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PubMed2004

The public health usefulness of the exercise recreation and sport survey (ERASS) surveillance system.

BACKGROUND: There is a public health need to monitor habitual participation in physical activity (PA). This report evaluates the usefulness of routine sport and recreation sector collected 'Exercise Recreation and Sport Survey (ERASS)' data from a public health perspective. METHODS: The ERASS telephone surveys collected information about participation in any PA undertaken for exercise, recreation or sport and the frequency of participation during the previous 12 months from a random sample of 3,400 Australians (aged > or = 15) each quarter. Activities were categorised as Health Enhancing Physical Activities (HEPA) if the activity was of sufficient intensity (METs > or = 3.5). 'Sufficiently active' people reported HEPA > or = 5 days/week and the sedentary group reported HEPA < 0.5 day/week. The total person-days of PA were calculated and main PA types that contributed to HEPA were highlighted. RESULTS: In 2001, walking accounted for 58% of all HEPA person-days. For females walking (66%), swimming (5.7%) and gym (4.7%) combined accounted for 75% of HEPA days while for males, walking (50%), cycling (8.1%), football (6.2%), jegging (5.6%) and swimming (4.5%) were main contributors. The mean days walked was 2.20 days/week (95% CI; 2.16-2.25) while all other HEPA combined totalled 1.56 days/week (95% CI; 1.52-1.60). Over 12-month period 15.8% of Australians were defined as sedentary and 31% were 'sufficiently active' including 16.8% who reported frequent walking (> or = 5 days/week). CONCLUSION: ERASS could supplement informational gaps in current PA surveillance. It provides estimates of long-term PA behavioural habits and informs policy makers about the types of activities that contribute to population health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Influence of different experimental recreation treatments on sympathoadrenergic and metabolic regulation mechanisms in repeated exercises.

The influence of different recreation treatments on the sympathoadrenergic regulation, heart rate, mean blood pressure, plasma lactate, and glucose levels was investigated in a study in which the 1000 m distance was performed twice by top middle- and long-distance runners. Between the two runs, executed three times in an interval of 1 week, different regeneration strategies such as active or passive recreation as well as progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) with cognitive skill (Cl) were applied. The best running times in the second run were achieved after the PMR with Cl. After this treatment heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were not higher than in the other forms of regeneration, although the norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) increase was significantly higher after the second run compared with other treatments. The lactate and glucose levels in plasma were significantly higher after PMR with Cl than after active and passive regeneration. After the recovery period both metabolites decreased faster after PMR with Cl. The percentage of catecholamine sulfates of the total amount decreased after the first and the second run without significant differences between the three recreation treatments.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Practice guidelines for recreation therapy in the care of people with dementia.

Activity is a basic human need expressed in work and leisure pursuits. Unfortunately, people with dementia have a low rate of activity participation because of associated physical and cognitive constraints. Recently, the American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA) held a consensus meeting to address this issue and formulate practice guidelines for recreation therapy in the care of people with dementia. The consensus document presents an evidence-based intervention theory that draws on the science of two disciplines: nursing and recreation therapy. This article reports on the ATRA guidelines and illustrates their applicability in a case study of a resident with severe aggression associated with dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

A randomized trial of the Hawaii SunSmart program's impact on outdoor recreation staff.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States and one of the most preventable. Prevention programs for children at outdoor recreation sites may influence not only the youth, but the staff, or caregivers, as well. By teaching children about sun protection, staff may also change their sun protection behaviors. OBJECTIVE: We report on the impact of a childhood skin cancer prevention program (SunSmart) on staff at outdoor recreation sites where a child-focused intervention was conducted. METHODS: The intervention included staff training, on-site activities delivered by staff, distribution of sunscreen, and the promotion of sun-safe environments. It was hypothesized that by teaching children about sun protection, staff would change their sun protection behaviors. A randomized trial at 14 recreation sites (n = 176 staff) in Hawaii tested the efficacy of education only, and education plus environmental changes, compared with a control condition. RESULTS: Results showed significant positive changes in knowledge, sun protection habits, norms, and sun protection policies. The education plus environment group was not superior to education alone. CONCLUSION: Changes in staff behavior and attitudes are important for their own health, as positive role models, and for the dissemination of skin cancer control programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Dispositional and situational goal orientations as discriminators among recreational and competitive league athletes.

