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[Leukemia mortality and incidence of infantile leukemia near the Vatican Radio Station of Rome].

Some recent epidemiological studies suggest an association between lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers and residential exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields (100 kHz-300 GHz) generated by radio and television transmitters. Vatican Radio, a very powerful radio station transmitting all over the world (up to 600 kW) is located in Santa Maria di Galeria, in the northern suburbs of the city of Rome. Electric field measurements in the proximity of the radio station ranged between 1.5 and 25 V/m. In the 10 km area around the station, with 60.182 residents (1999), leukaemia mortality among adults (> 14 years, 40 cases) in the period 1987-98 and childhood leukaemia incidence in the period 1987-99 (8 cases) were evaluated. The analysis (Stone's conditional test) was performed computing observed and expected cases (reference: population of Rome) in 5 bands of increasing radius (2 km width). The risk of childhood leukaemia was higher than expected within 6 km from the station (Standardized Incidence Ratio = 217; 95% Confidence Interval 99-405). Stone's test showed a significant decrease in risk with increasing distance both for male adult mortality (p-value = 0.03) and for childhood incidence (p-value = 0.04). A Score test, showed a significant decrease in risk of childhood incidence as function of the distance. The main limitations of this study are the small number of observed cases and the use of distance as a proxy for RF exposure. Further research will require a systematic campaign of electromagnetic field measurements to allow better assessment of the population exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Minimizing the effects of radio-frequency heating in multidimensional NMR experiments.

Application of radio-frequency power in multidimensional NMR experiments can significantly increase the sample temperature compared to that of the surrounding gas flow. Radio-frequency heating effects become more severe at higher magnetic field strengths and ionic strengths. The effects are particularly noticeable for experiments that utilize 1H and/or 13C isotropic mixing and broadband decoupling. If radio-frequency power is applied during the systematically increasing evolution period t1, the sample temperature can change with t1 and thereby cause line-shape distortions. Such distortions are easily avoided by ensuring that the average radio-frequency power remains constant during the entire experiment.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed1992

Adsorption of baboon fibrinogen and the adhesion of platelets to a thin film polymer deposited by radio-frequency glow discharge of allylamine.

Platelet adhesion under static and flow conditions from a washed platelet suspension containing albumin to a polymer deposited by radio-frequency glow discharge of allylamine vapour on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate was measured. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis was used to characterize the surface. Fibrinogen adsorption from a series of dilute plasma solutions to radio-frequency glow discharge/allylamine, measured using 125I radiolabelled baboon fibrinogen, increased with decreasing plasma dilution to a level much higher than that previously observed on polyurethanes. Elutability by sodium dodecyl sulphate of fibrinogen adsorbed from dilute plasma also increased with increasing plasma concentration, but fibrinogen preadsorbed from plasma became non-elutable when surfaces were stored in buffer for 5 d before contact with sodium dodecyl sulphate. Platelet adhesion to substrates which had been pre-adsorbed with dilute plasma was measured using baboon platelets radiolabelled with 111In. Adhesion greatly decreased as the plasma concentration used for preadsorption increased, suggesting that non-specific platelet binding to the bare surface occurs when protein coverage is incomplete. Non-specific platelet binding was inhibited to varying degrees by preadsorption of different proteins to the surface. Platelet adhesion to surfaces preadsorbed with dilute (1.0%) baboon and human plasmas lacking fibrinogen (i.e. serum, heat-defibrinogenated plasma and congenitally afibrinogenemic plasma) was diminished compared with normal plasma. Addition of exogenous fibrinogen to the deficient plasma partially restored platelet adhesion to normal levels. Adhesion to surfaces preadsorbed with human plasma deficient in von Willebrand factor was comparable to that observed with normal plasma. The plasma preadsorption studies with fibrinogen deficient media suggested that adsorbed fibrinogen is necessary for platelet adhesion to the radio-frequency glow discharge/allylamine substrate at high protein coverage. However, since adhesion was greatly reduced when the plasma preadsorbed substrate was stored in buffer before platelet contact, the conformation of adsorbed fibrinogen is also important in mediating platelet adhesion to radio-frequency glow discharge.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1986

Rewarming in immersion hypothermia: radio-wave and inhalation therapy.

