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PubMed1999

[Evaluation of pyruvic acid concentration in blood of patients with ischemic stroke in the earliest stage of the disease].

The aim of the study was the assessment of concentrations of pyruvic acid in the blood of patients with mild course and severe course of ischaemic stroke in the earliest stage of the disease. The subject of the study were 20 patients with a mild ischaemic stroke and 20 patients with a severe one on its 1st, 3rd and 7th day. Enzymatic method for determining pyruvic acid content in the blood was used (ready made reagents Test-Combination Pyruvate by Boerhinger Mannheim). In the group of patients with mild ischaemic stroke the concentrations of pyruvic acid were increased on all days of the disease, compared with controls, but the differences were statistically insignificant. In the group of patients with severe ischaemic stroke the concentrations of pyruvic acid were higher than the ones in control group, but only on the 1st and 3rd day of the disease the differences were statistically significant. The results of determinations indicate that there is a positive correlation between levels of pyruvic acid and severity of the clinical course of the disease.

Cerebral Infarction↗
PubMed1985

Synthesis, formulation, and clinical pharmacological evaluation of hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone in two healthy volunteers.

Hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone [2-(phthalazin-1-yl hydrazono)propionic acid; 1] is a major plasma metabolite of hydralazine in humans. A number of in vitro and animal studies have suggested that this hydrazone may have cardiovascular activity and could account for the prolonged antihypertensive effect of hydralazine in humans in the absence of detectable plasma levels of the parent drug. To study this possibility, the soluble sodium salt of hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone (2) was synthesized, its chemical purity and stability was checked, and an intravenous formulation was prepared. Isomeric forms were identified. Doses of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.1 mumol/kg of 2 were administered intravenously to one slow and one heterozygous fast acetylator of sulfamethazine. The slow acetylator received two additional doses of 0.06 and 0.14 mumol/kg. Peak plasma levels of 1 of 18 mumol/L were attained without tachycardia or hypotension in either subject. There was no evidence of nonlinearity in kinetics over the dose range studied and clearance remained constant in both subjects (0.517 +/- 0.033 mL/min/kg in the slow acetylator and 0.744 +/- 0.058 mL/min/kg in the fast acetylator). The distribution of 1 varied unpredictably with dose, and changes were reflected in the terminal half-life (3.47-5.97 h in the slow acetylator and 2.06-5.33 h in the fast acetylator). Only traces of the acetylated metabolite of hydralazine, 3-methyl-s-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine (3), were detected in the plasma of the subjects, suggesting that significant metabolism via this route was unlikely. An established and specific assay for hydralazine was further modified to allow measurement of levels as low as 1 nmol/L (0.2 ng/mL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylation↗
PubMed2003

Cytoprotection of pyruvic acid and reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide against hydrogen peroxide toxicity in neuroblastoma cells.

Elevated production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the central nervous system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, ischemic reperfusion, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Pyruvic acid has a critical role in energy metabolism and a capability to nonenzymatically decarboxylate H2O2 into H2O. This study examined the effects of glycolytic regulation of pyruvic acid on H2O2 toxicity in murine neuroblastoma cells. Glycolytic energy substrates including D-(+)-glucose, D-(-) fructose and the adenosine transport blocker dipyridamole, were not effective in providing protection against H2O2 toxicity, negating energy as a factor. On the other hand, pyruvic acid completely prevented H2O2 toxicity, restoring the loss of ATP and cell viability. H2O2 toxicity was also attenuated by D-fructose 1,6 diphosphate (FBP), phospho (enol) pyruvate (PEP), niacinamide, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD+), and reduced form (beta-NADH). Both FBP and PEP exerted positive kinetic effects on pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. Interestingly, only pyruvic acid and beta-NADH exhibited powerful stoichiometric H2O2 antioxidant properties. Further, beta-NADH may exert positive effects on PK activity. Subsequent pyruvic acid accumulation can lead to the recycling of beta-NAD+ through lactate dehydrogenase and beta-NADH through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It was concluded from these studies that intracellular pyruvic acid and beta-NADH appear to act in concert through glycolysis, to enhance H2O2 intracellular antioxidant capacity in neuroblastoma cells. Future research will be required to examine whether similar effects are observed in primary neuronal culture or intact tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of dapsone on blood lactic and pyruvic acids in leprosy.

