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PubMed1977

Effect of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria on adaptation of cattle to high-energy rations.

Heifers, unadapted to a concentrate ration, were intraruminally inoculated (1 dose) with cultures of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria or with ruminal fluid from a steer adapted to a concentrate ration. Inoculation with cultures (1 L) of Selenomonas ruminantium or Megasphaera elsdenii did not produce better average daily weight gains or feed efficiency of heifers fed a high-energy ration for 21 days, if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of heifers inoculated with 1 L of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus culture or with 1 L of adapted ruminal fluid and fed a high-energy ration for 21 days were better if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Chiasmal syndrome due to intrasellar abscess.

A 43-year-old woman had diabetes insipidus and amenorrhea. There was panhypopituitarism on endocrine testing and visual field examination showed inexorably progressive loss to bitemporal hemianopsia. All radiographic findings were normal, but craniotomy disclosed the cause of this chiasmal syndrome to be an intrasellar abscess which, on culture, grew a Gram-positive anaerobe, Peptococcus. Intrasellar or pituitary abscess is rare, but it must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of the chiasmal syndrome, since loss of pituitary and visual function may occur much more rapidly than with the tumors most often responsible for this syndrome and since surgical cure is possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Growth of anaerobes of the upper small intestine using the glovebox technic].

With 80 patients a microecologic analysis of the duodenal flora has been performed. Due to the optimal cultivation technique with the glove-box more frequently as supposed till now, anaerobes with partial high numbers could be detected, and classified to different types of dysbiosis. A striking role among the isolated and classified gram-positive roots play the genera Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, Actinomyces, and Bifidobacterium. Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus are to be found frequently, too. Furthermore the numbers of gram-negative anaerobes are high.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1988

Model of a complex between the tetrahemic cytochrome c3 and the ferredoxin I from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain).

A three-dimensional model of an electron-transfer complex between the tetrahemic cytochrome c3 and the ferredoxin I from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain) has been generated through computer graphics methods. The model is based on the known X-ray structure of the cytochrome and on a model of the ferredoxin that has been derived through computer graphics modeling and energy minimization methods, from the X-ray structure of the homologous ferredoxin from Peptococcus aerogenes. Four possible models of interaction between the two molecules were examined by bringing in close proximity each of the four hemes and the redox center (4Fe-4S) of the ferredoxin and by optimizing the ion pairs interactions. One of these models shows by far the "best" structure in terms of charges, interactions, and complementarity of the topology of the contact surfaces. In this complex, the distance between the iron atoms of the ferredoxin redox center and the hemic iron atom is 11.8 A, which compares well with those found between redox centers in other complexes. The contact surface area between the two molecules is 170 A2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

The sodium cycle: a novel type of bacterial energetics.

The progress of bioenergetic studies on the role of Na+ in bacteria is reviewed. Experiments performed over the past decade on several bacterial species of quite different taxonomic positions show that Na+ can, under certain conditions, substitute for H+ as the coupling ion. Various primary Na+ pumps (delta mu Na+ generators) are described, i.e., Na+ -motive decarboxylases, NADH-quinone reductase, terminal oxidase, and ATPase. The delta mu Na+ formed is shown to be consumed by Na+ driven ATP-synthase, Na+ flagellar motor, numerous Na+, solute symporters, and the methanogenesis-linked reverse electron transfer system. In Vibrio alginolyticus, it was found that delta mu Na+, generated by NADH-quinone reductase, can be utilized to support all three types of membrane-linked work, i.e., chemical (ATP synthesis), osmotic (Na+, solute symports), and mechanical (rotation of the flagellum). In Propionigenum modestum, circulation of Na+ proved to be the only mechanism of energy coupling. In other species studied, the Na+ cycle seems to coexist with the H+ cycle. For instance, in V. alginolyticus the initial and terminal steps of the respiratory chain are Na+ - and H+ -motive, respectively, whereas ATP hydrolysis is competent in the uphill transfer of Na+ as well as of H+. In the alkalo- and halotolerant Bacillus FTU, there are H+ - and Na+ -motive terminal oxidases. Sometimes, the Na+ -translocating enzyme strongly differs from its H+ -translocating homolog. So, the Na+ -motive and H+ -motive NADH-quinone reductases are composed of different subunits and prosthetic groups. The H+ -motive and Na+ -motive terminal oxidases differ in that the former is of aa3-type and sensitive to micromolar cyanide whereas the latter is of another type and sensitive to millimolar cyanide. At the same time, both Na+ and H+ can be translocated by one and the same P. modestum ATPase which is of the F0F1-type and sensitive to DCCD. The sodium cycle, i.e., a system composed of primary delta mu Na+ generator(s) and delta mu Na+ consumer(s), is already described in many species of marine aerobic and anaerobic eubacteria and archaebacteria belonging to the following genera: Vibrio, Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Propionigenum, Clostridium, Veilonella, Acidaminococcus, Streptococcus, Peptococcus, Exiguobacterium, Fusobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanosarcina, etc. Thus, the "sodium world" seems to occupy a rather extensive area in the biosphere.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1981

