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PubMedDate not supplied

Potency testing of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine in rabbits.

Rinderpest (RP) vaccine potency testing requires virulent bovine rinderpest virus (RPV). Use of virulent RPV is a biosafety hazard. In this study we had vaccinated rabbits with tissue culture RP vaccine at different doses and thereafter challenged with lapinized virus. No thermal reaction in vaccinated rabbits was observed. Serum neutralizing antibody response to vaccine was dose dependent until the second week post-vaccination but by the fourth week post-vaccination all the rabbits had similar neutralizing antibody titres. Vaccinated rabbits exhibited mild clinical signs as compared to unvaccinated controls after challenge. All the vaccinated rabbits survived challenge while only 40% unvaccinated rabbits survived challenge with virulent lapinized RPV. A strong anamnestic response in all the vaccinated rabbits was observed after challenge with lapinized virus. This study shows that rabbits could be used for potency testing of RP vaccine virus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunogenic and protective properties of haemagglutinin protein (H) of rinderpest virus expressed by a recombinant baculovirus.

The hemagglutinin (H) protein of Rinderpest virus expressed by a recombinant baculovirus used as a vaccine produced high titres of neutralizing antibody to Rinderpest virus in the vaccinated cattle, comparable to the levels produced by live attenuated vaccine. The immunized cattle were protected against a vaccine-virus challenge, as demonstrated by the failure of development of antibodies to N protein of the vaccine virus. The lack of replication of vaccine virus in the immunized cattle indicated that they are capable of showing a protective response if challenged with a virulent virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Long term immunity in African cattle vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest virus vaccine.

Cattle were vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest vaccine designed to protect cattle from infection with either rinderpest virus (RPV) or lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Vaccination did not induce any adverse clinical responses or show evidence of transmission of the vaccine virus to in-contact control animals. Approximately 50% of the cattle were solidly protected from challenge with a lethal dose of virulent RPV 2 years after vaccination while at 3 years approx. 30% were fully protected. In the case of LSDV, all of 4 vaccinated cattle challenged with virulent LSDV at 2 years were completely protected from clinical disease while 2 of 5 vaccinated cattle were completely protected at 3 years. The recombinant vaccine showed no loss of potency when stored lyophylized at 4 degrees C for up to 1 year. These results indicate that capripoxvirus is a suitable vector for the development of safe, effective and stable recombinant vaccines for cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Recombinant hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus expressed in insect cells induces cytotoxic T-cell responses in cattle.

Rinderpest virus (RPV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family, causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease known as rinderpest in wild and domestic ruminants. The envelope of the virus contains two surface glycoproteins, namely the hemagglutinin (H) and the fusion (F) proteins, both of which have been shown to confer protective immunity in animals. In this paper, we demonstrate that single administration of low doses of recombinant H protein of RPV expressed in insect cells in the form of extracellular virus induces long lasting bovine leukocyte antigen class I restricted cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses in cattle in the absence of adjuvant. This is the first report of CTL responses in cattle against one of the protective antigens of RPV.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Rinderpest virus infection of bovine peripheral blood monocytes.

The ability of rinderpest virus (RPV) to replicate in vitro in adherent peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages under non-stimulation conditions was investigated. When flow cytometry analysis on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed, monocytic cells were seen to be targets for infection by the cell culture-attenuated RBOK vaccine strain of RPV. Viral glycoprotein (H) and nucleoprotein (N) expression in adherent blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages was compared with the infection in Vero cells, in which a productive infection typical of morbilliviruses is obtained. In both cell types, the infection was m.o.i.-dependent, but the rate of viral protein accumulation was slower in monocytes/macrophages. Double-labelling experiments with monoclonal antibodies against RPV and the myeloid marker CD14 confirmed that the infected blood adherent cells were monocytes and macrophages. Productive infection of monocytes was confirmed by progeny virus titration. Permissiveness to infection was not dependent on macrophage differentiation: in vitro maturation of monocytes to macrophages before infection, did not increase the susceptibility of these cells to RPV infection. With the virulent Saudi RPV isolate, similar results were obtained, although the Saudi virus apparently had a higher rate of replication compared to the attenuated virus. These observations demonstrate clearly that bovine blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages serve as hosts for a relatively slow but productive infection by rinderpest virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of the World Reference Laboratories for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and for Rinderpest.

The World Reference Laboratories for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and for Rinderpest provide a worldwide diagnostic and surveillance service for these disease for FAO and OIE. Both laboratories are housed within the high security facility of the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, UK. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and rinderpest (RP) are OIE List A diseases and historically have caused huge losses to agricultural economies around the world, prompting the establishment of veterinary colleges in Europe and environmentally controversial control programs in Africa. FMD and RP have now been geographically restricted, but the large legal and illegal world trade in live animals and animal products constantly threatens to allow them to spread back into disease-free areas. The Reference Laboratories provide a center of excellence for the development of improved diagnostic techniques and a repository of isolates collected over many years. These libraries provide material for investigations of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of the viruses and a data base against which new isolates can be compared. Thus it is possible to individually characterize new outbreak strains, identify their likely origin and provide the most up-to-date support for their control.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

Immunological responses of mice and cattle to baculovirus-expressed F and H proteins of rinderpest virus: lack of protection in the presence of neutralizing antibody.

