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PubMed2002

The behavior of anxious parents: examining mechanisms of transmission of anxiety from parent to child.

Examined the behavior of anxious parents in interactions with their children (ages 6 to 12 years) to test hypotheses about possible psychosocial mechanisms of transmission of anxiety from parent to child. Fifty-one parent-child dyads completed the study. Parents and children were assessed with structured interviews and participated in 2 tasks that were videotaped and coded. Twenty-five dyads had an anxious parent. Primary diagnoses of the anxious group were mostly panic disorder (PD), with or without agoraphobia (AG), social phobia (SP), and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxious participants were excluded if they presented a secondary diagnosis other than another anxiety disorder. Control parents had no present or past diagnosis. Observational data revealed that anxious parents were significantly less productively engaged and more withdrawn and disengaged during the interactions but did not differ from nonanxious parents in terms of overall levels of control. Sequential analyses indicated that there was a trend for both parent group and child sex to effect efforts to control the interaction in response to child expression of negative affect. Implications of these results for a mediational role of parental behavior in the development and maintenance of child anxiety are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Important aspects of care and assistance for parents of children, 0-18 years of age, on or off treatment for cancer. Parent and nurse perceptions.

Important aspects of care and assistance for parents of children (0-18 years) diagnosed with cancer were investigated. Parents (N=114) and nurses (N=121) were asked the following questions: 'What caring aspects are important for you/the parent to feel cared for?' and 'What help, if any, do you/the parent need outside the hospital?' Nurses were asked to answer for a certain parent. Data were analyzed by content analysis. The following aspects of care were identified: accessible care, clinical competence, continuity, emotional support, information, participation in care, participation in decision making, physical ambience, shift in parenting roles, social competence, temporary assistance, own child is well cared for, and time. Most parents mentioned the importance of social competence and information, most nurses mentioned the importance of information and emotional support. The following aspects of assistance were identified: accessible care, emotional support, financial support, instrumental support, and support to live a normal family/social life. A third of the parents and a fourth of the nurses were of the opinion that the parent did not need any assistance. Most parents who mentioned a need of assistance mentioned a need for emotional and instrumental support. Most nurses mentioned a parental need for emotional support and accessible care.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Parental effects in Plantago lanceolata L. III. Measuring parental temperature effects in the field.

To determine the evolutionary importance of parental environmental effects in natural populations, we must begin to measure the magnitude of these effects in the field. For this reason, we conducted a combined growth chamber-field experiment to measure parental temperature effects in Plantago lanceolata. We grew in the field offspring of controlled crosses of chamber-grown parents subjected to six temperature treatments. Each treatment was characterized by a unique combination of maternal prezygotic (prior to fertilization), paternal prezygotic, and postzygotic (during fertilization and seed set) temperatures. Offspring were followed for three years to measure the effects of treatment on several life-history traits and population growth rate, our estimate of fitness. Parental treatment influenced germination, growth, and reproduction of newborns, but not survival or reproduction of offspring at least one year old. High postzygotic temperature significantly increased germination and leaf area at 17 weeks by approximately 35% and 2%, respectively. Probability of flowering and spike production in the newborn age class showed significant parental genotype x parental treatment interactions. High postzygotic temperature increased offspring fitness by approximately 50%. The strongest contributors to fitness were germination and probability of flowering and spike production of newborns. A comparison of our data with previously collected data for chambergrown offspring shows that the influence of parental environment on offspring phenotype is weaker but still biologically meaningful in the field. The results provide evidence that parental environment influences offspring fitness in natural populations of P. lanceolata and does so by affecting the life-history traits most strongly contributing to fitness. The data suggest that from the perspective of offspring fitness, natural selection favors parents that flower later in the flowering season in the North Carolina Piedmont when it is warmer. Genotypic-specific differences in response of offspring reproductive traits to parental environment suggest that parental environmental effects can influence the rate of evolutionary change in P. lanceolata.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1983

Parent-child interaction training for parents with a history of mental retardation.

The purpose of the present report was to describe parent-child interaction among families with a history of parental retardation and to explore the possibility of modifying the interaction through parent training. Subjects were six parents who attended eight small group sessions designed to teach relationship building skills. Parents learned to describe, praise, and reflect and to interact nondirectively by refraining from commands during play sessions with their child. Parents decreased directiveness (p less than .01) and increased positive verbal behavior (p less than .01) between pretraining and posttraining, but at one-month follow-up only the decrease in directiveness was maintained (p less than .01). Mentally retarded parents at follow-up were similar to a normative comparison group in number of praises used, but continued to lag behind in descriptive statements. Results suggested that parents with a history of mental retardation can acquire subtle attentional skills, but that they continue to use only the nondirective skills when training is discontinued. It was concluded that additional efforts to understand family interaction patterns and to provide parent training for parents with a history of mental retardation are worthwhile.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The impact of parental presence on parental anxiety and satisfaction.

