticola Ramírez, Sporobolomyces pollaccii Verona & Ciferri, Sporobolomyces roseus var. madurae Janke and Torulopsis somala Verona were confirmed to be conspecific with Sporobolomyces roseus. Another synonym of this species, Sporobolomyces salmoneus Derx, was located together with Sporobolomyces marcillae Santa Maria in a separate clade. Two synonyms of Sporidiobolus pararoseus, Sporobolomyces carnicolor Yamasaki & Fujii (nom. inval.) and Sporobolomyces japonicus Iizuka & Goto, were revealed to represent two distinct species. The name Sporobolomyces carnicolor is validated, with strain CBS 4215(T) as the type strain. A novel species represented by five of the selected Yunnan strains was confirmed, for which the name Sporobolomyces phaffii sp. nov. is proposed (type strain CH 2.052(T) = AS 2.2137(T) = JCM 11491(T) = CBS 9129(T)). This study also indicates that yeast species with similar ITS sequences may have quite different D1/D2 sequences.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Genetic reclassification of porcine enteroviruses.

The genetic diversity of porcine teschoviruses (PTVs; previously named porcine enterovirus 1) and most serotypes of porcine enteroviruses (PEVs) was studied. Following the determination of the major portion of the genomic sequence of PTV reference strain Talfan, the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region, the capsid VP2 region and the 3' non-translated region (3'-NTR) were compared among PTVs and PEVs and with other picornaviruses. The sequences were obtained by RT-PCR and 3'-RACE with primers based on the sequences of Talfan and available PEV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp/VP2 and analysis of the predicted RNA secondary structure of the 3'-NTR indicated that PEVs should be reclassified genetically into at least three groups, one that should be assigned to PTVs and two PEV subspecies represented by strain PEV-8 V13 and strain PEV-9 UKG410/73.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Reclassification of Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes comb.nov.

Corynebacterium pyogenes (Glage) differs to such an extent from the type species of Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Lehmann and Neumann), that it cannot be retained in this genus. Numerical phenetic and chemical data indicate a close relationship between Corynebacterium pyogenes and the species Actinomyces bovis (Harz). It is proposed that Corynebacterium pyogenes be reclassified in the genus Actinomyces, as Actinomyces pyogenes (Glage) comb.nov.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed1982

Reclassification of 'Corynebacterium haemolyticum' (MacLean, Liebow & Rosenberg) in the genus Arcanobacterium gen.nov. as Arcanobacterium haemolyticum nom.rev., comb.nov.

'Corynebacterium haemolyticum' (MacLean, Liebow & Rosenberg) differs to such an extent from the type species of Corynebacterium, C. diphtheriae (Lehmann & Neumann), that it should be removed from this genus. Chemical and numerical phenetic data indicate that 'C. haemolyticum' is a distinct taxon worthy of generic status. A new genus, Arcanobacterium, is described for the species A. haemolyticum (MacLean, Liebow & Rosenberg) nov.rev., comb.nov. The genus is tentatively placed within the 'coryneform group of bacteria'. The type species of the genus is Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and the type strain is ATCC 9345.

Corynebacterium↗

PubMed1998

Psychroflexus torquis gen. nov., sp. nov., a psychrophilic species from Antarctic sea ice, and reclassification of Flavobacterium gondwanense (Dobson et al. 1993) as Psychroflexus gondwanense gen. nov., comb. nov.

A group of sea-ice-derived psychrophilic bacterial strains possessing the unusual ability to synthesize the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) belong to the Family Flavobacteriaceae (Flexibacter-Bacteroides-Flavobacterium phylum), according to 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Surprisingly, the isolates were also found to cluster closely to the moderately halophilic and psychrotrophic species [Flavobacterium] gondwanense (sequence similarity 97.8-98.1%). The whole-cell fatty acid profiles of this group and [Flavobacterium] gondwanense were very similar and distinct from other related flavobacteria. The sea ice strains and [Flavobacterium] gondwanense differed substantially in terms of ecophysiology, possibly representing divergent adaptations to sympagic and planktonic marine habitats, respectively. Evidence based on phylogeny and fatty acid profiles supports the conclusion that the taxa are close relatives distinct from other bacterial groups. It is thus proposed that the sea ice strains represent a novel taxon designated Psychroflexus torquis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain ACAM 623T) while [Flavobacterium] gondwanense becomes Psychroflexus gondwanense gen. nov., comb. nov.

Antarctic Regions↗

PubMed1996

Reclassification of the Penicillium roqueforti group into three species on the basis of molecular genetic and biochemical profiles.

Penicillium roqueforti is currently divided into two varieties, one used for cheese starter cultures, P. roqueforti var. roqueforti, and one ubiquitous patulin-producing variety, P. roqueforti var. carneum. The ribosomal regions comprising the 5.8S gene and the internal transcribed spacers, ITS I and ITS II, have been analysed from 10 isolates belonging to each variety. The 10 P. roqueforti var. carneum isolates were separated into two groups of five on the basis of 12 base-pair differences in the ITS regions. One of the groups of P. roqueforti var. carneum, in the following designated P. carneum, differed from P. roqueforti var. roqueforti, here designated P. roqueforti, in just two positions, while the other group, here called P. paneum, differed from P. roqueforti in 12 positions. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis substantiated these findings, and a comparison of secondary metabolites produced by the three groups showed that the P. roqueforti isolates all produce Penicillium Roqueforti (PR) toxin, marcfortines and fumigaclavine A, while the P. carneum isolates produce patulin, penitrem A and mycophenolic acid, as well as unidentified metabolites. P. paneum produces secondary metabolites in five chromophore families including the known mycotoxins patulin and botryodiploidin. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that P. roqueforti is reclassified into three species named P. roqueforti, P. carneum and P. paneum.

Base Sequence↗