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PubMed1990

Common (under)ground in psychoanalysis: the question of a Weltanschauung revisited.

The aim of this paper is to suggest that, beneath the 'common ground' shared by different types of psychoanalyses, there is a common underground that is seldom discussed in psychoanalytic literature: the fact that any psychoanalysis has the potential of becoming a Weltanschauung or world-view. The roots of this fact in Freud's writings are discussed and some of the consequences of this transformation of psychoanalysis into Weltanschauung for psychoanalysis as science and movement are presented.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1979

The concept of "classical" psychoanalysis.

In this essay, the term classical psychoanalysis is discussed historically and conceptually. What characterizes classical analysis and distinguishes it from current innovative trends in the practice of psychoanalysis is reviewed from a comparative standpoint. The impact of the widened scope of conditions the psychoanalyst currently includes in his therapeutic work is considered, with special attention to the distinction between psychoanalysis per se in the classical sense and psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

Awareness↗
PubMed1979

Comments on the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis.

Together with some of the problems inherent in psychoanalysis as a therapy, I have described what the various schools of psychoanalysis hold in common--the basic assumptions, if you will, underlying any properly conducted psychoanalysis.

Awareness↗
PubMed1987

Psychoanalysis and negotiation.

Somewhere between the image of psychoanalysis as suggestion and psychoanalysis as unearthing is that of analysis as negotiation. This is a picture of a mutual construction of reality by analyst and patient. Such an interaction allows for reciprocal input of the participants and a possible change in both. This paper sketches the role of negotiation throughout the entire process of treatment--from the initial rules, to the theory of the analyst, to the emergence of the transference, to the goal of the cure. The technique of psychoanalysis is said to lie in the process of negotiation.

Cognition↗
PubMed1979

[Speaking - understanding - interpreting - remembering. The hermeneutic discussion of psychoanalysis].

The situation of the therapeut-patient interview is taken as unifying point of reference for a discussion of the relation between psychoanalysis and hermeneutics. ""Speaking,'' ""Understanding'', ""Interpreting'', ""Remembering'' - these constituents are of central importance in psychoanalysis as well as in hermeneutics. The situation of the therapeut-patient interview permits of developing the respective ways of thinking in different schools of hermeneutics, in a relatively consistent field that is determined by the situation of the interview. Thus the possibilities and limits of a hermeneutical reception of psychoanalysis become apparent.

Communication↗
PubMed1984

[Diagnostic judgment in psychoanalysis. A name for a subject or the result of communication processes?].

According to the differentiation "normative" and "interpretative" paradigm, as coined by symbolic interactionism for the social sciences, two types of investigatory measures corresponding to these paradigms are distinguished in psychoanalysis: Investigation of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic investigation. Psychoanalytic investigation in the narrower sense of the term is associated with the psychoanalytic method of investigation where the recorded sentences are sentences concerned with statements in need of interpretation and not sentences about events which, in principle, can be observed and the validity of which requires a divided system of interpretation. Diagnostic opinions in psychoanalysis are the result of the linking of such recorded sentences to the diagnostician's pool of theoretic knowledge along the lines of specific rules of discrimination or background hypotheses. This may be considered as one of the central objects of psychoanalytic investigation.

Communication↗
PubMed1984

An essay on method in applied psychoanalysis.

The author attempts to evaluate critically the application of psychoanalysis to literature by examining problems of method and the assumptions psychoanalysts unwittingly make about texts they are about to interpret. The special advantages of psychoanalysis over other interpretive systems are discussed, and several examples of the possible use of psychoanalysis in the study of literary texts are presented.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

The closing phase of the psychoanalytic treatment of adults and the goals of psychoanalysis 'The search for truth about one's self'.

The purpose of this paper is to pose doubts and queries about the nature and objectives regarding our work. I am not contributing specific replies to these questions, but rather some ideas so that we may rethink what we are doing and why we are doing it. In the first place, I state the doubts which I have regarding the classical criteria and goals as being the expression of the essence of psychoanalysis. Perhaps we do not realize that we 'saturate' the development of the psychoanalytic relationship with the aprioristic idea of 'leading' our patients to achieve the therapeutic goals we have already fixed for them from the very beginning. We should question if these 'therapeutic objectives' correspond to what should be our 'psychoanalytic point of view', with its search for the truth about oneself regarding our goals. Psychoanalysis is a science with specific and singular characteristics which should not be confused or, indeed equated with medical science or any other natural science. In the second place, I would like to draw attention to the fact that when considering these criteria, the accent has been almost exclusively put on the personality of the analysand. I believe that it is important to take into account also that which concerns the personality of the analyst with his neurotic and/or psychotic remnant and the role which his counter-transference or his projective counter-identification plays and which can disturb his creative work. But I wish to stress, especially, the importance contained in the analyst-analysand interaction in order to understand better the vicissitudes of all which happens in the closing phase of analysis. The achievement of insight is one of the most important goals of psychoanalysis. The concept of insight is related to that knowledge which stems from the experiences of deep change and mental growth helping the patient to get near to 'being his own truth', with the need to accept the corresponding responsibility. It is important to differentiate this authentic insight, so close to the getting near to the truth, from all other types of intellectual knowledge or 'pseudo-insight' which tend towards the opposite, that is, the avoidance of the truth. Finally, I discuss the disadvantages caused, in my opinion, from bearing in mind too much the idea of 'termination' during the carrying out of our task within the analytic situation in the closing phase of analysis. The predominance of the aprioristic thought that the analysis is 'on the point of' or 'should' end would obstruct the ability to detect what is authentically new in the material and what is most feared by the patient, such as getting closer to the search for truth about himself.