The effect of leprosy and dapsone (DDS) on the basal levels of blood lactic and pyruvic acids has been studied. In untreated tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy patients both of the acids were found to be significantly raised. The rise in lactic acid was relatively more in tuberculoid patients; whereas pyruvic was relatively more elevated in lepromatous cases. Both the acids showed a tendency to increase with the duration of the disease in lepromatous leprosy. Statistically no significant differences were observed in lactic acid levels between untreated and treated cases of both forms of leprosy, suggesting that DDS was not effective in controlling the conditions responsible for the increased lactic acid. On the other hand, pyruvic acid showed a further increase in cases who were on DDS therapy, particularly in lepromatous cases. This indicated that DDS affects pyruvic acid metabolism. Whether DDS disturbs the normal degradative pathway of pyruvic acid or affects pathways of pyruvic acid production is not clear.

Dapsone↗
PubMed1999

Interactions between grape anthocyanins and pyruvic acid, with effect of pH and acid concentration on anthocyanin composition and color in model solutions.

The formation of vitisin A, an anthocyanin formed naturally in small quantities in maturing port wines, was studied in model wine solutions at a range of pH values (2.0-4.5) and pyruvate concentrations [molar ratios of pyruvic acid to total anthocyanins (PA/TA) ranging from 12.20 to 172.40]. Additionally, the effect of vitisin A formation on the color changes of these model wines was evaluated. Vitisin A was formed through the interaction between malvidin 3-glucoside and pyruvic acid, and vitisin A in acylated forms, having the 6-position of the sugar acylated with acetic acid (3-acetylvitisin A) and p-coumaric acid (3-p-coumarylvitisin A), formed through the interaction between pyruvic acid and malvidin 3-acetylglucoside and malvidin 3-p-coumarylglucoside, respectively; their identities were confirmed by spectral analysis and FABMS. The maximum formation of these new anthocyanin derivatives was at pH 2. 7-3.0, at the higher pyruvic acid concentration (PA/TA of 172.40 units). The vitisins A caused changes in the color of the solution and expressed about 11 times (pH 3) to 14 times (pH 2) more color than the normal anthocyanins. On aging, the model solutions changed from a bluish red, attributable to the main anthocyanins present, to a slightly more orange red, attributable to the vitisin compounds. The aged models containing vitisins A were all much redder than the more red-brown color of the models aged without pyruvic acid.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intravenous pyruvic acid application in minipigs partially protects acetylcholine-esteratic but not butyrylcholine-esteratic activity in plasma from inhibition by paraoxon.

Intoxications with organophosphorus compounds such as paraoxon (POX) are frequent. Oximes are the only enzyme reactivators clinically available. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that l-lactate reduces the inhibition of plasma acetylcholine-esteratic activity (AChEA) (in vitro and in vivo) and plasma butyrylcholine-esteratic activity (BChEA) (at least in vitro and possibly in vivo) by POX. However, a short infusion of 10 g of lactate was unable to elevate the plasma lactate level for >3 h. In this study we tested a substance related to l-lactate, i.e. pyruvic acid. The purpose of this animal experimental study (female minipigs with historical control group) was to determine in vivo whether intravenous (i.v.) pyruvic acid application under normoxic/normocapnic/normohydrogenaemic conditions is able to elevate blood lactate levels and whether it is able to protect AChEA and BChEA from POX inhibition. Animals were anaesthetized, intubated and mechanically ventilated. Each received 1 mg kg(-1) body wt. of POX in 50 ml of saline over 50 min and 10 g (ca. 0.5 g kg(-1) body wt.) of i.v. pyruvic acid in 50 ml of saline over 50 min. They were compared with a historical control group of six animals that received only 1 mg kg(-1) body wt. of POX in 50 ml of saline over 50 min. In central venous blood measurements of plasma AChEA and BChEA, the measurements were performed before (baseline), immediately after POX (50 min after start) and 110, 170, 230, 290, 530 and 1010 min after the start of infusion. A 10 g aliquot of i.v. pyruvic acid had a statistically significant protective effect in vivo on AChEA but not on BChE activity. Further study of the in vivo effects of pyruvic acid and l-lactate after paraoxon intoxication and a formal comparison with standard oxime therapy seems warranted. Also, a combination therapy with l-lactate and pyruvic acid in vivo should be investigated.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1978

[Changes in the mitotic activity of corneal epithelial cells under the influence of pyruvic acid].

92 specimens of rat's corneal epithelium were studied to estimate the effect of pyruvic acid on cell division characteristics. 0.1 M solution of pyruvic acid decreases the mitotic activity of rat corneal epithelium, the portion of prophase increasing the number of metaphase decreasing. These results support a hypothesis on the possible role of low molecular acceptors in the cell division regulation "in vivo", and suggests the effect of pyruvic acid both during the period prior to cell division, and the prophase-metaphase stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The primary structure of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase.