The present study examined the relationship between individual goal orientation, motivational team climate, perceived sport competence, and league structure among 216 youth soccer players. It was predicted that competitive league teams would report higher ego-involvement and performance-oriented team climate and lower sport competence than recreational teams. Discriminant analyses indicated that only the mastery-oriented team climate variable differentiated competitive and recreational teams. Athletes who participated in recreational teams reported a greater degree of mastery-oriented climate than competitive league players. The results suggest that athletes' perceptions of situational rather than dispositional aspects of achievement goals are more highly affected by the playing structure present in youth sport teams. The possible psychological benefits derived from the development of a mastery-oriented team climate in sports are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The influence of cadence and power output on the biomechanics of force application during steady-rate cycling in competitive and recreational cyclists.

The intent of this study was two-fold. The first aim was to investigate how cyclists orient forces applied by the feet to the pedals in response to varying power output and cadence demands, and the second was to assess whether competitive riders responded differently from recreational riders to such variations. One group consisted of US Cycling Federation category II licensed competitive cyclists (n = 7) and the second group consisted of recreational cyclists with no competitive experience (n = 38). The subjects rode an instrumented stationary 10-speed geared bicycle mounted on a platform designed to provide rolling and inertial resistance for six pedal rate/power output conditions for a minimum of 2 min for each ride. The pedalling rates were 60, 80 and 100 rev min-1 and the power outputs 100 and 235 W. All rides were presented in random order. The forces applied to the pedals, the pedal angle with respect to the crank and the crank angle were recorded for the final 30 s of each ride. From these data, a number of variables were computed including peak normal and tangential forces, crank torque, angular impulse, proportion of resultant force perpendicular to the crank, and pedal angle. Both the competitive and recreational groups responded similarly to increases in cadence and power output. There was a decrease in the peak normal forces, whereas the tangential component remained almost constant as cadence was increased. Regardless of cadence, the riders responded to increased power output demands by increasing the amount of positive angular impulse. All the riders had a reduced index of effectiveness as cadence increased. This was found to be the result of the large effect of the forces during recovery on this calculation. There were no significant differences between the two groups in each of these variables over all conditions. It was concluded that the lack of difference between the groups was a combined consequence of the limited degrees of freedom associated with the bicycle and that the relatively low power output for the competitive riders was insufficient to discriminate or highlight superior riding technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States.

In this article, we review the causes of outbreaks associated with recreational water during 1971-2000. A bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in three-quarters of the outbreaks; 23% of the outbreaks were of undetermined etiology. The most frequently identified agents were Cryptosporidium (15%), Pseudomonas (14%), Shigella (13%), Naegleria (11%), Giardia (6%), and toxigenic E. coli (6%). Outbreaks attributed to Shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Naegleria were primarily associated with swimming in fresh waters such as lakes, ponds, and rivers. In contrast, outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia were primarily associated with treated water in swimming and wading pools. Important sources of contamination for both treated and untreated recreational waters were the bathers themselves. Contamination from sewage discharges and wild or domestic animals were also important sources for untreated waters. Contributing factors in swimming-pool outbreaks were inadequate attention to maintenance, operation, disinfection, and filtration. Although not all waterborne outbreaks are recognized nor reported, the national surveillance of these outbreaks has helped identify important sources of contamination of recreational waters and the etiologic agents. This information can affect prevention recommendations and research priorities that may lead to improved water quality guidelines.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health risks caused by freshwater cyanobacteria in recreational waters.

