Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Pupa”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1964

CONTROL OF SYNTHESIS OF RNA AND PROTEIN IN DIAPAUSING AND INJURED CECROPIA PUPAE.

Injury to diapausing pupae of the cecropia silkworm moth stimulates the synthesis of RNA in all pupal tissues and the synthesis of several blood proteins; such injury also induces the precocious synthesis of a protein, termed "injury protein," which normally appears in the blood during adult development. Actinomycin D, injected in concentrations of 2 micrograms per gram of body weight, blocks the injury-stimulated increase in blood protein synthesis and the injury-induced synthesis of injury protein. However, at concentrations of 0.5 micrograms per gram it prevents the induction of injury-protein synthesis but does not prevent the increased synthesis of other blood proteins. These results suggest that low concentrations of actinomycin may inhibit the synthesis of new kinds of messenger RNA but still permit the continued synthesis of messenger RNA's already in production at the time the actinomycin is injected.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Flour beetles: responses to extracts of their own pupae.

Two species of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum, respond to neutral pith disks impregnated with aqueous extracts of their pupae in such a way that the adults and larvae tend to select the extract of the other species. These findings have implications for the population ecology of Tribolium.

Aggression↗
PubMed1974

Insect immunity. I. Characteristics of an inducible cell-free antibacterial reaction in hemolymph of Samia cynthia pupae.

Pupae of the silk moth, Samia cynthia, were found to contain an inducible antibacterial activity in their hemolymph. This immunity response was provoked by primary infections with either Escherichia coli K-12 or Enterobacter cloacae. In both cases the antibacterial activity was directed chiefly towards E. coli. During standard conditions, 1% of hemolymph could kill 10(3) to 10(4) viable E. coli, strain D31, within 5 min. A lower level of antibacterial activity was induced by injections of a sterile salt solution. The killing of strain D31 followed single-hit kinetics, and increasing rate constants were obtained for increasing amounts of hemolymph. The reaction was sensitive to pretreatment with trypsin and it was protected by reducing agents. The activity was inhibited by microgram quantities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from certain LPS mutants of E. coli K-12. A comparison of the susceptibility showed that "heptose-less" LPS mutants were more sensitive to killing than other strains. During standard conditions hemolymph will lyse both E. coli and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Lysis of E. coli followed a multi-hit kinetics and it was inhibited by LPS, whereas lysis of M. lysodeikticus was unaffected by LPS. Hemolymph was fractionated on Sephadex G-200, and the lytic activities were recovered in partly overlapping peaks. Reconstitution with pooled fractions gave synergistic effects with the killing assay.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis with decreased virulence in pupae of Hyalophora cecropia.

Starting from a crystal-negative parental strain of Bacillus thuringiensis, we isolated certain bacteriophage-resistant mutants which showed decreased virulence in pupae of the cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia). These strains (class I mutants) were highly pleiotropic and showed resistance to seven or eight different phages, sensitivity to methicillin, and loss of flagella. They were also more sensitive to cecropia immune hemolymph in vitro. In addition, the export of at least three proteins was reduced. Revertants (class II mutants) were sensitive to phages, virulent, and resistant to penicillin derivatives. One class II mutant was a complete revertant in all properties examined. The other class II mutant was an incomplete revertant still susceptible to immune hemolymph and with repressed export of proteins. Virulence was not coupled to phage resistance as such or to lack of flagella because other mutants affected in these properties were virulent. Other factors which could be excluded as causes of virulence were production of extracellular protease and hemolysin.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Adult motor patterns produced by moth pupae during development.

Muscle potentials were recorded extracellularly from developing pupae and adults of the saturniid moths Antheraea polyphemus and A. pernyi and the sphingid moth Manduca sexta. During the week prior to the terminal ecdysis, developing moths still enclosed within the pupal cuticle produced motor patterns similar to those recorded from adults during flight and shivering. The pupal patterns had a longer cycle time and were more variable than the adult motor patterns. Characteristic inter-family differences in adult motor patterns were apparent in pupal motor patterns. Development of motor patterns was followed over several days by observing individuals with chronically implanted leads. Early in the pupal period potentials were small and infrequent. The amount of activity gradually increased and became more patterned. As development proceeded adult patterns were produced for increasing lengths of time, although the patterns changed quickly and spontaneously. Restricting the wing movements of A. polyphemus adults increased the cycle time, increased the number of spikes per burst in muscles opposing the restraint, and did not alter the interspike interval within a burst. The flight patterns produced by pharate moths, in which the wings are also immobile, also have a longer cycle time than that of adult flight, but the number of spikes per burst the same and the interspike interval is longer than in adult flight. These observations suggest that the differences between pupal and adult patterns are not necessarily due to the confinement of the wings by the pupal cuticle.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of insect growth regulators and other novel insecticides on pupae of Hyposoter didmator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of early larval instars of lepidopteran pests.

