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PubMed2006

Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: This paper is based on ethnobotanical interviews conducted from 1996-2000 in Trinidad and Tobago with thirty male and female respondents. METHODS: A non-experimental validation was conducted on the plants used for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus: This is a preliminary step to establish that the plants used are safe or effective, to help direct clinical trials, and to inform Caribbean physicians of the plants' known properties to avoid counter-prescribing. RESULTS: The following plants are used to treat diabetes: Antigonon leptopus, Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa, Bixa orellana, Bontia daphnoides, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cocos nucifera, Gomphrena globosa, Laportea aestuans, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Phyllanthus urinaria and Spiranthes acaulis. Apium graviolens is used as a heart tonic and for low blood pressure. Bixa orellana, Bontia daphnoides, Cuscuta americana and Gomphrena globosa are used for jaundice. The following plants are used for hypertension: Aloe vera, Annona muricata, Artocarpus altilis, Bixa orellana, Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa, Bonta daphnoides, Carica papaya, Cecropia peltata, Citrus paradisi, Cola nitida, Crescentia cujete, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Kalanchoe pinnata, Morus alba, Nopalea cochinellifera, Ocimum campechianum, Passiflora quadrangularis, Persea americana and Tamarindus indicus. The plants used for kidney problems are Theobroma cacao, Chamaesyce hirta, Flemingia strobilifera, Peperomia rotundifolia, Petiveria alliacea, Nopalea cochinellifera, Apium graveolens, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Gomphrena globosa, Pityrogramma calomelanos and Vetiveria zizanioides. Plants are also used for gall stones and for cooling. CONCLUSION: Chamaesyce hirta, Cissus verticillata, Kalanchoe pinnata, Peperomia spp., Portulaca oleraceae, Scoparia dulcis, and Zea mays have sufficient evidence to support their traditional use for urinary problems, "cooling" and high cholesterol. Eggplant extract as a hypocholesterolemic agent has some support but needs more study. The plants used for hypertension, jaundice and diabetes that may be safe and justify more formal evaluation are Annona squamosa, Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, Bidens alba, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cecropia peltata, Citrus paradisi, Hibsicus sabdariffa, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Persea americana, Phyllanthus urinaria, Tamarindus indicus and Tournefortia hirsutissima. Several of the plants are used for more than one condition and further trials should take this into account.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1997

Beneficial effects of oxygenated fluorocarbon on the in vitro culture of protoplasts and cell electrofusion products.

Electrofused Passiflora protoplasts (P. edulis, P. giberti) were plated in KPR medium overlaying oxygen-gassed perfluorodecalin (Flutec PP6). Oxygenated PFC significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced protoplast division, as reflected by an increase in mean plating efficiency of up to 62% (P < 0.05) over 14 days. After 21 days of culture, the liquid phase containing dividing protoplast-derived cells, was removed from the PFC surface and overlaid onto MS-based agar medium for callus proliferation. Forty days later, protoplast-derived calli were transferred to one of two regeneration protocols, previously determined using unfused parental protoplasts. Calli derived from electrofusion-treated protoplasts exhibited organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, depending on the regeneration procedure. The regeneration efficiency after 121 days for protoplasts initially cultured with oxygenated PFC was over 2-fold greater (P < 0.01) than control. These results indicate that oxygenated PFC can enhance growth and regeneration of protoplasts and their fusion products.

Cell Fusion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extracts and constituents of Hypericum perforatum inhibit the binding of various ligands to recombinant receptors expressed with the Semliki Forest virus system.