Bacteria and gallstones. Etiological significance.

Two hundred consecutive gallstone cases have been subjected to bacteriological study employing improved anaerobic culture techniques. In addition to Clostridia species, species of anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis, Peptococcus, Veillonella, and Eubacterium are found to be present, some of which possessed beta-glucuronidase activity. This finding has a certain bearing on the etiology of bile pigment calcium stones. In addition to Escherichia coli, Bacteroides and Clostridium often found in the biliary tract may contribute to the formation of bile pigment calcium stones by producing beta-glucuronidase and thus deconjugating bilirubin diglucuronide to form free unconjugated bilirubin which in turn combines with calcium, leading to stone formation. In contrast, very low bacterial incidence was associated with cholesterol stones and so-called black stones--sometimes called pure pigment stones--and thus bacteria play little role, if any, in their formation. Therefore, bile pigment calcium stones and so-called black stones, which are often classified as pigment stones indiscriminately, should be differentiated not only because of their difference in their appearance and composition but also in their etiological background. Regardless of the kind of stones present in the common duct, the incidence of bacteria was found to be increased.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

In vitro activity of ampicillin plus sulbactam against anaerobes compared to ampicillin and cefoxitin.

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 195 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria was studied to ampicillin alone, ampicillin + 1 mg/l sulbactam, ampicillin + 5 mg/l sulbactam, and cefoxitin by means of agar dilution tests. The ampicillin-sulbactam combinations were the most effective drugs against species of the Bacteroides fragilis group, the MIC90 of ampicillin + 5 mg/l sulbactam for B. fragilis being less than 1 mg/l, compared to 256 mg/l of ampicillin, 4 mg/l of ampicillin + 1 mg/l sulbactam, and 8 mg/l of cefoxitin. No significant difference between ampicillin alone and in combination with sulbactam was observed against gram-positive anaerobic rods, Peptococcus spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. with MIC's less than 2 mg/l.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1979

Identification of Bacteroides fragilis by indirect immunofluorescence.

Rabbit antiserum against live or heat-killed Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 bacteria was titrated against hot phenol water-extracted polysaccharide antigens from five different species of the 'B. fragilis group' of bacteria using an enzyme immunoassay and shown to be specific for the B. fragilis NCTC 9343 polysaccharide. When the antiserum was used in indirect immunofluorescence, 97.1% of 244 B. fragilis strains were correctly identified. Only 8 of the other 312 Bacteroides strains were stained by the anti-B fragilis serum. The 'cross-reactive' Bacteriodes strains all belonged to the "B. fragilis group" of bacteria (i.e., B; distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, and B. vulgatus). None of the 425 aerobic enteric bacteria representing Salmonella, E. coli, Proteus, Yersinia, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Pseudomonas were positive using the anti-B. fragilis serum. Likewise, all the 59 gram-positive strains representing Streptococcus, Bacillus, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium did not stain. Our data shows in accordance with other findings [11], that B. fragilis strains possess a species-specific cell envelope antigen(s) which promises to be important for production of antisera, making a rapid identification of the species possible.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1980

The assay on a defined medium of the effects of beta-2-thienylalanine on the growth of anaerobic bacterial isolates from phenylketonuric patients.