Toxic cyanobacteria are increasingly being perceived as a potential health hazard, particularly in waters used for recreation. A few countries are developing regulations to protect human health from these toxins, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has published both a guideline value for one cyanotoxin in drinking water and a procedural guideline for recreational waters. This article presents an overview of the currently known cyanotoxins and of documented cases of human illnesses attributed to them. It further discusses exposure pathways and approaches to risk management. In this context, the WHO guideline for recreational waters is presented, and monitoring approaches are outlined.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of recreational physical activity on bone mineral density in middle-aged men.

Physical activity is known to exert beneficial effects on general health status of young, adult and elderly populations. Exercise (aside from genetic, hormonal, nutritional and pathological factors) also influences bone mineral density (BMD). Unfortunately, the association between physical exercise and BMD in adult population is controversial. Our aim was to assess relations between recreational physical activity and BMD in middle-aged men. We performed densitometry and hormonal measurements (total testosterone, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol) in a homogenous group of 38 subjects. Among them, we distinguished 22 who had not engaged in any physical activity, and 16 who had recreationally exercised for about 10 years. Both groups did not differ in regard to hormonal status. Similarly, densitometry did not reveal any statistically significant differences in BMD between both groups of men. Upon our observation, we can hypothesize that recreational physical activity does not affect bone mineral density in middle-aged men.

Androgens↗
PubMed2004

Norovirus outbreak among primary schoolchildren who had played in a recreational water fountain.

BACKGROUND: A gastroenteritis outbreak was associated with playing in a norovirus-contaminated recreational fountain. OBJECTIVE AND STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was performed to estimate the magnitude of the outbreak and identify its source. Epidemiological investigation included standardized questionnaires about sex, age, school, class, risk exposures, and illness characteristics. Stool samples and environmental water samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned for 191 schoolchildren (response rate, 83%) with a mean age of 9.2 years, of whom 47% were ill (diarrhea and/or vomiting). Children were more likely to have been ill if they had played in the recreational fountain (relative risk, 10.4). Norovirus (Birmingham) was detected in 22 (88%) stool specimens from ill children and in 6 (38%) specimens from healthy children. The water sample from the fountain contained a norovirus strain that was identical to the RNA sequence found in stools. CONCLUSIONS: Recreational water may be the source of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Adequate water treatment can prevent these types of outbreak.

Caliciviridae Infections↗
PubMed2001

Prospective study of recreational physical activity and ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that physical activity may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by decreasing estrogen levels, reducing body fat, and reducing the frequency of ovulation. Epidemiologic studies of this relationship have obtained inconsistent results. The only prospective study to date reported a positive association between frequent vigorous exercise and ovarian cancer risk. We further evaluated this relationship in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. METHODS: Participation in recreational physical activity was assessed by questionnaire in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, and 1994, with questions assessing exercise frequency, duration, and intensity. Results were adjusted for age, parity, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: During a 16-year follow-up (from 1980 to 1996), 1.2 million person-years were accrued by 92 825 cohort members, and 377 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer were confirmed. The relative risk (RR) of ovarian cancer for women engaging in recreational physical activity for 7 hours or more per week compared with those reporting less than 1 hour per week was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49 to 1.32; P(trend) =.59). When both the frequency and intensity of activity were taken into account, activity level was also not associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. Compared with inactive women, participants reporting high activity in terms of metabolic equivalent task hours (MET hours) were at greater risk of ovarian cancer (RR for 20 to <30 MET hours/week = 1.84 [95% CI = 1.12 to 3.02]; RR for >30 MET hours/week = 1.27 [95% CI = 0.75 to 2.14]). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results did not suggest an inverse association between recreational physical activity and ovarian cancer. The possibility of a modest increase in risk with frequent vigorous activity requires further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Recreation for children on social assistance, 4-17 years old, pays for itself the same year.