Researchers used an experimental research design to vary the amount of parental presence during their children's anesthesia induction and recovery and measured the effect of parental presence on parental anxiety and satisfaction with care. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess parental anxiety. The researchers measured parents' blood pressures and pulse rates as a second measure of anxiety. They found no significant differences in parental anxiety between study groups (i.e., the parents attending during their children's anesthesia induction and recovery, the parents not attending) but observed significant differences between mothers and fathers. Overall satisfaction scores were high, with little variability and no significant differences between study groups. Parents and physicians and nursing staff members supported the practice of parental presence during children's anesthesia induction and immediate postoperative recovery period.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: family conflict and parental depression as mediators and moderators of risk.

We examined marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal and paternal depression symptoms as mediators and moderators in the associations between fathers' and mothers' problem drinking and children's adjustment. A community sample of 6-12-year-old boys and girls and their mothers, fathers, and teachers participated. Marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal depression symptomatology each functioned as a mediator of the association between father's problem drinking and children's externalizing and internalizing problems, and maternal depression symptoms accounted partially for the link between father's problem drinking and children's social problems. For mother's problem drinking, marital conflict, parent-child conflict, and maternal depression symptoms each mediated the association with children's externalizing problems. Further, parent-child conflict explained partially the link between mother's problem drinking and internalizing problems, and marital conflict accounted for the association between mother's problem drinking and social problems. When the mediators were simultaneously examined, parent-child conflict was the most robust mediator of the association between parental problem drinking and externalizing problems, and maternal depression symptomatology was the most consistent mediator of the relation between parental problem drinking and internalizing problems. Further, parent-child conflict and paternal and maternal depression symptoms each interacted with parental problem drinking to moderate some domains of children's adjustment. The significant moderation effects indicate that parent-child conflict is a robust vulnerability factor for internalizing problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

The importance of first-time parent groups for new parents.

First-time parent groups are offered to all new parents in Victoria, Australia through the Maternal and Child Health Service, which is funded by state and local governments. Parents who join a group attend a series of eight sessions that emphasize parenting skills, relationship development and social support in order to increase confidence and skills in parenting. The present paper highlights the importance of first-time parent groups, claiming that these groups serve an important social support and health function amid a climate of early discharge policies and changing family structures. Although there are a number of challenges to the successful running of groups, it is argued that first-time parents benefit from participating in these groups in a number of ways: by developing social networks, gaining self confidence, and through access to relevant information on child health and parenting. Research indicates that first-time parent groups provide lasting benefits not only for families, but also for society as a whole. Maternal and child health nurses play a key role in facilitating groups for first-time parents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Do black family headship structures make a difference in teenage pregnancy? A comparison of one-parent and two-parent families.

"The black communities of the United States have a disproportionate number of single-parent families: In point of fact, over one half of all black families with children are single-parent families; the great majority of these single-parent families are headed by females. The fastest growing segment of single parent families is young never-married females who...have incomes below the poverty line. Using a causal model analysis, this particular study undertook to compare subsamples of continuous two-parent and one-parent families to find out what intra-familial dynamics 'cause' early versus late teenage pregnancy. The results suggest that positive child-parent affect is generally associated with delayed teenage pregnancy, and negative child-parent affect is generally associated with early teenage pregnancy. Moreover, the father's influence is significant in both two-parent and one-parent families."

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood illness-related parenting stress: the pediatric inventory for parents.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a measure of parenting stress related to caring for a child with an illness and to evaluate its psychometric properties with a group of parents of children with cancer. METHODS: One hundred twenty-six parents (105 mothers, 21 fathers) of children (65 boys and 61 girls, M: age: 12.75 years) being followed by an oncology service were assessed using the 42-item self-report Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP). Internal consistency was assessed and construct validity was investigated with standardized, general self-report measures of anxiety and parenting stress. RESULTS: Internal consistency reliability for the PIP was high (Cronbach alpha range:80-.96). PIP scores were significantly correlated with a measure of state anxiety and also with parenting stress, demonstrating construct validity. After we controlled for demographic variables and general parenting stress, PIP scores showed strong independent associations with state anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data indicate that the PIP is a reliable and valid tool to assess parenting stress in pediatric oncology populations. As a measure of illness-related parenting stress, the PIP may be used to provide information about parent well-being that extends beyond that obtained from general measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Brief report: Predictors of parenting stress among parents of children with biochemical genetic disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To examine predictors of parenting stress in parents whose children were diagnosed with a biochemical genetic disorder clinically or through newborn screening. METHODS: Parents of 263 children with biochemical genetic disorders (139 identified by newborn screening, 124 identified clinically) completed interviews focused on child health, medical service use, satisfaction with services, parenting stress, and family functioning. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses suggested that child adaptive functioning, parental satisfaction with support, and difficulties parents experienced meeting their child's health care needs were associated with scores on the Parenting Stress Index (R2 =.51). CONCLUSIONS: Initiatives to improve child adaptive functioning and parental support as well as practical assistance to help parents meet their child's health needs may reduce parental stress and family disruption in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Restructuring parental attitudes--working with parents of the adult mentally ill.

