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PubMed1996

The first year of hyperinflation in the former Soviet Union: nutritional deprivation among elderly pensioners, 1992.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperinflation began in early 1992 in the former Soviet Union. This paper describes factors associated with nutritional status that year among elderly pensioners. METHODS: Approximately 300 pensioners were selected randomly in each of eight cities. Surveys of diet, weight, health status, and social and economic conditions were done between June and December 1992. This paper reports on 2281 completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Half the pensioners reported that they had lost 5 or more kilograms in the prior 6 months; 57% did not have enough money to buy food, and 39% needed medicines they could not afford. Forty percent consumed less than a half kilogram of meat, 50% consumed less than a half kilogram of fruit, a third consumed less than a liter of milk, and a third consumed less than 2 kg of bread per week. Weight loss was strongly associated with not having enough money to buy food, and inability to afford medication, and consumption of fewer than three meals a day. Concurrent with these conditions, there was a large increase in mortality in Russia. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these surveys suggest that many elderly pensioners were experiencing severe nutritional deprivation in the latter half of 1992.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

The Mexican Social Security counterreform: pensions for profit.

The social security counterreform, initiated in 1997, forms part of the neoliberal reorganization of Mexican society. The reform implies a profound change in the guiding principles of social security, as the public model based on integrality, solidarity, and redistribution is replaced by a model based on private administration of funds and services, individualization of entitlement, and reduction of rights. Its economic purpose is to move social services and benefits into the direct sphere of private capital accumulation. Although these changes will involve the whole social security system--old-age and disability pensions, health care, child care, and workers' compensation--they are most immediately evident in the pension scheme. The pay-as-you-go scheme is being replaced by privately managed individual retirement accounts which especially favor the big financial groups. These groups are gaining control over huge amounts of capital, are authorized to charge a high commission, and run no financial risks. The privatization of the system requires decisive state intervention with a legal change and a sizable state subsidy (1 to 1.5 percent of GNP) over five decades. The supposed positive impact on economic growth and employment is uncertain. A review of the new law and of the estimates of future annuities reveals shrinking pension coverage and inadequate incomes from pensions.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Pension funds warrant a financial manager's review.

A hospital's pension funds may be managed by its finance department, another internal department, or an outside investment adviser. Whatever the arrangement, healthcare financial managers should be involved in the decision between internal and external management of pension funds. A financial manager also can play a prominent role in developing a pension fund policy that balances a hospital's commitment to legal requirements, pension plan goals, and communication with investment advisers.

Communication↗

PubMed1976

Private pension plans, 1950-74.

During the past quarter century, private pension plans have enjoyed a healthy growth. Although the rate of growth has slackened somewhat during recent years, the private pension movement is now a major contributor to the income maintenance needs of the American worker during retirement. The passage of pension reform legislation in 1974 offers an appropriate milestone year for measuring the current status of pension plans and the progress that has been made to date.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1986

Pension plans: more than a savings account for the hospital.

The option of terminating a healthcare organization's existing pension plan and pursuing asset reversion may present an attractive opportunity for an infusion of capital. However, a pension plan is more than a savings account. The analysis of whether or not to terminate a pension plan should not begin with an assessment of the organization's financial well-being, but rather an assessment of the pension plan, benefit structure, and overall corporate goals.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A few remarks on the so-called war pension].

The legislator has provided for a possibility of granting war disability pensions to some persons listed in appropriate legal acts. In the area of psychiatry, the most frequently indicated disorder is PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder--formerly KZ-syndrome) manifesting in the form of neurasthenic-depressive-anxiety disturbances. The latest literature on the subject mentions the problem of simulation and meta-simulation of PTSD symptoms and claims that "... recognition of PTSD as the basis for indemnity ends can take place no sooner that PTSD symptoms have become stable and no sooner than after one year of treatment--with adequate psychological and pharmacological therapy". Expert practice, however, reveals that applications for war disability pensions with a diagnosis of PTSD mentioned in the application form--are filed by persons who have never been subject to psychiatric treatment before. It often happens that an expert draws up a disability pension form based on one psychiatric consultation. It seems fully justified to state that after half a century, which has passed since the end of the war and occupation, it is impossible to verify the causal nexus between the disorders suffered by the living combatants and the psycho-physiological injuries inflicted upon them many decades ago. Another thesis, suggesting that it would be justified to grant war disability pensions in all such cases, seems to be of discrete character and therefore appears incompatible with the nature of opinioning.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Risk of disability pension in relation to gender and age in a Swedish county; a 12-year population based, prospective cohort study.