Anesthetized random source dogs were cooled by ice water immersion (1 degree C) to a stable core temperature of 25 degrees C, and subsequently rewarmed with warm humidified inhalation (43 degrees C, 450 cc of min ventilation/kg), radio wave induction hyperthermia (4-6 W/kg) or both therapies simultaneously. The mean time required for core rewarming to 30 degrees C was 262 +/- 29 min for humidified ventilation, 68.5 +/- 6 min for radio wave therapy (P less than 0.01), and 74.8 +/- 12 for both therapies combined (P less than 0.3 vs. radio wave). There was no tissue damage with these protocols. These data suggest radio wave heating alone is the most rapid non-invasive method for core rewarming in immersion hypothermia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Plasma low-density lipoprotein reduction and structural effects on coronary atherosclerotic plaques by atorvastatin as clinically assessed with intravascular ultrasound radio-frequency signal analysis: a randomized prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Plaque stabilization by statins is important for reduction of cardiovascular events but has not been demonstrated enough in vivo. We examined whether statins clinically alter the structure of coronary atherosclerotic plaques using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) radio-frequency (RF) signal analysis. METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled. Intravascular ultrasound radio-frequency signals were acquired from non-percutaneous coronary intervention-targeted echolucent plaques. The patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: group S (n = 25) taking atorvastatin 10 mg/d and group C (n = 25) as control. After 6-month follow-up, IVUS-RF signals were sampled at the same plaque sites. Several regions of interest were placed on each plaque. Intravascular ultrasound radio-frequency parameters were blindly calculated in all regions of interests (group S, n = 148; group C, n = 191). Targeted plaque volumes were also measured. Those data were compared between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: In group S after 6 months, plasma low-density lipoprotein level was significantly decreased (133 +/- 13 to 87 +/- 29 mg/dL, P < .0001), integrated backscatter of IVUS-RF signals was substantially increased (-53.8 +/- 4.5 to -51.2 +/- 4.9 dB, P < .0001), and plaque volume was significantly reduced, whereas no change was demonstrated in group C. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that statins alter properties as well as volumes of coronary plaques within 6 months, which may be related to plasma low-density lipoprotein reduction. Intravascular ultrasound radio-frequency signal analysis may be useful to evaluate the effects of drugs on stabilization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Increased mortality in amateur radio operators due to lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies.

To search for potentially carcinogenic effects of electromagnetic field exposures, the author conducted a population-based study of mortality in US amateur radio operators. Ascertainment of Washington State and California amateur radio operators (67,829 persons) was done through the 1984 US Federal Communications Commission Amateur Radio Station and/or Operator License file. A total of 2,485 deaths were located for the period from January 1, 1979 through December 31, 1984, in a population of amateur radio operators which accumulated 232,499 person-years at risk. The all-cause standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 71, but a statistically significant increased mortality was seen for cancers of the other lymphatic tissues (SMR = 162), a rubric which includes multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The all-leukemia standardized mortality ratio was slightly, but nonsignificantly, elevated (SMR = 124). However, mortality due to acute myeloid leukemia was significantly elevated (SMR = 176).

California↗
PubMed1999

Effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera on family planning behavior in Tanzania.

An entertainment-education radio soap opera introduced in Tanzania in 1993 was evaluated by means of a field experimental design in which the radio program was broadcast by seven mainland stations of Radio Tanzania. An eighth station broadcast alternative programming from 1993 to 1995, its listenership serving as a comparison area in which contemporaneous changes in family planning adoption were measured. The soap opera was subsequently broadcast nationwide from 1995 to 1997. Data about the effects of the radio soap opera were gathered in five annual surveys of about 2,750 households in the comparison and the treatment areas and from a sample of new family planning adopters in 79 health clinics. The soap opera had strong behavioral effects on family planning adoption; it increased listeners' self-efficacy regarding family planning adoption and influenced listeners to talk with their spouses and peers about contraception.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Health education through interactive radio: a child-to-child project in Bolivia.