The Thresholds parents group gives the parents of clients an opportunity that has rarely been presented to them. They are able to discuss openly, with their peers, many issues that have not been expressed previously except in the greatest privacy. Often their children's mental illness has been a well-kept secret or has been handled in a guilty and shamefaced way. They do not find it easy, as a rule, to discuss mental illness in the same way they might discuss diabetes or congenital heart disease. It is an enormous relief to be open about their problems with others who are in similar circumstances. The main issues addressed in the group are a redefinition of good parenting to include mutual disengagement, emancipation, and separation; reduction of parental guilt, with its consequent implications of parents getting more out of their own lives, and a reduction of manipulation; and the handling of management issues such as money, medication, visiting, parental expectations, holidays, siblings, and parents' united front. Parents of the emotionally ill are a much maligned group. Too often they are regarded by the mental health community as enemies and not allies. Too often the suffering that they have endured is ignored. Too often parents' strengths are overlooked by mental health professionals treating their offspring. And, finally, too often basic change in the parents is demanded as a prerequisite for meaningful change in the member.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parental mental health and children's adjustment: the quality of marital interaction and parenting as mediating factors.

BACKGROUND: Research has put emphasis on the process of transmission of mental-health problems from parents to children. This study examines the specificity of the interpersonal relationships mediating these symptoms. METHOD: Information about parent and child mental health, marital interaction, and parenting was received from 527 mothers and fathers. Information about child mental health was also received from their 12-year-old children (260 girls and 267 boys). RESULTS: The results confirm that parental mental-health problems can compromise a mother's and father's parenting abilities and represent a threat to their children's adjustment. The results suggest that the different types of parental mental-health problems initiate specific paths between parental and child mental-health problems. The results also reveal examples of how the mediation may depend on both the parents' and the children's gender. CONCLUSIONS: The results further suggest that opposite-sex parenting is important to children's adjustment during the years of early adolescence. KEYWORDS: Child development, epidemiology, gender, marital relationships, mental health, parenting.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Comparing motor development of deaf children of deaf parents and deaf children of hearing parents.

Deaf children of Deaf parents perform better academically (Ritter-Brinton & Stewart, 1992), linguistically (Courtin, 2000; M. Harris, 2001; Vaccari & Marschark, 1997), and socially (Hadadian & Rose, 1991; M. Harris, 2001) than Deaf children of hearing parents. Twenty-nine Deaf children in residential schools were assessed to determine if a significant difference also exists in motor development between Deaf children with Deaf parents and Deaf children with hearing parents. In the locomotor area, 78.6% of Deaf children of Deaf parents and 73.3% of Deaf children of hearing parents reached or surpassed average performance levels. In regard to object control, 92.9% of Deaf children of Deaf parents and 93.3% of Deaf children of hearing parents reached or surpassed average performance levels. The study results show no significant difference between the motor development of Deaf children of Deaf parents and Deaf children of hearing parents.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Parent-teen disagreement of parent-imposed restrictions on teen driving after one month of licensure: is discordance related to risky teen driving?

The purpose of the investigation was to determine if parent-teen discordance for parent-imposed restrictions on driving conditions, driving rules, and the consequences for driving rule violations were related to risky teen driving. A total of 579 parents and their newly licensed teens were interviewed by telephone, 1 month after teens obtained provisional licenses. In multiple regression analyses, the degree of disagreement with parent restrictions on driving conditions and parent-imposed consequences for driving rule violations were negatively associated with a composite measure of teen risky driving. Female parents were negatively associated and male teens were positively associated with risky driving, but discordance with restricted driving conditions was the most important predictor. Discordance may reflect poor parent-teen relations or inadequate communication about parental expectations. The findings suggest that increasing parent-teen concordance on parent-imposed driving restrictions may help reduce risky teen driving.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Parental history of hypertension and parental history of diabetes and microvascular complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.