Extracts, fractions and constituents of Hypericum perforatum were studied for in vitro receptor binding with various ligands to recombinant CNS receptors expressed with the Semliki Forest virus expression system. For this purpose we have prepared membranes of CHO cells with high density of several opioid, serotonin, estrogen, histamine, GABAA, neurokinin and metabotropic glutamate receptors, respectively. A lipophilic Hypericum fraction revealed relatively potent inhibition to the binding of the mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid and the 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. Moreover, Hypericum constituents such as the naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin, and the phloroglucinole hyperforin inhibited both binding to the opioid and serotonin receptors in the lower micromolar range. Estrogen binding was 50% inhibited by the biflavonoid I3,II8-biapigenin at micromolar concentration. The lipophilic Hypericum fraction provided a less potent inhibition of the neurokinin-1 receptor binding compared to the opioid and serotonin receptors. A total ethanolic Hypericum extract potently inhibited GABAA binding at approximately 3 micrograms/ml. This inhibition is however not specific to Hypericum, since extracts of plants like Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata showed similar inhibitions. Binding to neither histamine nor metabotropic glutamate receptors was affected by Hypericum extracts. These results support the hypothesis that several active constituents of Hypericum might in a synergistic way contribute to its antidepressant effect in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of Mediterranean and tropical fruits compared with common food additives.

Several Mediterranean and tropical fruits have been analyzed in order to assess their antioxidant activity compared with that of common food additives (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT] and propyl gallate). Among Mediterranean fruits, red grape and plum were more effective (P < 0.05) scavengers of peroxyl radicals than BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate. Of the tropical fruits, banana was the most effective scavenger of peroxyl radicals. Mediterranean and tropical fruits showed very good scavenger activity against hydroxy radicals (OH*), protecting deoxyribose better than BHA and BHT. The HOCI scavenging ability of Mediterranean fruits tested was, in decreasing order, lemon > plum > apricot > white grape > melon > red grape > mandarin > watermelon > peach > medlar > apple > orange > cherry > strawberry. However, the four varieties of pear were poor scavengers (P < 0.05). Among tropical fruits, the order of efficiency as HOCI scavengers was passion fruit > lime > passiflora > kumquat > avocado > pineapple > physalis > papaya fruit > carambola > mango > banana. All Mediterranean fruits showed an effect on hydrogen peroxide except peach. Tropical fruits also had a strong effect on hydrogen peroxide except avocado, which had no effect. The effect of Mediterranean and tropical fruits on the protection factor of refined olive oil, analyzed by the Rancimat method and compared with common food additives, was clear. Watermelon conferred a significantly (P < 0.05) greater protection than the other Mediterranean fruits. Among tropical fruits, physalis had the most stabilizing effect.

Antioxidants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18-plant species of Chhindwara against 3-keratinophilic fungi.

Effect of extract of 18 plant species, viz., Acorus calamus, Adhatoda vasica, Amomum subulatum, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cassia occidentalis, Centella asiatica, Cymbopogon citratus, Hemidesmus indicus, Hyptis suaveolens, Malvestrum sp., Passiflora edulis, Pergularia daemia, Peristrophe bicalyculata, Shuteria hirsuta, Solanum nigrum, Tecoma stans, and Verbascum chinense on the growth of Microsporum gypseum, Chrysosporium tropicum and Trichophyton terrestre was evaluated and discussed. The sensitivity of the keratinophilic fungi was evaluated by dry-weight method. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth was shown by M. gypseum (86.62%) followed by T. terrestre (81.86%) and C. tropicum (74.06%) when treated with S. hirsuta whereas the minimum inhibition was exhibited by M. gypseum (0.29%), C. tropicum (0.16%) and T. terrestre (1.76%) when tested with the extract of P. edulis, A. vasica and B. diffusa respectively.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2001

[Phytochemicals as means to induce sleep].

Phytopharmacons are widely used in Germany. Whereas St. John's wort extracts are prescribed for the treatment of mild forms of depression and kava-kava for unspecified anxiety syndromes, hop, balm, lavender, passiflora and valerian are traditionally administered against nervousness and sleep disturbances. Controlled clinical trials are only available for valerian. However, no sleep inducing potential of valerian was observed, only a certain positive effect on daytime mood. Therefore, the mentioned phytopharmacons cannot be recommended for the treatment of sleep disturbances.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2001

[Host plants of Aphis gossypii (Aphididae), vector of virus of Cucumis melo melon (Cucurbitaceae) in Costa Rica].