Rinderpest is a highly contagious viral disease of ruminants and has greater than 95% morbidity and mortality. The etiological agent, rinderpest virus (RPV), is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Morbillivirus. Immune responses to both the hemagglutinin (H) and the fusion (F) antigens of morbilliviruses play an important role in the prevention of infection, and only attenuated live vaccines have been shown to provide protective immunity against the group. The lack of protection with inactivated vaccines has been attributed to the denaturation of the F glycoprotein of the virus. Our previous study, however, demonstrated complete protection of cattle vaccinated with infectious vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the H (vRVH) or F (vRVF) protein alone, even in the presence of only 4 U of serum-neutralizing (SN) antibody to RPV (T. Yilma, D. Hsu, L. Jones, S. Owens, M. Grubman, C. Mebus, M. Yamanaka, and B. Dale, Science 242:1058-1061, 1988). We have constructed recombinant baculoviruses that express the F (Fb) and H (Hb) glycoproteins of RPV. Furthermore, we have analyzed the immune responses of mice and cattle to these antigens. Cattle vaccinated with Fb or Hb or a mixture of both antigens were not protected from challenge inoculation with RPV, even when the SN titer was greater than in cattle vaccinated with vRVF alone. This lack of protection, in the presence of SN antibody, would indicate that live attenuated and recombinant vaccines induce immune responses necessary for protection (e.g., cell-mediated immunity) that are not generated by subunit or inactivated whole-virus vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cattle plague in Shangri-La: observations on a severe outbreak of rinderpest in northern Pakistan 1994-1995.

Between April 1994 and November 1995 the most severe epidemic of rinderpest reported in the world for over a decade affected domestic livestock in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. As many as 40,000 cattle and yaks died, more by some estimates, and mortality rates may have exceeded 80 per cent in these species in several villages. This report describes some of the clinicopathological and epidemiological features peculiar to the outbreak, including laboratory-confirmed rinderpest in a goat, and the difficulties encountered before the disease was eradicated. It also describes the human costs and emphasises the need to accelerate the global eradication of this most eradicable disease.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Rinderpest epidemic in wild ruminants in Kenya 1993-97.

A severe epidemic of rinderpest, affecting mainly wild ruminants, occurred between 1993 and 1997 in East Africa. Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), eland (Taurotragus oryx) and lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) were highly susceptible. The histopathological changes, notably individual epithelial cell necrosis with syncytia formation, were consistent with an infection with an epitheliotrophic virus. Serology, the polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation confirmed the diagnosis and provided epidemiological information. The virus was related to a strain which was prevalent in Kenya in the 1960s, of a second lineage (II), and distinct from isolations of rinderpest virus in the region since 1986. The source of the virus was presumed to be infected cattle from the Eastern region of Kenya and Somalia. The pathogenicity of the virus varied during the epidemic. The mortality in buffalo populations was estimated to be up to 80 per cent, and population data suggested that the virus had an adverse effect on a wide range of species. The virus caused only a mild disease in cattle, with minimal mortality. The results confirmed the importance of wildlife as sentinels of the disease, but although wildlife were important in the spread of the virus, they did not appear to act as reservoirs of infection.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of antigen in cattle infected with rinderpest virus.

Five Holstein heifers (approximately 8 months of age and weighing 225-275 kg) were inoculated subcutaneously with 1,000 TCID50 of rinderpest virus, virulent Kabete O strain. They become clinically ill 2 to 5 days post-inoculation, with fever (40 C to 41.5 C), conjunctivitis, and diarrhea. All were euthanatized when moribund at 6 days postinoculation. The following tissues were collected in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and subsequently subjected to histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination: tongue, buccal mucosa, soft palate, esophagus, rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum with and without Peyer's patch, ileum, cecum, proximal colonic lymphoid patch, spiral colon, eyelid, gall bladder, spleen, tonsil, trachea, lungs, and numerous lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical examination was accomplished using a primary rabbit anti-rinderpest antibody, and either a peroxidase-diaminobenzidine or alkaline phosphatase-Vector Red detection substrate system. In the lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsil, depletion of lymphocytes from all areas was extensive, with antigen most prominent in persisting reticular cells throughout the tissues. In the intestine, necrotizing and ulcerative changes in the mucosa were extensive and widespread. Damage was most severe in areas overlying lymphoid patches. In both small and large intestine, antigen was distributed predominantly in epithelial cells, histiocytic cells in the lamina propria, and in remaining reticular cells of lymphoid patches. In oral mucosa, there were multiple ulcerations and numerous multinucleate syncytial cells, both containing and without antigen. Lungs and trachea had subtle yet consistent necrosis of epithelial cells, with antigen often distributed in a circumferential manner in epithelium of bronchioles.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Guide to epidemiological surveillance for rinderpest. Office International des Epizooties.