A randomized control trial completed in the Hamilton-Wentworth and Halton regions of Ontario, Canada, was created to assess the effects and expense of age-appropriate provider-initiated and subsidized versus self-directed and self-financed methods of recreation. Upon completion, this study proved that the annual per-person expenditure for the subsidized, quality recreation paid for itself by children's lower use of healthcare and social services. The children within the subsidized recreation group had lower use of physician, physiotherapy, probation, children's aid society, social work, psychologist and services in comparison with those in the non-subsidized group. The subsidized group also proved to be beneficial for the parents as well. The use of health and social services, by the parents in the subsidized group, was also decreased in comparison with those of the self-financed group. This group also proved to have improvement of the global socioeconomic status, with a 10% greater exit from the social assistance program within 1 year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiology of women's recreational ice hockey injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Participation in ice hockey by women is increasing in many parts of North America; however, research into injuries and the patterns of injury among female players associated with this activity is limited. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the incidence and nature of injuries suffered by female recreational ice hockey players. METHODS: This prospective study followed 314 female players from 33 teams in Edmonton, Canada, during the 1997-1998 hockey season. Injury and game attendance data were collected using monthly telephone interviews throughout the season. Diagnostic information for individuals who received medical treatment was solicited from the attending health professional. RESULTS: A total of 102 players reported a total of 125 injuries for a rate 7.5 injuries/1000 player exposures. The anatomic region most often injured was the lower extremity (31.2%), and the most common diagnosis was sprain/strain (52.0%). The predominant injury mechanism was player contact, either as a result of collision with another player or a body check (40.0%). Of all injuries, 65.6% occurred during league games, 27.2% during play-off, tournament, or exhibition games, and 7.2% during practices. Although less than 1% of injuries resulted in hospitalization, 17.6% of injuries resulted in an absence from hockey of 8 or more days. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic and anatomic distribution of injury in the women's hockey league was similar to that in leagues where full facial protection is mandatory. The observed injury rate was lower than the rates reported for male recreational and collegiate ice hockey players. Female recreational ice hockey players are at risk for injuries and further research is required to identify areas for injury prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health department activities regarding nonmotorized small-wheel forms of recreation.

The Stages of Change Model and perceived benefits and barriers to providing injury prevention activities for nonmotorized small-wheel forms of recreation by local health departments were used to determine the status of injury prevention activity. A questionnaire mailed to a national random sample of 600 health departments resulted in a response rate of 67%. Approximately 10% of health departments were in the action and maintenance stages of the Stages of Change Model in relation to nonmotorized small-wheel forms of recreation, while the majority (70%) was in the precontemplation stage. More than 98% of health departments agreed that there were benefits to providing nonmotorized small-wheel forms of recreation injury prevention activities, including "decrease injury," "increase likelihood of wearing recommended safety equipment," and "increase awareness of injury." The vast majority (96%) of health departments believed there were barriers to providing injury prevention activities, including lack of financial resources, not enough expertise, and not enough time.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of a one-page questionnaire on long-term recreational physical activity.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases. Although there is considerable published research on methods to assess current or recent recreational physical activity, there are few short, self-administered questionnaires designed to assess long-term physical activity. METHODS: We developed a one-page questionnaire to capture data on usual recreational physical activity during the preceding 10 years. This questionnaire was used in a cohort study of adults age 50 to 75 years residing in western Washington state. To examine the measurement characteristics of this questionnaire, we compared metabolic equivalent task (MET)-hours derived from this short questionnaire to MET-hours estimated from a detailed comparison interview in a subsample (n = 217) and to current body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms/height in square meters) in the full sample of 57,811 persons. RESULTS: The age- and sex-adjusted partial Pearson correlation coefficient for total recreational activity between the 2 instruments was 0.68. In the full cohort, BMI was inversely correlated with physical activity as assessed by the one-page questionnaire (r = -0.22). CONCLUSIONS: This short questionnaire measures long-term physical activity at a level of precision appropriate to the examination of associations in studies of physical activity and disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions of recreational fishing boat captains: knowledge and effects of fish consumption advisories.