Deception↗
PubMed1995

Medication use during psychoanalysis: a survey.

BACKGROUND: Historically, the psychoanalytic community has rejected the use of psychotropic medication, on the basis of the belief that using medication to suppress symptoms such as depression and anxiety would obstruct access to psychic conflict and thereby impede the progress of analytic treatment. However, it would appear that many psychoanalysis have reconsidered this point of view and are now combining medication with psychoanalytic treatment. This paper reports the first systematic survey of medication use in psychoanalysis. METHOD: Forty-five training analysts at the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research were sent questionnaires that asked how many patients in analysis they had seen in the past 5 years and for details about any of those patients who had taken psychotropic medication. RESULTS: The analysts reported that in the past 5 years, 51 (18%) of 277 patients in analysis were also taking psychotropic medication. Most of these patients had been diagnosed with a unipolar mood disorder and were treated with some type of antidepressant. In 84% of patients (36 of 43) with a unipolar mood disorder who had been treated with medication, the psychoanalyst judged that both the mood disorder and the analytic process improved. CONCLUSION: The use of medication in combination with psychoanalysis is no longer an uncommon practice. Analysts who prescribe medication find that, in general, the effect is to enhance rather than undermine the psychoanalytic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A profile of specific psychotherapeutic actions for borderline psychopathology. Psychotherapeutic psychoanalysis.

This article has attempted to catalog additions to the psychotherapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of borderline personality disorder based on their conceptual linkage with new paradigms derived from contemporary developments in psychoanalysis. These new therapeutic actions have broadened and increased our therapeutic skills and are now also viewed as essential for bringing about change in patients with severe developmental arrests. The term psychotherapeutic psychoanalysis is suggested to encompass this unique cluster of intrinsic and extrinsic treatment factors within the framework of psychoanalysis.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1994

The value of the historical perspective to contemporary psychoanalysis: Freud's 'seduction hypothesis'.

In this paper the authors re-examine the development of Freud's ideas on seduction, with a special focus on the evidence which Freud presented and upon which he relied as he attempted to confirm these ideas. Through this re-examination Freud's struggle with seductiveness, both in relation to his patients and in relation to his theories, comes to the fore. While the wish to be with the other through exerting an influence over him or her is perverted in the act of sexual seduction, it is, nevertheless, a force that must be recognised and contended with in other creative interchanges, including the analytic one. In studying Freud's struggle with this force, there is attained a better appreciation of the humanness, including the inevitable human limitations, of Freud and his thinking that rest at the foundation of psychoanalysis. This study thus has clear implications for the history of psychoanalysis, but, more importantly, it reveals the value for contemporary psychoanalysis in recognising this history.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1994

[Form of the psyche. Psychoanalysis and recent systems theory].

Modern systems theory is not concerned with objects but with the form of processes and structures. It is thus equipped to provide a unified theoretical framework for those varieties of phenomena that psychoanalysis has to deal with. The author discusses recent systems theory models and demonstrates the critique of epistemology that they by their nature imply. These models proceed from the process of observation and show that in the interaction between observers--say, analyst and analysand--observing each other observe, observation may either change or stabilise what is being observed. This is not without consequence for the way psychoanalysis envisions its own identity. Psychoanalysis can no longer naively apply "knowledge" in the traditional sense but must always be aware of the self-reflective nature of that knowledge. Its "application" is thus invariably a form of social intervention.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

[On the way to the secret of Freudian psychoanalysis. From Emmy von N. to "Totem and taboo"].