In developing countries it is common for older children to assume much of the responsibility for care of their younger siblings. Based on this observation, the "child-to-child" approach to health education targets these older children as a means of improving child health. As the initial phase in the development of a radio health curriculum in Bolivia, a module on diarrheal disease was developed and field-tested among fourth- and fifth-grade students in Cochabamba. The module consists of 10 interactive radio lessons in which the students respond orally to drill and practice, sing songs, or write key concepts in their notebooks. Following the 25-minute radio broadcast, the teacher conducts a 20-minute session that focuses on application and practice of the new behaviors. The module includes lessons on personal hygiene, water and oral rehydration, home sanitation, and nutrition. The field evaluation revealed the need for modifications in the teachers' role and greater attention to teacher training. Students responded enthusiastically and achieved significant knowledge gains as a result of the program. Plans are underway to expand the radio health program.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1982

Private Land Mobile Radio Services; amendment of the commission's rules concerning mobile station, control point and control system authorization procedures for common user systems for a certain MHz frequency--Federal Communications Commission. Final rule.

The Commission is amending its rules and regulations in Part 90--Private Land Mobile Radio Service, by adopting a new temporary licensing procedure for special mobile radio systems (SMRS's) and multiple licensed mobile relay stations operating in the 806-821 and the 851-866 megahertz (MHz) bands. This new system of licensing will benefit radio users by enabling them to begin operations more quickly than in the past, and will not in any way lessen the ability of the Commission to determine whether an applicant is eligible and otherwise possesses the necessary qualifications to be permanently licensed to operate in these bands. This new system is a part of the Commission's on-going program for reviewing its rules and regulations and eliminating unnecessary burdens on licensees to facilitate the administration of the Private Land Mobile Radio Service.

Licensure↗
PubMed1982

A symbiotic approach to SETI observations: use of maps from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope.

High spatial resolution continuum radio maps produced by the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) of The Netherlands at frequencies near the 21 cm HI line have been examined for anomalous sources of emmission coincident with the locations of nearby bright stars. From a total of 542 stellar positions investigated, no candidates for radio stars or ETI signals were discovered to formal limits on the minimum detectable signal ranging from 7.7 x 10(-22) W/m2 to 6.4 x 10(-24) W/m2. This preliminary study has verified that data collected by radio astronomers at large synthesis arrays can profitably be analysed for SETI signals (in a non-interfering manner) provided only that the data are available in the form of a more or less standard two dimensional map format.

Astronomy↗
PubMed2000

Radio-guided surgery in recurrent renal hyperparathyroidism: report of a case.

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that radio-guided surgery offers several advantages in treating primary hyperparathyroidism. Even if it is considered less helpful in renal hyperparathyroidism, it could be of tremendous advantage in the treatment of persistent or recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: We report a case of recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism treated by the use of radio-guided surgery. The preoperative assessment consisting of ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy identified a parathyroid in the upper mediastinum. The patient underwent a radio-guided neck re-exploration that allowed a rapid localization and excision of the ectopic gland, which was located in the anterosuperior mediastinum, in front of the trachea, between the innominant and the left common carotid artery. RESULTS: The operative time was 45 minutes. The patient was discharged on the first postoperative day. A decrease in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone was observed subsequently. A follow-up of 6 months did not show any recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The case reported indicates that radio-guided surgery can help surgeons detect parathyroid tissue in selected cases of renal hyperparathyroidism.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Flow cytometric method for the measurement of epidermal growth factor receptor and comparison with the radio-ligand binding assay.

A method for the purification, conjugation, and use of EGF-R antibody to quantify EGF receptors on tumour cells by flow cytometry is described. The quantification of both internal and external EGF receptors was determined by treatment with saponin, rendering the cells permeable to the EGF-R antibody. Using QCS bead standards, the number of EGF-R binding sites per cell was assessed. Results were compared with conventional EGF-R quantification using a radio-ligand binding assay. A high degree of correlation was found between the two methods. The flow cytometric method for EGF-R quantification described is simple, rapid, and reproducible. The assay may be of particular value in measuring EGF-R on urgent clinical samples or those that are too small (such as breast aspirates) for measurement by the radio-ligand binding assay. Advantages of this assay over the radio-ligand binding assay include reduction in use of radio-labelled iodine compounds, a decrease in analysis time, and reduced cost and quantity of material needed for assay. In addition, flow cytometry offers the possibility of selecting cell phenotypes by gating as well as live/dead cells by using multi-parameter flow cytometry.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1991

The effect of radiosensitizers on radio-immunotherapy, using 131I-labelled anti-CEA antibodies in a human colonic xenograft model.