Susceptibility of the lepidopteran parasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) to seven modern insecticides, azadirachtin, diflubenzuron, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide, and spinosad, was tested in the laboratory. Pupae were exposed to different doses of each compound by direct topical application. At the field recommended doses, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide had no effect on H. didymator. Halofenozide had a low effect on both adult emergence and adult survival but the progeny size and parasitism capacity were not affected. Diflubenzuron was moderately toxic to the parasitoid, while azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen and spinosad were very toxic, affecting all its life parameters. In the pyriproxyfen and spinosad treatments, no progeny was obtained. As a second approach of this study, we determined the rate of penetration through the pupal cocoon and absorption in the parasitoid body as pharmacokinetic parameters important for toxicity. Most of the radioactivity was retained in the silken cocoon, indicating a low accumulation in the parasitoid body. Among all compounds tested, diflubenzuron exhibited the highest absorption in the parasitoid body, followed by pyriproxyfen. For halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, low absorption (<2%) was found. In addition, we tested for the presence of molting hormone receptors in Hyposoter tissues using a monoclonal antibody 9B9. Our data suggest that the use of diflubenzuron azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen, halofenozide, and spinosad in combination with H. didymator in integrated pest management (IPM) programs should be carefully evaluated. Methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide could be considered safe for this parasitoid.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Imaging and automated detection of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pupae in hard red winter wheat.

Computed tomography, an imaging technique commonly used for diagnosing internal human health ailments, uses multiple x-rays and sophisticated software to recreate a cross-sectional representation of a subject. The use of this technique to image hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivm L., samples infested with pupae of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) was investigated. A software program was developed to rapidly recognize and quantify the infested kernels. Samples were imaged in a 7.6-cm (o.d.) plastic tube containing 0, 50, or 100 infested kernels per kg of wheat. Interkernel spaces were filled with corn oil so as to increase the contrast between voids inside kernels and voids among kernels. Automated image processing, using a custom C language software program, was conducted separately on each 100 g portion of the prepared samples. The average detection accuracy in the five infested kernels per 100-g samples was 94.4 +/- 7.3% (mean +/- SD, n = 10), whereas the average detection accuracy in the 10 infested kernels per 100-g sample was 87.3 +/- 7.9% (n = 10). Detection accuracy in the 10 infested kernels per 100-g samples was slightly less than the five infested kernels per 100-g samples because of some infested kernels overlapping with each other or air bubbles in the oil. A mean of 1.2 +/- 0.9 (n = 10) bubbles (per tube) was incorrectly classed as infested kernels in replicates containing no infested kernels. In light of these positive results, future studies should be conducted using additional grains, insect species, and life stages.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of parasitism of house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae by pteromalid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitoids using a polymerase chain reaction assay.

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA of house flies, Musca domestica L., the stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and four parasitoid species in the genus Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were characterized to develop a method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to better define the role of pteromalid parasitism of pupae of the house fly and stable fly. Two parasitoid-specific primers were designed to anneal to the 5' end of the 5.8S rRNA gene in the parasitoid species. When paired with a universal primer at the 3' end of the 18S rRNA, the primers amplified the target ITS1 region in 10 pteromalid species. PCR allowed detection of parasitoid DNA within 24 h after females of Spalangia endius Walker oviposited into house fly puparia. PCR failed to amplify parasitoid DNA or detect parasitism in puparia that were exposed to parasitoid oviposition, allowed to develop 7 d, then killed by freezing and held at 20-24 degrees C for 4 d to allow DNA degradation. Digestion of the PCR products with restriction enzymes produced restriction fragment length polymorphisms that allowed identification of individual parasitoid species. Significantly greater levels of parasitism (P < 0.05) were detected by PCR for two of the five field collection dates in 1997. On the dates when PCR detected higher levels of parasitism than estimates provided by emergence of adult insects from samples taken at Feedlot M in 1997, more than 65% of all puparia in the emergence samples failed to produce an adult insect. Three puparia collected in 1997 produced double PCR bands that corresponded to PCR band sizes of Muscidifurax spp. and Spalangia sp., possibly indicating multiple parasitism or hyperparasitism.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The immune response of larvae and pupae of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), upon administered insult with Escherichia coli.

