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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Objective assessment for exercise treatment on the B-200 isostation as part of work tolerance rehabilitation. A random prospective blind evaluation with comparison control population.

The purpose of this study was to assess repeated exercise on the B-200 Isostation as part of rehabilitation work tolerance for nonsurgical patients with lumbar spine disorders. For a consecutive 7-month period, treatment subjects were randomly assigned according to birth date for participation in two groups: a standard work tolerance program only or standard work tolerance program plus inclusion of exercise on the B-200 Isostation. Each patient had similar referral diagnosis requiring conservative treatment. Treatment groups were compared with a control population of volunteers who had neither back pain nor known underlying spinal pathology. All study patients had objective measurement of range of motion, isometric strength, and velocity of motion, on the B-200 Isostation before treatment and at follow-up 3 weeks after treatment. The data showed no significant difference of percent improvement when comparing patients in either of the randomized assigned treatment groups. There was a higher percentage of improvement for each treatment group as compared with the control individuals, however. Based on our study using the B-200 Isostation, there is little objective justification for including exercise on the B-200 dynametric Isostation as part of the rehabilitation routine for improvement of functional physical capacity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of health-related quality of life between heterozygous women with Fabry disease, a healthy control population, and patients with other chronic disease.

PURPOSE: Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal disorder due to mutations in the GLA gene. Manifestations of the disease are documented in hemizygous males. Recent studies have indicated that women with GLA mutations may report symptoms. The impact on their health-related quality of life is unclear. This study compares the quality of life of obligate heterozygotes to a historical healthy control population and to populations with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The RAND-36 and Fabry-disease specific questions were administered to study participants. Study subjects were obligate heterozygotes for mutations in GLA. Mean scores in each of the subscales from the RAND-36 were compared between study subjects and previously published data from the Women's Health Initiative and studies on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: Comparisons between 202 study participants and the Women's Health Initiative indicated that all eight subscale scores of the RAND-36 were significantly lower for women with Fabry disease (P < 0.0001). The mean scores of the study participants more closely resembled the mean scores of the participants in the multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis studies. CONCLUSION: Study participants reported clinically important effects on health-related quality of life. It is critical to develop management protocols for this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comprehensive nutritional status in recently diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with population controls.

OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition is observed frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Knowledge of the nutritional status in patients with recently diagnosed IBD is limited. The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive picture of the nutritional status in recently diagnosed IBD patients. SUBJECTS: Sixty-nine IBD patients (23 Crohn's disease (CD) and 46 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) within 6 months of diagnosis and 69 age- and sex-matched population controls were included in the study. METHODS: The nutritional status was assessed by: (1) body composition (anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); (2) dietary intake (dietary history); (3) biochemical indexes of nutrition; and (4) muscle strength (isokinetic dynamometer). RESULTS: Body weight and body mass index were significantly lower in UC patients compared with controls. The mean daily intake of carbohydrates was significantly higher in CD patients and the intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin were significantly lower in UC patients compared with controls, respectively. Serum concentrations of several nutrients (beta-carotene, magnesium, selenium and zinc) were significantly lower in UC patients compared with controls. Serum vitamin B12 concentration was significantly lower in CD patients. Muscle strength did not significantly differ between IBD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the nutritional status of IBD patients was already affected negatively at time of diagnosis. It needs to be elucidated whether nutritional supplementation in recently diagnosed IBD patients may improve the clinical course of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of in vivo somatic mutations at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene of a human control population.

The ability to recognize a change in mutation spectrum after an exposure to a toxic substance and then relate that exposure to health risk depends on the knowledge of mutations that occur in the absence of exposure. Toward this end, we have been studying both the frequency and molecular nature of mutations of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene in peripheral blood lymphocytes as surrogate reporters of genetic damage. We have analyzed mutants, one per donor to ensure independence, from a control population in which the quantitative effects of smoking and age on mutant frequency have been well defined. Analyses of cDNA and genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing have identified the mutations in 63 mutants, 45 from males and 18 from females, of which 34 were smokers and 29 were nonsmokers. Slightly less than half of the mutations were base substitutions; they were predominantly at GC base pairs. Different mutations at the same site indicated that there are features of the hprt polypeptide that affect the mutation spectrum. Two pairs of identical mutations indicated that there may also be hot spots. Mutations not previously reported have been detected, indicating that the mutation spectrum is only partly defined. The remainder of the mutations were deletions or insertions/duplications; deletions ranged from one base pair to complete loss of the locus. Despite a small average increase in mutant frequency for smokers, an increased proportion of base substitutions at AT base pairs in smokers (p = 0.2) hinted at a smoking-associated shift in the mutation spectrum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The shifting sands of alcohol prevention: rethinking population control approaches.