Anti-CEA antibodies were used for radio-immunotherapy in an established LS174T colonic xenograft in nude mice. A single IV dose of either 131I-PK4S (polyclonal) or -A5B7 (monoclonal) antibody produced tumour regression, and significantly delayed subsequent tumour growth. Administration of a clearing second antibody, 24 hr post 131I-PK4S and at 5 times the dose, significantly reduced the therapeutic effect of radio-antibody alone. Tumours of mice given non-specific antibody or unlabelled anti-CEA antibody grew like those of untreated controls. In an attempt to enhance therapy without increasing dose, radiosensitizers normally employed with external beam radiation were used in combination therapy. When the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole was combined with 131I-A5B7, it significantly prolonged tumour-growth inhibition over radio-antibody alone. Conversely, the therapeutic effect of either radio-antibody was significantly reduced when used in combination with the halogenated pyrimidine radiosensitizer 5-iododeoxyuridine. Neither sensitizer alone affected tumour growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Radio-synovectomy in chronic synovitis of the knee joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The influence of intra-articular (i.a.) colloidal 198Au (5 mCi) or 90Y-silicate (5 mCi) on synovitis of the knee joint in patients older than 45 years with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who had been treated since 1970 in our hospital, was investigated. Of the 89 knee joints of 77 patients studied, 65 had no or minimal radiological abnormalities of the knee joint treated (group I), whereas 24 patients had moderate to severe changes (group II). Before and at regular intervals after radio-synovectomy the clinical response was scored using pain, hydrops and warmth as parameters. The results indicated that 1 year after treatment the percentage of knee joints with a favourable response was greater in group I than in group II (58% versus 25%, P = 0.001). This difference was still present 3 years after treatment. Clinical response showed no correlation with initial inflammatory activity as measured by 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake measurements. However, in group I, those patients with an ESR below 60 mm/h, measured just before radio-synovectomy, more often had a favourable response than those with an ESR in excess of 60 mm/h (P = 0.01). No or only slight complications of radio-synovectomy were noted, whereas leakage of radioactivity from the knee joints was minimal. It is concluded that radio-synovectomy is an effective and safe procedure in those patients with rheumatoid synovitis of the knee joint without the presence of significant radiological damage and the absence of active systemic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Isolation of radio-iodinated apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium.

The apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium were radio-iodinated with the glucose-glucose oxidase-lactoperoxidase system. The covalently bound radio iodine was used as a marker during subcellular fractionation and membrane isolation. Homogenization conditions that ensured rupture of more than 80% of the cells without substantial nuclear damage were defined by Normarski optics. The nuclei were separated by differential centrifugation and the apical and basal-lateral components were resolved by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The apical components yielded two radioactive bands that were identified as glycocalyx and plasma membrane labeled with 125I. The basal-lateral components yielded a hetero-disperse pattern made up of at least 3 radioactive bands, but the bulk of the activity of ouabain-sensitive ATPase comigrated with only one of these bands. The mitochondia, identified by assays for cytochrome oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities, were separated from the radio-iodine labeled by centrifugation in sucrose density gradients under isokinetic conditions. The labeled glycocalyx and the slowly migrating components of basal-lateral labeling were separated from the radio-iodinated membranes by centrifugation at 100,000 x g x 1 hr after removal of the mitochrondria by the isokinetic method. The labeled membranes were then subjected to ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients under isopycnic conditions; the basal-lateral membranes containing ouabain-sensitive ATP-ase were well resolved from the apical membranes by this method. These results provide a relatively rapid method of attaining partial purification of the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Phase II study on preoperative radio-chemo-thermotherapy in locally advanced rectal carcinoma].

