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Results for “Paranoid Behavior”

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PubMed1977

A male MZ twin pair, concordant for transsexualism, discordant for schizophrenia.

A pair of male monozygous twins of gynandromorphic habitus but normal male body hair and genitalia, who appear concordant for transsexualism and explosive personality disorder but discordant for schizophrenia, is presented. No evidence of specific family dynamic factors, imitative learning or folie a deux was found in the twins' history. A constitutional aetiology of their transsexualism and one twin's schizophrenia is suggested. The relationship between transsexualism and schizophrenia is briefly reviewed. No evidence can be found that the modal transsexual is suffering from a schizophrenic disorder, florid or attenuated. A more subtle relationship is possible of transsexualism occurring as a schizophrenic spectrum disorder. This twin pair appears to illustrate such a relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Persecutory delusions and recall of threatening propositions.

Subjects suffering from persecutory delusions, psychiatric controls and normal subjects were required to recall immediately six passages of prose, half of which contained mildly threatening propositions. Deluded subjects recalled fewer propositions overall but more propositions of specifically threatening content. These findings suggest that the role of recall bias in persecutory delusions merits further study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Schizophrenics show a failure in the decoding of violations of conversational implicatures.

OBJECTIVES: Recent approaches to the 'theory of mind' and pragmatics support that, if we did not have any idea about what other people know, we could hardly use language effectively. Successful communication (the pragmatic aspect of language) depends on inferring the beliefs and intentions of the partner in the conversation. Such successful communication is linguistically realized in part by cohesion and in part by abiding by the maxims derived from the cooperative principle. However, the violations of the Gricean implicatures are generally used in everyday language, mainly to point at a hidden, most commonly negative opinion on others. We hypothesize that schizophrenics have difficulties in the decoding of these violations, as the core deficit in this disorder is around social cognition, theory of mind and pragmatic language use. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We have examined 26 paranoid schizophrenic patients and 26 normal control subjects by using 4 'question and answer' vignettes, where the Gricean maxim of relevance was violated to express a hidden, negative opinion by one partner during the communicative act. The subjects were asked to judge these opinions and were evaluated by the investigators on a score from 0 to 2 points. In a pilot study, interrater reliability was judged to be satisfactory. The data were analysed statistically by parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Statistical analyses of our data have shown that schizophrenics made significantly more mistakes during the decoding of the violated maxim as compared with controls (p < 0.0001), reflecting on the difficulties during the correct exploration of the social context, i.e. recognition of the speaker's hidden opinion. CONCLUSION: We conclude that patients with schizophrenia fail to decode intentional violations of conversational implicatures. These results point at a dysfunctional pragmatic language use among schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sildenafil in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, two-way crossover trial.

OBJECTIVE: Antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction is a significant clinical problem and is a common reason for poor medication compliance. This report studied the efficacy and tolerability of sildenafil citrate in patients with antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction. METHOD: The study design was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, two-way crossover trial carried out at a tertiary referral center. Thirty-two married male outpatients with schizophrenia or delusional disorder and antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction were recruited for the trial. Sexual function was assessed from patient logs of sexual activity. RESULTS: Thirty-two subjects and their spouses, who agreed to take part in the study, were included in the crossover trial. Thirty-one (96.9%) completed the trial. There was no significant period effect or treatment-period interaction. Patients reported significant improvement while taking sildenafil in the number of adequate erections, satisfaction with sexual intercourse, and the duration of erections over 2 weeks. The odds ratios for adequate erections and for satisfactory sexual intercourse with sildenafil were 4.07 and 3.77, respectively. The effect of sildenafil remained significant even after adjustment for period and week effects and treatment-period interaction with Poisson regression analysis. There were no major side effects or adverse drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil citrate is safe and effective in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction. It is also well tolerated.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1987

Capgras syndrome, de Clérambault's syndrome, and folie à deux.

A woman with Capgras and de Clérambault's syndromes transmitted persecutory, erotic, and somatic delusions to her son in a folie à deux. Capgras and de Clérambault's syndromes appear together more commonly than is apparent in the literature. Review of these cases shows a strong association with severe affective disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Differential rates of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down's syndrome compared with other mentally handicapped adults.

