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PubMed1992

Communication key for family planning.

4 reports published by Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) include information from husbands of the wives interviewed in the main part of the survey. All are from Africa--Burundi (1987), Ghana (1988), Kenya (1988) and Mali (1987). These surveys of husbands indicate the importance of programs that work to improve communication between spouses about family planning. In particular, they show a positive association between contraceptive prevalence and husband and wife communication about family planning. Husbands and wives were asked how often they discussed family planning in the past year. In Kenya, with a 27% contraceptive prevalence rate--the highest among the 4 countries--about 2/3 of the couples had discussed family planning during the past year. In Ghana, with a rate of 13%, and in Burundi, at 9%, about 1.2 of the couples had discussed family planning during the year. Mali had the lowest contraception prevalence rate of 5% and the least communication among the couples, with only 1.4 discussing family planning during the year. The importance of communication also emerges in data on methods used. In all 4 surveys, the wives reported lower use of male methods than did their husbands. Estimates of use of female methods were more consistent between husbands and wives. Questions were not exactly the same in all 4 surveys, so summaries for each country vary slightly. In Burundi, about 2 of 5 husbands said they used periodic abstinence, compared to about 1 of 5 wives. Husbands said 0.7% used condoms, with 0.3% of the wives giving that response. Husbands an wives agreed that there was no use of male sterilization. The use of vasectomy in Africa is considerably lower than for other regions of the world (see chart below). Ghana showed a similar pattern. Husbands said 2.1% of couples used condoms, compared to 0.3% according to the wives. Husbands also indicated more widespread use of periodic abstinence than did the wives. In contrast, except for pill use, husbands and wives gave similar responses for use of female methods. In Kenya, 1 of every 2 husbands said they were using family planning, compared to about 1 of every 4 wives. The largest discrepancy was in the data for use of periodic abstinence, where 3 times more husbands than wives said they were using this method--26% compared to 8%. Only in Mali, where total contraceptive use is only 5%, were responses from husbands and wives consistent. Even here, husbands gave higher rates of condom use (0.5%) than did wives (none). When it comes to choosing a method of family planning, women apparently think first of female methods. In general, women assume that their husbands will not be interested in using contraception themselves. Women may, however, underestimate their husbands interest or participation in family planning. Or men could be overstating the use of male methods. These DHS husband surveys suggest that programs aimed at both men and women should encourage more and better communication between spouses about family planning. More data related to communication on family planning will soon become available. Other DHS husbands surveys in various stages of completion are from Pakistan, Cameroon, Tanzania, and Egypt.

Africa↗
PubMed1989

Decision [1988].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Asia↗
PubMed2005

A study of the impact of a simple stimulus on a receiver's imagination in mediated communication.

Mediated communication involves a form of intimate partnership where, as in the case of face-to-face intimate relationships, parties have a strong desire to exchange emotion and ensure a connection by way of receiving and responding to personal messages. So, in mediated communication, although partners have an effective means of conveying a connection, they still are in need of an equally effective means of conveying emotional state; they need a so-called "emotion-related channel." A desire to develop an efficient means of conveying emotion in mediated communication has driven this study. A study was carried out to determine the effects of a simple stimulus on one's imagination when subjects considered the simple stimulus to be a message from an intimate partner. Twenty-one subjects were first subjected to a simple pattern stimulus. They then experienced the same stimulus as a message received from an intimate partner in mediated communication. They subsequently answered questionnaires on their impressions of the stimulus, the emotional states of their imagined partners, and their own emotional states. A statistical analysis was then carried out. From a close examination of the findings, some interesting points were discovered. One important finding is that from the simple stimulus, subjects were able to imagine not only an intimate partner but also the emotional state of that partner. This and other findings lend support to the notion that a simple stimulus could serve as an emotion-related channel, in mediated communication.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Communication during marital conflict: when couples alter their appraisal, they change their behavior.

In a sample of 77 recently married couples, within-person variance in cognitive appraisal was expected to predict corresponding within-person variance in communication behavior during conflict. Three types of appraisal were considered: expectancies of partner understanding, expectancies of partner negative communication, and attributions. Couples were observed in 4 different conflict conversations, completed during 2 assessment sessions, and appraisals were assessed prior to each conversation. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze within-person effects. Changes from one conversation to the next in all 3 types of appraisal predicted corresponding within-person change in communication, and many effects were larger for wives than for husbands. Results were strongest for expectancies of partner understanding. Expectancies predicted change in one's own behavior after controlling for the accuracy of the expectancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Teaching partner-focused questions to individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication to enhance their communicative competence.