Residents of the county of Ostergötland, Sweden, who were 16-64 years of age in December 1984 and not pensioned (n=229,864), were followed in a prospective, cohort, study of data collected between 1985 and 1996. Using survival methods as the method of analysis, the likelihood of being granted a disability pension was 14% for women, 11% for men, and increased with age. Women less than 54 years of age were at higher risk than men (P<0.001), 69% of disability pensions granted were full-time and 31% were part-time, more women received part-time pensions (P<0.001). Whether the differences observed are due to gender bias in social insurance practices, to disease patterns, to occupational and work-related factors, or to a cohort effect has yet to be determined.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Disability pensions and long-term sick-listing in Oslo--a study of different city districts].

In Oslo there are significant differences in the incidence and prevalence of medically determined disability pensions. In regions with a population characterized by low level of education and low annual income the prevalence of disability pensions is high in relation to regions with a highly educated and high income population. The main reasons for a disability pension are mental complaints, mainly anxiety and depressive states, and musculo-skeletal disorders (chronic states of muscular pain). In recent years subjective symptoms have become an increasingly more important reason for disability pensions. Social and economic factors, possibility of employment, and other non-medical factors seem to play a more determining role than ill health in the process leading to disability.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Disability pensions among immigrants in Oslo].

The prevalence of vocational disability pensions is now much higher among immigrants from Pakistan, Turkey and Morocco who settled in Norway in the late 1960' and early 1970' in order to find work than among the Norwegian population in general. The present study covers two cohorts of males and females aged 40-44 and 50-54 years of age in receipt of disability pensions. Musculoskeletal pain syndromes are far more prevalent among the immigrants as basis for a pension than among the Norwegian disabled population. In contrast, psychiatric diagnoses are less frequent among the immigrants. The above differences are discussed. The living conditions and particularly the working conditions of the immigrants, whose jobs are characterized by physical hardships and long working hours, may be an important reason for the high prevalence of vocational disability. Psychiatric diagnoses may be concealed because of their stigmatizing nature. Early retirement from work is more common in the countries from where the immigrants came and they thus tend to apply for a disability pension. This means that the Norwegian insurance system, with its rather liberal policy of consent, takes over many of the social and economic obligations which were traditionally part of family and kinship obligations in the former culture of the immigrants.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Physicians' tasks in connection with application for disability pensions].

The article includes a general view of Disability Pensions in the National Insurance Scheme. Some statistics relating to Disability Pensions are included. We thoroughly examine the procedures for handling a new case, and the possible introduction of new ways of simplifying the procedures for dealing with new applications for disability pension. From the professional point of view, we discuss in detail the doctors task in regard to new applicants' demand for disability pension; in particular elderly patients over 64, and abusers of alcohol and drugs. We focus briefly on the diffuse diseases. We also consider the patients' right to read the medical certificate.

Disability Evaluation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Work disability and the granting of pensions in psychogenic rheumatic diseases].

This paper is the result of a symposium that addressed the problem of disablement and social pension for patients with psychosomatic-rheumatological complaints. This especially concerns patients suffering from psychosomatic manifestation at the locomotor apparatus, who are increasingly disabled and necessitating a pension, without actual somatic findings justifying a vocational disablement. Primarily it is a clinical picture of a generalized tendomyopathy, often underestimated in its importance. Definitions, causes, and clinical pictures are presented. A critical phase decisive for the disablement, the personality of the would-be pensioner, considerations for the physician regarding diagnostic and therapeutic efforts, elements of time and environment, and conditions at the work-place are discussed. In some cases a pension will be unavoidable and justifiable, even if the somatic findings seem not to be sufficient. The psychogenic picture must be carefully determined differentiated from simulation; determining the cause of aggravation is essential.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1988

[Rehabilitation of pension--which course do psychiatric patients follow after their first inpatient treatment in a psychiatric hospital? Results of a prospective longitudinal study].

Placing persons having a mental illness in the open labour market has in recent years become increasingly difficult. The question therefore arises whether an attempt should be made to improve occupational access through rehabilitative measures, or whether pensioning would not be the more appropriate action. In the framework of a prospective 5-year catamnestic study of first-admission psychiatric patients, the course taken by them was investigated, as well as the factors that had been relevant in the decision to pension the patients, or to provide rehabilitative services. It was found that pensioning and rehabilitative measures differ in no essential degree as to their shares, and that both types of approach had occurred in only very few cases. Disease-specific factors (psychopathological symptoms, readmission) are suggested to be involved concerning the route taken. Pensioning on the one hand, and rehabilitation service provision on the other, are linked with the age and diagnoses of the patients, as well as the extent of their social activities.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1979

Mandating private pensions: experience in four European countries.