Diabetic nephropathy clusters in families, suggesting an inherited predisposition. Parental history of hypertension and of Type 2 diabetes mellitus have been associated with nephropathy in offspring with Type 1 diabetes in some studies but not in others. The associations of parental history of hypertension and of diabetes with both albuminuria and proliferative retinopathy were studied in a large cross-sectional study of 3250 patients with Type 1 diabetes, from 16 European countries. Albuminuria was associated with hypertension in a parent (p < 0.01 in men, p < 0.05 in women), adjusted for age. Patients with a parental history of hypertension had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.001 in men, p < 0.01 in women) and a higher prevalence of parental diabetes (p < 0.001 in men, p < 0.001 in women). The association of albuminuria with parental hypertension was independent of parental diabetes in men but not women (OR = 1.28 in men p = 0.04, OR = 1.25 in women p = 0.09) and was not independent of hypertension in the patient him/herself in either sex. Albuminuria was associated with parental diabetes in women only (OR = 1.36, p = 0.04). This association was independent of both parental hypertension and hypertension in the patient herself. Proliferative retinopathy was not associated with parental hypertension or diabetes. The implications of these data are that both candidate genes for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes should be considered in the search for the genetic determinants of diabetic nephropathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Adjustment of children and adolescents to parental cancer. Parents' and children's perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Little empirical evidence exists to address the impact of a diagnosis of cancer of a father or mother on his or her children. Previous studies have found inconsistencies in the levels of distress reported for children of a parent with cancer, which may be a function of who (parent or child) was reporting on the child's symptoms and when the reports were taken (near diagnosis or months or years later). METHODS: This study examined parents' and children's reports of emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents from 76 patient families in which a mother or father was recently diagnosed with cancer. RESULTS: Parents' reports indicated little or no evidence of emotional distress or disruptive behavior in their children regardless of the child's age or sex, or whether the mother or father was ill. Children's reports differed significantly from those of their parents, with adolescent girls reporting the highest levels of symptoms of anxiety/depression and aggressive behavior. Children's reports of their emotional distress declined from an initial assessment 10 weeks after their parents' diagnosis to a follow-up 4 months later, whereas parents' reports of their children's distress did not change with time. CONCLUSIONS: Children's symptoms of psychologic distress varied considerably according to their age, sex, whether their mother or father had cancer, and whether they themselves or their parents were reporting the symptoms. Adolescent girls whose mothers had cancer reported the highest levels of distress. When children did report elevated levels of psychologic symptoms, their parents did not appear to be aware of their distress and rated their children as asymptomatic. These findings suggest that health professionals may need to assist parents in recognizing and coping with their children's distress when it is present.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Parental cancer: characteristics of parents as predictors for child functioning.

BACKGROUND: The vulnerability of children when a parent is diagnosed with cancer may depend on a variety of variables. The current study examined the impact of characteristics of 180 parents diagnosed with cancer, along with 145 spouses, on the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in children. METHODS: Ill parents provided information on sociodemographics and illness-related variables and on the prevalence of problems in children by using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Both parents completed the two subscales that measure physical functioning and mental health of the RAND-36. RESULTS: The family situation (single parents, no or few siblings, oldest child) was one of the most important predictors of reported problems in primary school children, whereas adolescents were reported as having more problems when parents experienced treatment complications. A decrease in ill parents' physical functioning affected primary school daughters and adolescents, and both age groups were affected by the mental health of ill parents. Problems of ill fathers did not have a different impact on children from those of ill mothers. Spouses' physical limitations were indicative for problems in primary school children, whereas a worsening parental mental health was indicative for problems in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Findings illustrated that parents' characteristics must be taken into account when assessing vulnerability of children in this situation. Which variables particularly heighten the risk for problems depend on children's ages.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Parent-teen disagreement of parent-imposed restrictions on teen driving after one month of licensure: is discordance related to risky teen driving?

The purpose of the investigation was to determine if parent-teen discordance for parent-imposed restrictions on driving conditions, driving rules, and the consequences for driving rule violations were related to risky teen driving. A total of 579 parents and their newly licensed teens were interviewed by telephone, 1 month after teens obtained provisional licenses. In multiple regression analyses, the degree of disagreement with parent restrictions on driving conditions and parent-imposed consequences for driving rule violations were negatively associated with a composite measure of teen risky driving. Female parents were negatively associated and male teens were positively associated with risky driving, but discordance with restricted driving conditions was the most important predictor. Discordance may reflect poor parent-teen relations or inadequate communication about parental expectations. The findings suggest that increasing parent-teen concordance on parent-imposed driving restrictions may help reduce risky teen driving.

Adolescent↗