Plant species associated with commercial melon crops and surrounding areas were examined to identity the natural host plants of Aphis gossypii Glover. The study was conducted in two farms located in different melon production areas and plant life zones of Costa Rica. Plant species diversity, percent coverage and distribution over time were recorded during one year. Differences between locations were observed. A total of 86 plant species (49 families) and 72 plant species (40 families) were identified associated to the crop in farms A and B, respectively. In both farms a total of 24 species plants (16 families) were colonized by A. gossypii and 16 (10 families) are new reports of host plant species for this aphid. The new reports are: Justicia comata, Tetramerium nervosum, Alternanthera pubiflora, Cassia massoni, C. reticulata, Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa, Croton argenteus, Caperonia palustris, Chamaesyce gyssopilopia, Phyllantus amarus, Sida decumbens, Ludwigia erecta, Passiflora foetida, Guazuma ulmifolia and Corchorus orinocensis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

New and remarkable microfungi in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany.

During our investigation on microfungi in North Rhine Westphalia in the years 2002 and 2003 we were able to collect and identify some new and rare species of microfungi as parasites and saprophytes on wild and ornamental plants. Some of these like Erysiphe elevata (BURILL.) U. BRAUN & S. TAKAMATSU COMB. NOV. [=Microsphaera elevata BURILL.] on Catalpa bignonioides WALT., Erysiphe syringae-japonicae (U. BRAUN) U. BRAUN & S. TAKAMATSU [= Microsphaera syringae-japonicae U. BRAUN, M. aceris BUNKINA. KOMAROVSKIE CHTENIYA, Erysiphe acerina U. BRAUN & S. TAKAMATSU] on Acer campestre L. and Acer barinerve L., Mycosphaerella iridis (DESM.) SCHROET., Ectostroma iridis FR. and Volutella melaloma BERK. & BR on Iris pseudacorus L., Puccinia doronicella P. SYD. & SYD. on Doronicum columnae TEN., Ascochyta lamiorum SACC. S.L. I=A. phlomidis BUB. & WROB.) on Phlomis tuberosa L., Colletotrichum gloeosporides (PENZ.) SACC. on Passiflora coerulea L., Oidium hortensiae JOERST on Hydrangea macrophylla (THUNB.) SER., Puccinia horiana P. HENN. on Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) BERNH., Lophodermium pinastri (SCHRAD.) CHEV., Leptostroma pinorum SACC., Sclerophoma pythiophila (CDA) HOHN., Lichenoconium boreale (KARST.) PETRAK. & SYD., Anthostomella formosa KIRSCHST. and Sphaeropsis sapinae (FR.) DYKO & SUTTON on Pinus nigra L. are new for Germany. All samples are located in the Herbarium ESS Mycotheca Parva, Collection G.B. Feige/N. Ale-Agha.

Climate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the activity on the mouse CNS of several plant extracts and a combination of them].

Some activities of seven vegetable extracts and an association of them given by oral route were tested on the C.N.S. of the mouse. Among these, Crataegus oxyacantha and, less clearly, Valeriana officinalis show some sedative activity, whereas the extract from Passiflora incarnata gives some anxiolytic effect. Matricaria chamomilla and Piscidia erythrina stand in an intermediate position between the previous ones. Hyoscyamus niger proved to be active in only one of the tests performed, whereas Atropa belladonna did not show any activity on the C.N.S. The association of the seven extracts seemed to act in a synergetic way, the resulting activity being sedative at high dosage and anxiolytic at low dosage.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Oil seeds from the American tropics].

The fatty acid composition of the oil content of seeds from native fruits of the American Tropics was analyzed. The species studied were maracuyá (Passiflora edulis), morro (Crescentia alata), zapote (Calocarpum mammosum) and icaco (Chrysobalanus icaco). The findings for maracuyá are in agreement with the data found in the literature. There is no information pertaining to the fatty acid composition of the seed oil for the other species. Icaco oil showed 4 unusual signals in its GC profile, two of which were identified as geometric isomers of licanic acid. The structure of parinaric acid was assigned to the second pair.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1997

[Nature medicine as intoxicant].

Documentation is often scarce about adverse effects of herbal products used in alternative medicine. Five patients were admitted to hospital with altered consciousness after taking the herbal product Relaxir, a remedy for insomnia and restlessness, produced mainly from the fruit from the passion flower (Passiflora incarnata). Relaxir is thought to have an intoxicating and sedative effect and may also potentiate the effect of other drugs. It is questionable that herbal products liable to cause intoxication are sold without restriction.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Nutrient content in vegetable species from the Argentine Chaco].