The authors approach the work of Sigmund Freud by regarding the theory and history of psychoanalysis in terms of a feature that they have in common, namely secrecy. This proclivity towards secrecy, which stands in contradiction to the psychoanalytic principle of total frankness and demystification, is illustrated by a number of examples-the suggestion made by Jones to Ferenczi and Freud in 1911 for the "formation of a secret committee to supervise the development of psychoanalysis"; the censorship practised by Jones in connection with the use of the Freud Archives; and the case history of Emmy von N., where Freud assumes the role of depositary for the memories communicated by his patient under hypnosis and observes strict secrecy about them. The authors give a particularly detailed account of the evidence of the "secret of psychoanalysis" to be traced in Totem and Taboo, which they elucidate with the aid of a reading of Shakespeare's Tempest.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Developmental observation, multiple models of the mind, and the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis.

This overview of the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis utilizes a sampling of findings of infant observational research to illuminate issues in the evolving technique of psychoanalysis. The therapeutic relationship is followed schematically through the course of a treatment, from initial contact through termination, and the gradual shift of psychoanalytic technique toward an interactional view of the psychoanalytic situation is noted. During the middle phase, some areas of current controversy in psychoanalysis are discussed, along with views on the multiple theoretical models currently available for organizing psychoanalytic data and for gaining clinical access for analytic work.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Conditions for the relevance of infant research to clinical psychoanalysis.

There is increased pluralism within psychoanalysis today, and the practice of psychoanalysis rests on many different theories and distinctly different epistemologic perspectives about the nature of the truth, the position of the observer-analyst in the process, and the phenomena to be observed. The relevance of developmental observation research to clinical psychoanalysis will vary with the epistemological perspective of the practitioner, and to be relevant the perspective of the researcher must 'match' that of the clinician. Additionally, its relevance is conditioned by what is considered 'empirical' data, i.e. whether the data are defined behaviourally or by empathic judgements of an observer. Three broad categories of psychoanalytic perspectives are discussed: empirical-natural science, hermeneutic-empirical, and hermeneutic-constructivist. A patient in analysis is described, with details of two sessions. Three imaginary consultants, each representing one of the major epistemological clinical perspectives, comment on the material to demonstrate the relationship among technique, epistemology, and the ways infants and developmental observation research may be relevant (or not relevant).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Remembering in the transference--on the interdisciplinary dialogue between psychoanalysis and biological memory research].

The interdisciplinary dialogue between psychoanalysis and other sientific disciplines, e.g. the biological memory research, is seen as one possibility of aiming at obtaining external coherence (Carlo Strenger, 1991) of psychoanalytic interpretations and concepts. Looking at a sequence from a psychoanalysis with a Borderline patients the author discusses that memory processes can only occur in a new interaction with a "meaningful other" (in the transference relationship): the situative, constructive and empathetic interaction in a new objectrelationship is a presupposition for recalling memories of traumatic infantile experiences. Memory processes are dependent on an inner and/or a real dialogue with a human object, on interaction, on a complex sensorimotoraffective and cognitive experience in and between two persons. Such an understanding of memory contradicts a conceptualization of a "replicative memory" which--according to a metaphor of human mind compared with a computer--stores and evokes information in a static manner. Opposite to this conceptualization G. E. Edelman and others postulate a "dynamic memory", that is part of a living system constantly changing and interacting with environment. The author discusses that this view of memory corresponds well with the clinical findings in psychoanalysis of the last years, that changes in behaviour cannot be attained only by recovering repressed infantile traumata but only in combination with a process of understanding, of "working through"--of recategoriazation--in the transference relationship.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

On facts and ideas in psychoanalysis.

An overview of current views in psychoanalysis reveals a controversy between those who recommend critical idealism and those who recommend critical realism as an epistemology for psychoanalysis. Either epistemology offers a consistent and comprehensive but different account of major issues in psychoanalytic knowledge, its disclosure, formulation, demonstration and publication. Since these epistemologies are no less controversial in philosophy than they are in psychoanalysis, psychoanalysts cannot rely on philosophy for a resolution of the controversy. A sketch of a view of the parts played by subjectivity and objectivity in the formation of psychoanalytic knowledge is elaborated by means of an analysis of Proust's exploration of the acquisition of knowledge of other persons, an exploration which illuminates the roles of idea and observation in knowledge of self and others.

Awareness↗
PubMed1996

The aim of psychoanalysis in theory and in practice.

The aims of psychoanalysis are reviewed in terms of theories of mental function and structure. The theory of mental conflict remains the central theory of classical psychoanalysis but has been deepened and supplemented by newer theories. In particular the theory of projective identification has radically altered our view of mental structure and function and has allowed us to reformulate the aims of psychoanalysis in terms of the re-acquisition and re-integration of projected parts of the self. The central role of mourning in this process is discussed, and some of the obstacles to progress are reviewed. It is suggested that oedipal resentments may play a central role in the creation of impasse.

Defense Mechanisms↗