This paper identifies seven major conceptual and perceptual shifts which have occurred in the alcohol field in recent years and which influence approaches to the prevention of alcohol-related problems. The paper highlights the shift away from measures of mean consumption, as the principal indicator of use and problems, towards an incorporation of temporal patterns of use. No longer is the traditional parameter of mean per capita consumption seen to be the predominant measure by which alcohol and its associated problems are assessed. Also examined are the relative merits of prevention strategies that include the whole population and those aimed at people at high risk. The key shifts identified are: 1. acceptance that there is no single distribution theory that adequately accounts for alcohol consumption; 2. alcohol may represent an exception to the population health models based on mean distributions (for example, as found in the relationship between salt and hypertension); 3. there is no prevention paradox if episodes of intoxication are examined instead of mean consumption levels; 4. population control measures to reduce overall alcohol consumption may deprive some people of the protective cardiovascular effects of moderate alcohol consumption; 5. it is more useful to focus on at-risk drinking than attempt to locate groups of at-risk drinkers; 6. alcohol-consumption guidelines are meaningful only when defined on the basis of daily consumption, and then with further caveats; and 7. harm minimisation offers a constructive conceptual vehicle by which to shift the focus from consumption to consequences of use.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1981

Isozymes of ribonuclease in human serum and urine. I. Methodology and a survey of a control population.

Methods are presented for the electrophoretic analysis of ribonuclease (RNase) enzymes in human serum and urine. Protocols for sample treatment, electrophoresis, and the RNase zymogram technique are described. With the application of these methods, RNase from serum and urine was separated into components differing on the basis of charge (charge isomers or "isozymes"), but not differing with respect to hydrolyzable sialic acid residues. Preliminary characterization of the electrophoretically separated components showed that some of the RNase species have different properties (pH optima and substrate preference). The major urine RNase isozymes appeared to be distinct from the major serum RNase isozymes. A survey of a control population indicated that the major serum and urine RNase enzymes are not genetically polymorphic.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed2001

Survival in polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a study of 398 cases and matched population controls.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate survival in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and temporal arteritis (TA). METHODS: The present study encompassed 338 incident cases who were diagnosed at the Department of Rheumatology during the period 1987-1997 and 60 cases diagnosed in the same period but admitted to hospital for reasons other than PMR or TA. The 398 patients were each assigned four age- and sex-matched controls from the same population and mortality ascertained. RESULTS: Among the 338 incident cases, there were 69 deaths compared with 360 deaths among their 1352 controls. The mortality was thus 28% lower in cases than in controls [relative risk (RR)=0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.95]. The 274 incident cases with pure PMR had increased survival compared with controls (RR=0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.95), whilst among the 64 incident TA patients and their controls, no difference in mortality was found (RR=1.2, 95% CI 0.55-2.74). Patients diagnosed at other departments and their controls had the same mortality. In the incident cases, the mean initial dose of prednisolone, the mean maintenance dose of prednisolone, the mean initial erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein and frequency of peripheral arthritis did not differ between survivors and those dying during the observation period. CONCLUSION: The study showed increased survival in patients with PMR compared with controls, whilst mortality in TA equalled that of controls. There was no association between use of corticosteroids and level of disease activity and death. The increased survival in PMR might be explained by improved medical surveillance.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Glutathione S-transferase mu1 and N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms and exposure to tobacco smoke in nonsmoking and smoking lung cancer patients and population controls.

We conducted a case-control study to assess the risk of lung cancer in relation to genetic polymorphisms of the detoxifying enzymes glutathione-S-transferase mu1 (GSTM1) and N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2), focusing on never-smokers, women, and older people. The study base consisted of persons > or =30 years of age in Stockholm County from 1992 to 1995. We recruited never-smoking lung cancer cases and a sex- and age-matched sample of ever-smoking cases at the three county hospitals mainly responsible for diagnosing and treating lung cancer. A total of 185 cases (25.4% men; 47.6% never-smokers) and 164 frequency-matched population controls (28.7% men; 48.2% never-smokers) supplied blood for genotyping. Detailed information was collected by interview on active and passive smoking, occupations, residences, and diet. The overall odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer associated with the GSTM1 null (GSTM1-) versus GSTM1+ genotype was 0.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5-1.2], with an OR close to unity among smokers, and lower ORs suggested among never-smokers. For NAT2 slow versus rapid acetylator genotypes, the OR was 1.0 (95% CI, 0.6-1.5) overall, which broke down into an increased risk for slow acetylators among never-smokers but an increased risk for rapid acetylators among smokers. Among never-smokers, a gene interaction was suggested, with combined slow acetylator and GSTM1+ genotype conferring particularly high risk (OR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-8.6), but no clear pattern emerged among smokers. A detailed analysis among smokers showed no interaction between pack-years of smoking and the GSTM1 genotype but suggested a steeper increase in risk with increasing pack-years of smoking exposure for rapid than for slow acetylators. Our results do not support a major role for the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism as a risk factor for lung cancer among smokers or nonsmokers. There was, however, some suggestion that the slow acetylator genotype may confer an increased risk among never-smokers and that the rapid acetylator genotype interacts with pack-year dose to produce a steeper risk gradient among smokers.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2002

Dominant lethality and insect population control.

Recent advances in insect genetic engineering have opened up new possibilities in the genetic control of insect vectors of human diseases. We outline the current state of the sterile insect technique and show how the use of engineered dominant lethals can greatly increase the effectiveness of this approach. We consider alternative strategies based on the use of conditional dominant lethals that are not always active in the environment.

Animals↗