Faecal samples were taken from three diet-managed phenylketonuric children to determine effects of beta-2-thienylalanine (beta-2-t) on indigenous bacteria. From sample swabs, 127 anaerobes were identified and tested for beta-2-t inhibition on a phenylalanine (Phe)-free medium, Anaerobe Inhibition Test (AIT) agar. Of the isolates, 77.9% grew sufficiently to assay reactions on at least 25% of AIT plates. Using Phe-containing Columbia agar, 86.5% of the strains could be assayed. None of 28 Bacteroides cultures was inhibited by beta-2-t on AIT. Of the genera, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium, no isolates which would grow on AIT were inhibited. At least one isolate of each of the genera Peptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium was inhibited. Of 127 total isolates, only nine were inhibited by beta-2-t on AIT, and inhibition was abolished on Columbia agar. Thirty-nine "aerobes" were isolated from the same patients. Strains of the genera tested reacted similarly to previously tested strains from non-PKU sources. Also, anaerobically isolated Excherichia coli were inhibited, while Streptococcus faecalis cultures were not, confirming results on aerobically-isolated non-PKU cultures of the same species. These studies, the first dealing with beta-2-t and anaerobic bacteria, suggest that little change in intestinal bacterial populations might be expected during in vivo beta-2-t treatment.

Agar↗
PubMed1985

Anaerobic bacteria in urine before and after prostatic massage of infertile men.

In the present study 25 infertile men delivered urine before and after prostatic massage. Expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) was obtained from 11 men. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial analyses showed that a total of 33 isolates was found in samples of urine voided before massage as compared to 59 isolates after massage of the prostate. There was an increase in the number of anaerobes whereas there was no change in the number of aerobes. The occurrence of EPS did not influence the number of aerobic and anaerobic isolates in urine voided after massage of the prostate. The most often isolated anaerobes in urine voided after prostatic massage were Eubacterium lentum, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus and Bacteroides species and the most common anaerobe in EPS was Peptostreptococcus micros.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Deconjugation of bile acids by human intestinal bacteria.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this report is to present the deconjugation of bile acids by numbers of strains of bacteria in the small intestine and feces. The small intestinal juice was aseptically aspirated by a double lumen tube with a rubber cover on the tip devised by us ("Fukushima Type 1"). Bile acids were analyzed with thin layer chromatography. THE RESULTS: 1) Among aerobic bacteria, species of which all of the strains split conjugated bile acids was enterococcus, and most of the strains split were Staphylococcus (S.) epidermidis and Lactobacillus (L.) bifidus. Species of which none of the strains split were Escherichia (E.) coli, E. communior, E. freundii, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. buchneri, L. cellobiosus, L. bulgaricus, S. aureus, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida, proteus, serratia, and almost none of the species split was Intermediate coliform bacilli. 2) Among anaerobic bacteria, species of which all of the strains split were Bacteroides (B.) vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, Corynebacterium (C.) granulosum, C. avidum, Peptostreptococcus (Peptostrept.) putridus, Eubacterium (Eubact.) lentum, Peptococcus (Pept.) grigoroffii, Pept. anaerobius, Veillonella (V.) orbiculus, and most of the strains split were Coryne. diphtheroides, Eubact. parvum, Peptostrept. intermedius. Species of which none of the strains split were Coryne, parvum, Peptostrept. micros, V. alcalescens, V. parvula, Catenabacterium (Catena.) catenaforme, and Catena. filamentosum. 3) All or none, or almost all or none, of the strains of each species tested split conjugated bile acids, and it seems probably that the presence or absence of this ability would be a proper character of eachspecies.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1977

Neonatal scalp abscess and fetal monitoring: factors associated with infection.