The complete amino acid sequence of bacterial omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase (omega-APT) was determined from its primary structure. The enzyme protein was fragmented by CNBr cleavage, trypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 digestions. The peptides were purified and sequenced by Edman degradation. omega-ATP is composed of four identical subunits of 449 amino acids each. The calculated molecular weight of the enzyme subunit is 48,738 and that of the enzyme tetramer is 194,952. No disulfide bonds or bound sugar molecules were found in the enzyme structure, although 6 cysteine residues were determined per enzyme subunit. Sequence homologies were found between an omega-aminotransferase, i.e. mammalian and yeast ornithine delta-aminotransferases, fungal gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and 7,8-diaminoperalgonate aminotransferase, and 2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase. The enzyme structure is not homologous to those of aspartate aminotransferases (AspATs) including the enzymes of Escherichia coli and Sufolobus salfactaricus, though significant homology in the three-dimensional structures around the cofactor binding site has been found between omega-APT and AspATs (Watanabe, N., Sakabe, K., Sakabe, N., Higashi, T., Sasaki, K., Aibara, S., Morita, Y., Yonaha, K., Toyama, S., and Fukutani, H. (1989) J. Biochem. 105, 1-3).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Pyruvic acid cytoprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 6-hydroxydopamine and hydrogen peroxide toxicities in vitro.

The neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) involves a reduction of endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems, heightened oxidative stress and mitochondrial aberrations in the region of the substantia nigra. Similarly, neurotoxins commonly used to investigate PD pathology include 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a powerful hydrogen peroxide (H(2)0(2)) pro-oxidant and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that exerts detrimental effects on cellular energy production. Pyruvic acid is a neuronal metabolic energy fuel that can also rapidly undergo decarboxylation to diffuse H(2)0(2) into H(2)0. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyruvic acid against 6-OHDA, MPP+ and H(2)0(2) toxicity in murine brain neuroblastoma cells. The results obtained indicated that the toxicity of 6-OHDA was inversely related to the autoxidative formation of H(2)0(2). Pyruvic acid exhibited powerful non-enzymatic stoichiometric H(2)0(2) trapping properties, and protected against both 6-OHDA and H(2)0(2) toxicity. While both sodium pyruvate and pyruvate were highly protective against oxidative stress, pyruvate in its free acid form only was protective against MPP+, indicating a requirement for effective transport in order to fuel glycolysis. The protective properties of glucose were compared to pyruvic acid, and the data indicated that glucose did not exhibit antioxidant properties and was effective in blocking MPP+, but not 6-OHDA or H(2)0(2) toxicity. On the other hand, pyruvic acid was protective against all three toxins, and unlike glucose, completely blocked MPP+ toxicity in a combination insult model with up to 500 microM of H(2)0(2). Moreover, the data obtained indicate that pyruvic acid exerts powerful neuroprotective properties by providing simultaneous resistance to oxidative stress and mitochondrial insult. These protective effects are the result of a unique dual property of pyruvic acid with concurrent ability to serve as an effective neuronal energy substrate for glycolysis and to act as an exceptionally powerful antioxidant.

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium↗
PubMed1998

A new class of wine pigments generated by reaction between pyruvic acid and grape anthocyanins.

A new class of stable red pigments detected in grape pomace was analysed by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. They were shown to be pyruvic acid derivatives of genuine grape anthocyanins by synthesis experiments. The major product was identified by NMR (1H, NOE, HSQC, HMBC) experiments as the malvidin-3-monoglucoside pyruvic acid adduct. Its formation results from cyclisation between C-4 and the hydroxyl group at C-5 of the original flavylium moiety with the double bond of the enolic form of pyruvic acid, followed by dehydration and rearomatisation steps. This type of reaction leads to increased colour stability. Various yeast metabolites other than pyruvic acid were shown to react with grape anthocyanins following this mechanism, suggesting that it may be an important route of conversion into stable pigments during the maturation and ageing of wine.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1966

Pyruvic acid egg medium for tubercle bacilli.

Sputum culture for tubercle bacilli on a solid egg medium containing glycerol was compared with culture on a similar medium containing pyruvic acid and no glycerol. Tubercle bacilli from the sputum of five out of 99 patients grew on pyruvic acid medium but not on glycerol medium. The addition of pyruvic acid is therefore essential when an egg medium is used for the cultural diagnosis of tuberculosis. There was no clear relation between catalase activity or isoniazid resistance and preferential growth of tubercle bacilli on pyruvic acid medium.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1992

High-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence assay of pyruvic acid to determine cysteine conjugate beta-lyase activity: application to S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine and S-2-benzothiazolyl-L-cysteine.