The practical implementation of epidemiological surveillance programmes for rinderpest prescribed by the standards of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) is described. The rationale of surveillance is discussed in relation to the stages of disease control, discontinuation of vaccination, clinical surveillance and serological surveillance. These stages lead to provisional and confirmed declarations of freedom from disease, and the confirmed declaration of freedom from infection. Practical methods of stratification of livestock populations, and selection of samples of herds and animals within selected herds are explained. The actions to follow any discovery of disease, or any clinical or serological signs of disease, are discussed. In the serological surveillance stage, balancing the number of herds and the number of animals within selected herds tested can result in considerable reduction in the overall number of serum samples to be tested. The methods used in rinderpest surveillance can readily be adapted to surveillance programmes for other diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Epizootiological aspects of peste des petits ruminants and rinderpest in sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia.

Epizootiological aspects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and rinderpest in sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia are examined. The presence of PPR has been suspected on occasions, but virus isolation has been successful only once. Information regarding PPR and rinderpest in sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia is scarce. The only survey conducted indicated that neither disease is endemic in the country.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plus ça change ... from rinderpest to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Cattle plague (rinderpest) caused serious loss of cattle in Europe up to the beginning of the 20th century. Effective control measures were developed in the 18th century by Lancisi in Italy and Vicq d'Azyr in France long before the viral nature of the disease was understood. Similar measures are used to control BSE, which unlike rinderpest, also infects man. Much can be learned from earlier work on such problems as failure to notify outbreaks, inadequate application or deliberate evasion of control measures, and the value of compensation. Still renowned as a comparative anatomist, Vicq d'Azyr not only practised comparative medicine but as permanent secretary of the Societé Royale de Médecine in Paris (1776-1793) developed a national scheme for collecting public health data. His views on how doctors face an unknown disease and on the problems of administration could have been written today.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of antigenic sites on the rinderpest virus N protein using monoclonal antibodies.

The N protein of the rinderpest virus (RPV) was analyzed topologically and antigenically by using anti-N monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Ten Mabs were raised against the N protein of the RPV. At least six non-overlapping antigenic sites (sites A-F) were delineated by competitive binding assays using biotinylated Mabs. Of them 5 sites (A, C, D, E and F) on the N protein were recognized by RPV-specific Mabs in ELISA and IFA while site B was recognized by Mabs reacting with both RPV and PPRV. Non- reciprocal competition was found among sites C, D and E. Recombinant RPV N protein after exposure to 0.2% SDS exhibited higher ELISA titers in all Mabs recognizing 6 sites. Four sites (A, B, E and F) on 2% SDS-treated N protein lost completely reactivity with Mabs while the remaining sites (C and D) on the protein retained their antigenicity to some degree. It indicates that two sites (C and D) were sequential. Six representative Mabs bound to each site exhibited competition with rinderpest antibodies in a blocking ELISA, indicating that the sites were actively involved in antigenicity in cattle.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1991

[Note on the lessons of rinderpest control in Chad since 1935].

The policy of rinderpest control in Chad has passed through various phases over sufficiently long periods to validate certain concepts such as that of the usefulness of perifocal vaccination of populations which have not been previously vaccinated. After studying the reliability of data regarding livestock, vaccinations and pathology and after having reviewed the various types of vaccine used, it can be concluded that perifocal vaccination, even in conjunction with the systematic vaccination of young, has not enabled rinderpest to be brought under control in Chad. Only systematic livestock vaccination can control and eradicate the disease. A table illustrates the vaccination operations and monitoring systems used.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of rinderpest].

Starting from the clinical symptoms and the pathological-anatomical changes hints are given on the diagnosis of the rinderpest and how to distinguish it from other diseases. The paper discusses the differential diagnosis of the rinderpest with respect to mucosal disease, malignent catarrhal fever, Nairobi sheep disease, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, and coccidiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Attenuation of a strain of rinderpest virus: potential homologous live vaccine].

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants frequently associated with severe mortality in these hosts. In countries where it occurs, PPR represents an important constraint to the improved productivity of sheep and goats. Until now the only way to combat this plague has been the use of heterologous rinderpest vaccine; all attempts to develop a homologous vaccine have ended in failure. The present communication describes the attenuation of the Nigerian strain PPRV Nig 75/1 by serial passage in Vero cells. The avirulent virus obtained has the same characteristics as Plowright and Ferris' rinderpest vaccine. The virus is advanced as a potential homologous vaccine against PPR.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of ammonium chloride on multiplication of rinderpest virus in Vero cells.

Ammonium chloride, a lysosomotropic weak base, inhibited replication of rinderpest virus in Vero cells. The inhibition of replication was dose-dependent and the minimum effective dose of ammonium chloride was determined as 5-10 mmol/l. The fusion efficiency and the yield of both cell-free and cell-associated virus were reduced in the presence of the inhibitor. Western blot analysis of rinderpest virus-infected Vero cells revealed that synthesis of two virus-induced polypeptides were affected by the presence of ammonium chloride.

Animals↗