The impacts of fish consumption advisories on recreational and subsistence fishing, particularly in fresh waters, have been examined extensively. By contrast, little attention has focused on organized recreational fishing, such as from party and charter boats, and particularly for salt water fish. We interviewed 93 New Jersey boat captains to determine their knowledge about fish consumption advisories, and whether, in their opinion, clients knew of fish consumption advisories, and whether they thought advisories had an effect on recreational fishing and their businesses. Advisories were ranked by captains as a moderate influence on the success of their business, less so than number of fish caught, strength of the economy, overfishing by commercial boats, and management regulations. Only one boat captain had not heard warnings about eating fish, but what captains said they had heard was mixed in its accuracy and completeness. Clients expect captains to know about fish, and about half of boat captains said clients had asked about the safety of eating fish. Captains who felt advisories were affecting their businesses tended to fish for species without high levels of mercury (except for bluefish) or PCBs, the primary contaminants of concern for state advisories and federal advice. However, these captains worked closer to areas (e.g., Raritan Bay complex and New York Harbor) subject to advisories than did other captains, and were more prone to say that management regulations (e.g., fish size, creel limits, seasons) and marketing and advertising by the industry or state were strong influences on the success of their seasons. Comparing captains who thought advisories had some or great effect (60%) versus those reporting "no effect" (40%), there was no difference in the mean percentage of trips targeting high mercury species such as swordfish and shark. Many captains said they would or might post advisories, but 42% of the boat captains said they would not post consumption warnings if the state provided them. The significant portion (at least 15%) of saltwater fishing supported by these businesses suggests that these captains are an important conduit for future risk communication.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Measuring children's participation in recreation and leisure activities: construct validation of the CAPE and PAC.

There is a need for psychometrically sound measures of children's participation in recreation and leisure activities, for both clinical and research purposes. This paper provides information about the construct validity of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and its companion measure, Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). These measures are appropriate for children and youth with and without disabilities between the ages of 6 and 21 years. They provide information about six dimensions of participation (i.e. diversity, intensity, where, with whom, enjoyment and preference) and two categories of recreation and leisure activities: (i) formal and informal activities; and (ii) five types of activities (recreational, active physical, social, skill-based and self-improvement). This paper presents information about the performance of the CAPE and PAC activity type scores using data from a study involving 427 children with physical disabilities between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Intensity, enjoyment and preference scores were significantly correlated with environmental, family and child variables, in expected ways. Predictions also were supported with respect to differences in mean scores for boys vs. girls, and children in various age groups. The information substantiates the construct validity of the measures. The clinical and research utility of the measures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Use of microcosms to determine persistence of Escherichia coli in recreational coastal water and sediment and validation with in situ measurements.

AIMS: To determine the persistence of the faecal indicator organism Escherichia coli in recreational coastal water and sediment using laboratory-based microcosms and validation with in situ measurements. METHODS AND RESULTS: Intact sediment cores were taken from three distinct coastal sites. Overlying estuarine water was inoculated with known concentrations of E. coli and decay rates from both overlying water and sediment were determined following enumeration by the membrane filtration method at fixed time intervals over a 28-day period. It was demonstrated that E. coli may persist in coastal sediment for >28 days when incubated at 10 degrees C. Escherichia coli survival was found to have an inverse relationship with temperature in both water and sediment. In general the decay rate for E. coli was greater in water than in sediment. Small particle size and high organic carbon content were found to enhance E. coli survival in coastal sediments in the microcosms. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this microcosm study demonstrated the more prolonged survival of E. coli in coastal sediments compared with overlying water, which may imply an increased risk of exposure because of the possible resuspension of pathogenic micro-organisms during natural turbulence or human recreational activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A more accurate estimate of exposure risk has been described which may subsequently be used in a quantitative microbial risk assessment for recreational coastal waters.

Bacteriological Techniques↗