Forty-two of 929 (4.5 per cent) newborn infants prospectively studied following continuous, direct fetal heart rate monitoring during labor developed a scalp abscess at the site of electrode application during the neonatal period. Factors associated with infection with the use of a multivariate analysis were duration of monitoring (p less than 0.01) and high-risk indications for monitoring (p less than 0.01). Of the 42 infected neonates, 33 had complete bacteriologic studies. Microorganisms were isolated from all the infection tended to be polymicrobial, most commonly containing both aerobes and anaerobes. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Peptococcus were the predominant isolates. These data indicate that scalp abscess complicating intrapartum fetal monitoring may be nosocomial importance, and infants monitored should be closely observed in order to prevent more serious infectious complications.

Abscess↗
PubMed1990

Management of empyema thoracis.

Over a 5-year period, 65 adult patients with empyema thoracis were treated. The cause of the empyema was postpneumonic in 52%, postresectional in 24%, a complication of minor surgical procedures in 14%, posttraumatic in 5%, and the result of miscellaneous causes in 5%. In the postpneumonic group, infection resulted from a single aerobic organism in 41%, multiple aerobic organisms in 9%, single anaerobic organisms in 12%, and mixed aerobic-anaerobic organisms in 18%. Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and diphtheroids were the most common organisms, accounting for 55% of bacterial isolates. All 34 patients with postpneumonic empyema were initially treated with drainage, which was successful in two thirds. The remainder, 12 patients, ultimately required thoracotomy. Decortication was combined with intrathoracic transposition of extrathoracic skeletal muscles in 9 patients. There was no reoperation or recurrence of infection, and thoracoplasty was avoided; residual spaces were filled by the transposed muscle.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Obligately anaerobic bacterial species isolated from foot-rot lesions in goats.

Lesions showing clinical signs of foot-rot from 120 goats were cultured on six selective media during October 1987 to November 1988. A total of 582 strictly anaerobic microorganisms belonging to 50 different species was isolated and identified. The anaerobes most frequently isolated belonged to the following genera: Bacteroides (80%), Peptostreptococcus (63.6%), Megasphaera (40%), Fusobacterium (29.2%), Clostridium (22.5%), Propionibacterium (12.5%), Eubacterium (11.7%) and Leptotrichia (10.8%). Percentages for Acidaminococcus, Peptococcus, Tissierella, Wolinella and Veillonella were below 10%. The following species were identified in 10% or more of cases: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (61.7%), Bacteroides buccae (51.7%), Bacteroides nodosus (42.5%), Megasphaera elsdenii (40%), Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis (22.5%), Fusobacterium necrophorum (19.2%), Leptotrichia buccalis (11.7%) and Clostridium perfringens (10%). Lower percentages were obtained for the remaining species. The efficiency and selectivity of the six culture media used for isolation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The crystal structure of the three-iron ferredoxin II from Desulfovibrio gigas.

The crystal structure of oxidized ferredoxin II from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas has been determined and refined at 1.7 A resolution. The folding of the polypeptide chain is similar to that of the 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin in Peptococcus aerogenes, except for an extended helical segment near the C-terminus. The single [3Fe-4S] cluster in D. gigas is similar to a [4Fe-4S] cluster, but lacks one Fe atom and is coordinated to Cys-8, -14 and -50. The side chain of Cys-11 is not bound to the cluster, but is rotated toward the solvent and modified by some, as yet undetermined, chemical group. Cys-18 and Cys-42 form a disulfide bridge. A previously undetected extra amino acid is found after residue 55.

Desulfovibrio↗
PubMed1988

Tertiary structure of Bacillus thermoproteolyticus [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin. Evolutionary implications for bacterial ferredoxins.