The nutrient composition was investigated in wild vegetable products grown in the Argentine Chaco. The evaluated species were: Rumex sp., Amaranthus quitensis and Taraxacum officinale, as vegetable leaves; Morrenia odorata, Passiflora sp. (in two ripening stages) and Eugenia myrciantes as fruits; and the pollen of the flowers of Typha domingensis. Sampling was performed during three harvesting seasons. Values for protein, total lipid, crude fiber, ash, reducing and total sugar, starch, total pectin and computed energy value are given. Mineral values are reported for: calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus. Vitamin values are given for ascorbic acid and beta-carotene. Comparison of two means test was employed to test the significant differences among the means. In the wild leaves, higher concentrations of the macronutrients were found thean in commercially exploited cultivars such as swiss chard, spinach and chicory. Also higher energy value: 33-60 Kcal against 14-30 Kcal/100 g. Unusually high levels of calcium, iron and magnesium were found for Amaranthus quitensis (274.3, 6.4 and 136.2 mg/100 g, respectively) and 48.9 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid were found in Rumex sp. As a rule, all these wild fruits exhibited higher amounts of macronutrients and energy value than cultivated species such as apples (Mallus sp). The most interesting results were for T. domingensis pollen regarding its macro and micronutrient composition with an energetic value of 287.7 Kcal/100 g.

Argentina↗
PubMed2001

Differentially expressed proteins in the interaction of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri with leaf extract of the host plant.

The present study reports the expression of proteins of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in response to different growth conditions. The bacterium was cultured in the basal medium MM1 and in the presence of leaf extracts from a susceptible host plant (sweet orange) as well as a resistant (ponkan) and a nonhost plant (passion fruit). The protein profiles were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Twelve differential spots (induced, up- and down-regulated and repressed) were observed in the protein profiles of the bacterium cultivated in citrus extract (susceptible host) when compared to that of MM1. The 2-DE profile of the bacterium cultured in the complex medium nutrient yeast glycerol was also obtained and the comparison with that of MM1 revealed 36 differential spots. Five proteins from the different treatments were successfully N-terminally sequenced and the putative functions were assigned by homology searches in databases. Two constitutively expressed proteins, B4 and B5, were identified as pseudouridine synthase and elongation factor P, respectively. The large subunit of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and a sulfate binding protein were found as specifically up-regulated in the presence of citrus extracts. Finally, the heat shock protein G was found exclusively in the complex medium and repressed in all other media.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2002

Self-incompatibility in passionfruit: evidence of gametophytic-sporophytic control.

Self-incompatibility in passionfruit was studied in families originated from crosses among plants that presented differences in reciprocal crosses. The three families, obtained by crossing S(3) plants, exhibited one incompatible group; no reciprocal differences were observed. The phenotype of the families was the same as the parent plants, S(3). These results suggest the presence of a gene ( G), gametophytic in its action, associated to the sporophytic gene S, modifying the incompatibility reaction in passionfruit. The reciprocal difference exhibited in the crosses among the parents could be explained as a matching between plants homozygous for S, but homozygous and heterozygous for G. Actually this would be a partially compatible cross, not detectable when the evaluation is done based on fruit set data. As the family originated from this kind of cross is homozygous for S and heterozygous for G, no reciprocal differences are expected, and the phenotype should be the same as the parental plants, as observed in the present work.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2005

Herbal remedies for anxiety - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.

Anxiety is a prominent indication for herbal medicine. This systematic review was therefore aimed at summarising the evidence for or against the anxiolytic efficacy of such treatments. Six databases were searched for all randomised clinical trials testing herbal monopreparations in the alleviation of anxiety. Seven such studies and one systematic review were located. Eight different herbals were studied. The herbal medicines, which, according to these data are associated with anxiolytic activity in humans, are Piper methysticum and Bacopa monniera. Only for kava were independent replications available. It was concluded that there is a lack of rigorous studies in this area and that only kava has been shown beyond reasonable doubt to have anxiolytic effects in humans.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