BACKGROUND: Recent studies show that preoperative radio-chemotherapy can increase resectability and local control of locally advanced rectal carcinomas. Additional regional hyperthermia might increase remission rates and tumor response. We therefore tested regional hyperthermia together with radio-chemotherapy in a phase-II study on locally advanced rectal carcinomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with primary advanced stage uT3/T4 rectal carcinomas were treated with preoperative radio-chemo-thermo-therapy. The initial tumor depth was determined using endosonography, CT, and MRI. Radiotherapy was carried out in prone position (on a belly board) using standard techniques, with 5 x 1.8 Gy per week up to 45 Gy at the reference point. 5-Fluorouracil (300 to 500 mg/m2) was administered with low doses of leucovorin (50 mg) on days 1 to 5 and 22 to 28. The patients were treated with regional hyperthermia each week prior to radiotherapy and simultaneously with chemotherapy, using the Sigma 60 ring from the BSD-2000 system. Temperature/position curves and temperature/time curves were recorded in endocavitary (endorectal) catheters in tumor contact and as well in bladder and vagina. Following endosonographic restaging, the operation was carried out 4 to 6 weeks after the end of preoperative therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy continued in four cycles. In cases where tumors were non-resectable, a boost up to 64 Gy was aimed. RESULTS: Thirty-one of the 37 patients (84%) with primary carcinoma proved locally R0-resectable. In addition we had 1 R1-resection (3%) and 5 non-resectable tumors (13%). Among the resected tumors, 53% experienced a reduction of depth infiltration from the initial endosonographic stage during preoperative therapy. The actuarial survival rate after 4 years is 65% (free of progression 57%). The actuarial 4-year survival rate was particularly favorable for the group of responders. Overall, the preoperative multimodal therapy was well tolerated, and premature termination was only necessary in 1 case (3%). Grade III/IV toxicities in the intestine and skin were reduced as far as possible by field blockings and cooling of the perineal region. They occurred only in 5/37 patients (13%) at the intestine and in 6/37 patients (16%) at the skin. The thermal data were subjected to a statistical analysis. The quality of temperature distribution (T90, cum min T90 > or = 40.5 degrees C) depends on the power level and relative power density. The response (reduction of tumor size or depth infiltration) correlated significantly with quality parameters of the temperature distributions. This dependency is found as a trend for progression-free survival, too. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative radio-chemo-thermo-therapy proved to be practical and effective, with encouraging remission rates and excellent local control rates. For this reason, a phase-III study to test regional hyperthermia has been initiated. At the same time, certain technical improvements are still under development for regional hyperthermia.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Aggregation of encephalomyocarditis virus induced by radio-iodination.

Radio-iodination causes encephalomyocarditis virus to behave aberrantly when examined by affinity chromatography and to sediment rapidly during analysis on sucrose density gradients suggesting that aggregation had taken place. The change in physical properties of the virus occurred whether iodination was carried out with 125I or 131I, with radio-iodine from two different sources, or using two different iodination procedures. The changes were not observed in virus subjected to an iodination procedure in the absence of radio-iodine suggesting that modification of tyrosine residues was involved rather than a side reaction such as amino acid oxidation. It is recommended that caution be exercised when following the fate of radio-iodinated virus in any particular study because its behaviour may not reflect that of normal, non-iodinated virus present.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1992

The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure for chronic dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint with destruction of the articular surface.

The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure has been performed in 15 non-rheumatoid patients with chronic distal radio-ulnar joint dislocation accompanied by joint damage or deformity. The clinical results were favourable; wrist pain improved in all patients, wrist flexion-extension was increased by more than 10 degrees in nine patients, grip strength of at least 80% of the contralateral wrist was achieved in 11 patients, and forearm rotation was more than 150 degrees in 12 patients. However, X-ray examination revealed an unstable proximal ulnar stump and radio-ulnar convergence in all patients similar to that associated with the Darrach procedure. Although the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure can preserve ulnar support of the wrist and is believed to yield more satisfactory results than the Darrach procedure, its extensive use is not recommended for non-rheumatoid distal radio-ulnar joint disorders, but it is recommended for chronic distal radio-ulnar joint dislocation with articular injury or deformity.

Adult↗