An HPLC-fluorescence assay has been developed for the determination of the activity of rat renal cytosolic cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. The method is based on isocratic HPLC separation and fluorescence detection of pyruvic acid, derivatized with o-phenylenediamine (OPD), and is shown to be rapid, specific, and very sensitive. The assay has been evaluated with two model substrates for rat renal cytosolic beta-lyase, notably S-1,2-dichorovinyl-L-cysteine (DCVC) and S-2-benzothiazolyl-L-cysteine (BTC). Equimolar formation of pyruvic acid and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, a chromophoric thiol, indicated that pyruvic acid formation actually reflects the beta-elimination activity of beta-lyase during the beta-elimination of BTC. From this it follows that the pyruvic acid assay can be applied to the measurement of the beta-elimination activity of this enzyme, independent of the presence of chromophoric groups or radiolabels in substrates. Due to the large linear range and the very high sensitivity of the present HPLC-fluorescence assay (detection limit, 7.5 pmol of pyruvic acid), both good and poor substrates of beta-lyase can be measured. Enzyme kinetic data are presented for the model substrates BTC and DCVC and for four structurally related S-2,2-difluoroethyl-L-cysteine conjugates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A DFT study of the structures of pyruvic acid isomers and their decarboxylation.

Pyruvic acid and its isomers, including the enol tautomers and enantiomeric lactone structures, have been investigated at the B3LYP/6-311 + + G(3df,3pd) level, and it is found that a keto form with trans C(methyl)C(keto)C(acid)O(hydroxyl) and cis C(keto)C(acid)OH, and with one methyl hydrogen in a synperiplanar position with respect to the keto oxygen, is the most stable. This agrees with previous theoretical and experimental determinations. However, no minimum corresponding to protonated pyruvate could be located, although previous semiempirical calculations had found such structures. Decarboxylation by different possible routes was then studied. It was found that the direct formation of acetaldehyde, the most stable of the resulting C2H4O isomers, via a four-center-like transition state is the most feasible, although there is a high activation barrier of 70 kcal mol(-1). In contrast to semiempirical calculations, it is found that no hydroxyethylidene-carbon dioxide complex exists as a product, and no transition state leading to the dissociation to hydroxethylidene could be located.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Effects of pyruvate salts, pyruvic acid, and bicarbonate salts in preventing experimental oxalate urolithiasis in rats.

Sodium pyruvate, potassium pyruvate, pyruvic acid, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate were added to a calcium-oxalate lithogenic diet (a glycolic-acid diet) in order to determine their effects in preventing lithogenicity. Male Wistar-strain rats who had been fed the glycolic-acid diet developed marked urinary calculi within four weeks. Rats in the sodium and potassium pyruvate groups had, however, almost no stones in the urinary system. Rats in the bicarbonate and pyruvic-acid groups showed slightly less effect than those in the pyruvate groups. Urinary oxalate excretion was high in all the groups during the experiment. The urinary oxalate concentration was relatively higher in the sodium-pyruvate group, and significantly higher in the potassium-pyruvate group, than in the glycolic-acid group. Urinary citrate excretion was high both in the pyruvate and bicarbonate groups; the urinary citrate concentration was, however, significantly higher in the pyruvate groups than in the bicarbonate groups at the fourth experimental week. The urinary calcium and magnesium concentrations were irrelevant to the diets administered. Therefore, it can be concluded that pyruvate salts inhibit urinary calculi formation, not by decreasing oxalate synthesis, but by increasing the urinary citrate concentration; bicarbonate salts work in the same manner, but a little less effectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Treatment of warts with topical pyruvic acid: with and without added 5-fluorouracil.

Pyruvic acid (PA) is an alpha-hydroxy acid with potent keratolytic properties. Fifty-six patients with common warts treated with two PA formulations were surveyed 2 to 29 months after beginning treatment (mean, 18 months). Thirty-eight patients used a 70 percent PA formulation with added 0.5 percent 5-fluorouracil (PA-5FU). Eighteen patients used a plain 70 percent PA formulation without added 5FU. Three-quarters of the patients reported using the formulation for 4 weeks or less. Overall, 64 percent of the patients treated with either of the two formulations experienced complete clearing of their lesions. There was no increased efficacy noted with the PA-5FU formulation. Eighty-two percent of eighteen children, aged 16 years or younger, experienced clearing of lesions.

Administration, Topical↗