Adult blowflies, Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, are exposed to bacteria-laden decay as adults and larvae. They are protected from infections in such habitats by a family of lytic proteins called Cecropins. In this study, we explore the relationshipbetween the developmental stages of the blowfly and the strength of the immune response when insulted by an endogenous pathogen, Echerichia coli. Our data indicate that the protective function of Cecropin B varies with developmental stage. Pupae that were not fully tanned exhibited the greatest response to an insult by E coli. The expression of an increased immune response is due in part to an increased concentration of Cecropin B manufactured by this instar.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of juvenile hormone and ecdysone on the timing of vitellogenin appearance in hemolymph of queen and worker pupae of Apis mellifera.

The caste-specific regulation of vitellogenin synthesis in the honeybee represents a problem with many yet unresolved details. We carried out experiments to determine when levels of vitellogenin are first detected in hemolymph of female castes of Apis mellifera, and whether juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids modulate this process. Vitellogenin levels were measured in hemolymph using immunological techniques. We show that in both castes the appearance of vitellogenin in the hemolymph occurs during the pupal period, but the timing was different in the queen and worker. Vitellogenin appears in queens during an early phase of cuticle pigmentation approximately 60h before eclosion, while in workers the appearance of vitellogenin is more delayed, initiating in the pharate adult stage, approximately 10h before eclosion. The timing of vitellogenin appearance in both castes coincides with a slight increase in endogenous levels of juvenile hormone that occurs at the end of pupal development. The correlation between these events was corroborated by topical application of juvenile hormone. Exogenous juvenile hormone advanced the timing of vitellogenin appearance in both castes, but caste-specific differences in timing were maintained. Injection of actinomycin D prevented the response to juvenile hormone. In contrast, queen and worker pupae that were treated with ecdysone showed a delay in the appearance of vitellogenin. These data suggest that queens and workers share a common control mechanism for the timing of vitellogenin synthesis, involving an increase in juvenile hormone titers in the presence of low levels of ecdysteroids.

Acetone↗
PubMed2005

Easily seen characters to identify the pupa of Aedes albopictus in the United States.

Pupal paddle characters of Aedes albopictus that will quickly differentiate this species from other container-inhabiting species in the United States are described, illustrated, and compared with 2 other container species that have somewhat similar paddles, but with very different characters. Additional noncontainer species that possess slightly similar characters are also discussed. Citations for other published illustrations of the characters, pupal sexing methods, and published keys to pupae are provided, as are laboratory methods and the distributions for the species.

Aedes↗
PubMed1999

The dorsal apotome of pupae and fourth-instar larvae of Culicidae (Diptera), a structure of phylogenetic significance.

The development of the pupal dorsal apotome was examined and compared in representatives of the families Culicidae, Chaoboridae, Corethrellidae, and Dixidae. Illustrations of the pupal dorsal apotome for 73 species, in 25 genera, are provided to show the differences and similarities between taxa. The 4th-instar larval dorsal apotome is compared and illustrated for the 3 subfamilies of Culicidae. The phylogenetic significance of the dorsal apotome of the pupae and 4th-instar larvae is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An analysis of the morphometric traits of the pupae of 3 populations of Testisimulium kondici (Diptera: Simuliidae)].

In the pupae of three populations of Testisimulium kondici (Bar.) the variations of nine quantitative characters are determined. The discrepancies between these populations are analyzed. With the help of statistical indices the specific distinctions of one of the studied populations from two others, which are not essentially different, is established. Earlier (Kachvorian, 1989; Kachvorian and Tonoian, 1990) karyological and phenotypical differences between the larvae of these populations were found. Considering that the isolated population develops under anthropogenic influence a link between the above discrepancies and this influence is assumed to exist.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

An improved protein binding assay for guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate using a binding protein from the pupa of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori L.

A modification of the protein binding assay for cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) is described that is more sensitive and less subject to interference by cyclic AMP than are previously published protein binding methods. The assay employs a purified binding protein from the fat body of the pupa of the common silkmoth, Bombyx mori. The dissociation constant of the binding protein for cyclic GMP is 4.3 nM. A protein kinase modulator protein isolated from the same species increases the binding affinity and capacity of the cyclic GMP binding protein and can be used to advantage in the assay for cyclic GMP. As little as 0.1 pmoles of cyclic GMP can be detected by this procedure. Changes in the level of cyclic GMP in the frog heart during the cardiac cycle were determined by means of the new assay.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