The structure of a low-potential [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus has been solved using anomalous scattering data from iron atoms in the diffraction data of native crystals and refined partially to a crystallographic R-factor of 0.33, with 2.3 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) resolution data. The least-squares refinement based on the Bijvoet differences has determined that the four iron atoms in the cluster are an equal distance, approximately 2.8 A, apart. The NH ... S hydrogen bonds between polypeptide nitrogen atoms, and both cysteine and inorganic sulfur atoms, are present, as in ferrodoxin from Peptococcus aerogenes. The polypeptide chain of the B. thermoproteolyticus ferredoxin has a fold closely similar to that of 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from P. aerogenes. The structural correspondence indicates strongly that both types of ferredoxin evolved from a common ancestor. The second cluster-binding region in P. aerogenes ferredoxin corresponds to the alpha-helix in B. thermoproteolyticus ferredoxin. The secondary-structure predictions strongly suggest that the alpha-helix is generally present in the monocluster-type ferredoxins. The conformational change to alpha-helix, insertions of a loop and a protrusion, as well as the absence of the second cluster in B. thermoproteolyticus ferredoxin, result in the lack of 2-fold symmetry present in P. aerogenes ferredoxin. So, the track of gene duplication is no longer detectable in the tertiary structure alone. The evolutionary events that may have occurred in the ferredoxins with the [4Fe-4S] cluster are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Structure of [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus refined at 2.3 A resolution. Structural comparisons of bacterial ferredoxins.

The structure of a low-potential ferredoxin isolated from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus has been refined by a restrained least-squares method. The final crystallographic R factor is 0.204 for 2906 reflections with F greater than 3 sigma F in the 6.0 to 2.3 A resolution range. The model contains 81 amino acid residues, one [4Fe-4S] cluster, and 59 water molecules. The root-mean-square deviation from ideal values for bond lengths is 0.018 A, and the mean coordinate error is estimated to be 0.25 A. The present ferredoxin is similar in the topology of the polypeptide backbone to the dicluster-type ferredoxins from Peptococcus aerogenes and Azotobacter vinelandii, but has considerable insertions and deletions of the peptide segments as well as different secondary structures. Although all but the C-terminal C zeta atoms of P. aerogenes ferredoxin superpose on the C alpha atoms of A. vinelandii ferredoxin, only 60% superpose on the C alpha atoms of B. thermoproteolyticus ferredoxin, with a root-mean-square distance of 0.82 A for each pair. The conformations of the peptide segments surrounding the [4Fe-4S] clusters in these three ferredoxins are all conserved. Moreover, the schemes for the NH...S hydrogen bonds in these ferredoxins are nearly identical. The site of the aromatic ring of Tyr27 in B. thermoproteolyticus ferredoxin is close spatially to that of Tyr28 in P. aerogenes ferredoxin with reference to the cluster, but these residues do not correspond in the spatial alignment of their polypeptide backbones. We infer that in monocluster-type ferredoxins, the side-chain at the 27th residue has a crucial effect on the stability of the cluster. Of the four cysteine residues that bind to the second Fe-S cluster in the dicluster-type ferredoxins, two are conserved in the monocluster-type ferredoxins from Desulfovibrio gigas. D. desulfuricans Norway, and Clostridium thermoaceticum. The tertiary structure of B. thermoproteolyticus ferredoxin suggests that in such monocluster-type ferredoxins these two cysteine residues, which in it correspond to Ala21 and Asp53, form a disulfide bridge.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Influence of intestinal bacterial desulfation on the enterohepatic circulation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.

Selective association of germ-free (GF) rats with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) desulfating bacteria allowed us to assess the exact impact of intestinal bacterial desulfation on the excretion and enterohepatic circulation of orally administered DHEAS. Germ-free rats selectively associated with the DHEAS-desulfating strain Peptococcus niger H4 (H4 rats) excreted 50% of the total label recovered within 17 h vs 21 h in GF rats and 13 h 23 min in conventional (CV) rats. Germ-free rats excreted 30% of the total label recovered via their urine. However, association of GF rats with the desulfating microorganism increased urinary excretion to 46%, comparable to the 45.5% found in CV rats. Fractionation of fecal label yielded 70% sulfoconjugated DHEAS and 2% unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone in GF rats vs 5 and 77% in CV rats, and 55 and 14% in H4 rats, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the intestinal bacterial desulfation of DHEAS stimulated the enterohepatic circulation of DHEAS. This in turn increased the urinary excretion of label resulting in an accelerated elimination of labeled DHEAS from the body.

Animals↗