A single-subject, multiple-probe experimental design was used to investigate the effect of instruction on the acquisition, generalization, and long-term maintenance of partner-focused questions (i.e., questions about communication partners and their experiences) by individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Six participants who had severe speech impairments and used AAC participated in the study; they ranged in age from 10 to 44 years, had a variety of disabilities, and used a range of AAC systems. Instruction used a least-to-most prompting hierarchy in real-world interactions and during simulations. All of the participants successfully learned to ask partner-focused questions spontaneously in social interactions; they required an average of approximately 6 hours of instruction (range: 3-11 hours). The participants generalized the use of partner-focused questions to new situations in the natural environment and maintained use of partner-focused questions at least 2 months postinstruction; one participant required some "booster" instructional sessions 4 weeks postinstruction to maintain her long-term use of partner-focused questions. The participants all reported high levels of satisfaction with the outcomes of the instructional program, as did their facilitators. Members of the general public, blind to the goals of the study, judged the majority of the participants to be more competent communicators after instruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The effect of husband counseling on NORPLANT contraceptive acceptability in Bangladesh.

A pilot study of the effect of husband counseling on NORPLANT contraceptive acceptability was conducted at four family planning clinics in Bangladesh. The study objectives were to compare discontinuation rates and user satisfaction among acceptors whose husbands received counseling about the method versus those who did not. Of a total 617 subjects enrolled in the study which began in 1988, about two-thirds (408) of the husbands were counseled at admission or at the one-month follow-up visit while the remainder of the husbands (209) were not counseled. Follow-up visits were scheduled at one and six months after NORPLANT implants insertion, and every six months thereafter until the close of the study in 1991. Some evidence was found that counseling husbands of NORPLANT implants acceptors may reduce discontinuation rates. At the end of 36 months, a difference of 10 percentage points in total discontinuation rates was observed between the husband-counseled group (32 per 100 women) and the husband-not-counseled group (42 per 100 women). The husband counseling had the most impact at clinics with higher discontinuation rates. Based on Cox's proportional hazards regression model results, the hazard for discontinuation among the acceptors in the husband-not-counseled group. Satisfaction with NORPLANT implants did not differ between the two groups. Although these results are not striking, they do suggest a potential positive effect of husband counseling on NORPLANT contraceptive accept-ability. In future studies, the counseling of husbands should be more intensive and standardized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effects of female sterilization: one year follow-up in a prospective controlled study of psychological and psychiatric outcome.

A prospective controlled study of the psychological effects of elective interval and postpartum tubal sterilization was carried out on a selected sample of women. Subjects were interviewed pre-operatively (n = 138) and one year post-operatively (n = 116; 83%), using standardized instruments and procedures, including the Present State Examination. No differences within or between sterilization and control groups were found over the follow-up year in the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, which was no higher than would be expected in a general population sample. Beneficial effects of sterilization were reported on a number of psychosexual variables. Adverse effects such as regret or deterioration in marital relationship were rare, but were more likely to occur in postpartum subjects, among whom abdominal pain was also reported more commonly at one year follow-up than pre-operatively. The relevance of "normal" postnatal events and of the role of pre-operative counselling are considered in relation to these findings. Less favourable outcome at one year follow-up was commonly associated with higher PSE scores pre-operatively.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

Risk of HIV transmission in sexual behaviors of college students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual behaviors of college students and assess the extent to which they were engaging in behaviors that have a risk for contracting AIDS. A total of 132 single sexually active students and 58 married students responded to a survey on their sexual behaviors and attitudes. Risk behaviors such as engaging in unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, practicing anal sex, alcohol use, and infidelity and deceptive communication with partner were examined. Compared with earlier surveys on the same population, there was an increase in concern about contracting AIDS and a significant increase in the percentage of students who took the AIDS antibody test. Although none indicated they would lie to partners about a seropositive AIDS test, a few would not tell their partner unless specifically asked. A small percentage of subjects would have extradyadic relations without informing their steady partners and a small number of respondents indicated they might continue to engage in sexual relations with a seropositive partner or a new partner who recently had a seronegative AIDS test. The risks most predominant in this sample were the practice of unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, and the consumption of alcohol in conjunction with sexual activity. With the exception of unprotected intercourse, the majority of respondents were engaging in behaviors that pose a minimal risk for contracting AIDS.

Adolescent↗