This study examines the experience of four countries--the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom--in which the mandating of private pensions exists or has been considered. Proposals to mandate private pensions in the United States have been introduced in Congress several times. The analysis of foreign thinking presented here provides a background on the reasoning behind such a policy and on the integration of private and public systems and the problems involved. A prime reason for mandating private pensions--instead of seeking higher social security benefits or additional social security layers--has been the pressure to avoid higher payroll taxes. Some countries already had such high contribution rates that they sought other means to improve benefits. Adding a layer of private pensions, it was thought, does not involve Government mechanisms and keeps the money in the private sector. Yet mandating by law creates many problems, and no country has fully implemented such legislation.

Financing, Organized↗

PubMed1980

Three-year-incidence of disability pensions among male members of the Danish semi-skilled workers' union.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the age- and diagnosis-specific incidence of disability pensions awarded within a large group of working men. The study population is the 228,612 male members, aged 20-64, of Denmark's largest trade union, the Semi-skilled Workers' Union (SID), of which two thirds of the so-called unskilled male workers are members. In all 4838 awarded disability pensions were registered in the period April 1, 1973--March 31, 1976 against 3787 expected, i.e. an excess of 31.7%. The incidence rates increases more rapidly with age for the SID-men than for all men in Denmark. The Standard Disability Ratio(SDR) is found to be over 100 for all major diagnoses. The highest SDRs are found for major diagnoses of the respiratory system (183.9) and of the musculoskeletal system (169.2). For these diagnoses a "wear syndrom" is suggested, where small handicaps combined with demands for strenuous work cause a considerable reduction in capacity to work. Regional differens in the 3-year incidence of disability pensions are found. In all 15 counties, except one, significantly more disability pensions are found to have been awarded to SID-men than expected. The highest SDRs can be found within the large branches in the Copenhagen area.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

The mortality experience of early old-age and disability pensioners from unskilled- and semiskilled labour groups in Fredericia.

Survival of early old-age and disability pensioners from unskilled and semiskilled labourers was compared with the employed workers from the same local trade union. All members receiving early old-age or disability pensions during the period October 1, 1969 to September 30, 1973 were assigned to the index group provided they were still alive September 30, 1973. 2 active workers were selected as controls for each pensioner according to the closest age match. The pensioners had about 7 times higher mortality risk than their active fellow workers in the follow-up period from September 30, 1973 to January 1, 1979. It is emphasized that proper comparison is needed if excess mortality associated with early retirement is to be estimated.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Restriction of medical criteria for disability pensions. Effects on the local level].

The objective of the analysis presented in this article is to assess the impact on a local level of the revised eligibility criteria for disability pensions in Norway. The setting was five mainly rural municipalities on the North-West coast of Norway and the city of Trondheim. The project was carried out as a document analysis of a sample of rejected applications for disability pensions, as they appeared in social security records from 1990/91, before the revision to the law, and from 1992, after the revision. Among a total of 146 such cases, 118 (81%) were available for the document analysis. Some national statistics were used for purposes of comparison. The percentage of rejected applications increased in all municipalities for both men and women. The new regulations accounted for 25% of the rejected cases. 31% of the rejected applications from women were based on the narrower criteria, as opposed to 17% of the men's. The impacts of the 1991 regulations have been considerable. The increased rejection rate adds to a falling rate of applications for disability pensions since 1989/90, accounting for an almost 50% reduction in the yearly incidence rate of granted pensions in Norway from 1989 to 1993.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The pension fund for nurses in Denmark.

As women and because of their job mobility and low wages, female nurses in many countries are among the employee groups most severely disadvantaged under pension schemes. For many national nurses' associations, an adequate and equitable pension income for nurses after retirement is a major concern. Below a report on the system the Danish Nurses' Organization secured for nurses in Denmark--a system that offers nurses the best possible pension conditions and support when ill and disabled--and on page 177 a summary of efforts by the American Nurses' Association to make a portable pension system for nurses a legal requirement for employers.

Denmark↗

PubMed1998

[Disability pensions in young age in Norway during 1976-1996].

A 15% increase in the incidence of 16 to 24-year olds drawing disability pension was observed in Norway from 1976 to 93. This increase is mainly a consequence of the higher numbers of pensioners because of birth defects and mental retardation. Prevalence of these conditions, which are clearly related to pregnancy, delivery, and inheritable disorders, may have increased as a consequence of the improved survival of newborn babies observed during the last two decades. A 50% increase in the incidence of disability pensions among 16 to 24-year olds has occurred in the three-year period from 1994 to 96. The higher rate is most probably a consequence of the restrictions in rehabilitation benefits introduced in 1993, and the resultant difficulties in obtaining employment. The higher incidence is a clear indicator of the need to increase assistance for the disabled in order to avoid their being pensioned at a young age.

Accidents↗