The total number of adults with Down's syndrome living in Leicestershire, ascertained by widespread enquiry, was found to be 378. Of these, 371 were matched with adults with mental handicap due to other pathologies, on the basis of age, sex, and type of residence. Those with Down's syndrome were found to have a different spectrum of mental disorders from those without the syndrome. In particular, Down's syndrome patients were more likely to have been diagnosed as having depression and dementia; the controls were more likely to have been diagnosed as suffering from conduct disorder, personality disorder, or schizophrenia/paranoid state. The same proportion of each group had been given a diagnosis of autism.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Interpretation of congruent and incongruent affective communications in paranoid schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVES: It was hypothesized that people with paranoid schizophrenia would differ from depressed and normal participants in their interpretation of complex communications in which the affect conveyed verbally was either congruent or incongruent with the affect conveyed non-verbally. DESIGN: A 3 (group) x 3 (positive, negative, neutral facial expression) x 3 (positive, negative, neutral verbal content) experimental design was used. There were eight participants per group, and the paranoid and depressed groups comprised inpatients in an acute psychiatric facility for either their first or second psychiatric episode. METHODS: Participants, tested individually, were asked to interpret the affect conveyed by the various communications presented. RESULTS: All participants interpreted most of the communications in a similar way. Paranoid schizophrenia patients, however, differed in their interpretation of communications in which negative feelings were expressed verbally. In contrast to both the normal and depressed groups, the paranoid schizophrenia group interpreted these communications as virtually devoid of any affect whatsoever. CONCLUSIONS: Paranoid schizophrenia patients show an information-processing bias in response to communications involving both congruent and incongruent negative verbal content. It is not obvious why the bias observed would be specific to negative verbal messages and not extend to negative non-verbal messages. Replication and further study are required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Enactment in schizophrenia: capacity for dialogue and the experience of the inability to commit to action.

While research has steadily begun to explore thoughts and beliefs linked with helplessness and despair in schizophrenia, it is less clearly understood how to account phenomenologically for the related experience of being unable to commit to action in the midst of grave discomfort. To explore this issue, the current paper presents an analysis of the experience of volitional paralysis of two persons over the course of long-term integrative psychotherapy. In particular, we explore the experience of the inability to commit to action and the consequences of the gradual recovery of a sense that one is capable of action. Results suggest that in both cases inaction was tethered to a sense of self as insufficiently centered to survive action. In particular, we suggest both men appeared initially unable to commit to action because such a commitment threatened them with forces both felt would undo the tenuous conversations that comprised their identities. Finally, as a sense of self as capable of action emerged, both men began to experience themselves as relatively more complex human beings and to sustain more complex conversation within themselves and between themselves and others. Implications for psychotherapy and rehabilitation are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Does family therapy need psychiatrists? Do psychiatrists need family therapy?

BACKGROUND: While many sufferers from mental health problems require a therapeutic approach that can see the patient in his systemic context without losing sight of pathology that is located in the individual, few in fact receive such treatment. DATA: The therapy of an individual and of his family is presented by way of illustration of the above point. CONCLUSION: Clinical experience suggests that trainees in psychiatry (and other mental health professions) should be expected to reach a level of proficiency in family therapy at least equal to that expected of them in the various individual approaches; benefits would accrue to themselves, to the profession, to family therapy and, most importantly, to their patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Psychopathological mechanisms of socially dangerous acts and the problem of responsibility].

The authors discuss the problems of forensic-psychiatric expert examination related to the responsibility of persons suffering from different mental disorders. In addition to the assessment of the clinical picture of a mental disease, it is necessary to take into consideration (as fully as possible) the genesis and character of the committed socially dangerous action (SDA). For this purpose it is recommended that the concept of the psychopathological mechanisms of SDA worded by the authors and their classification be made use of. The establishment in a mental patient of one of the distinguished mechanisms of SDA allows the differentiation of the intellectual and volitional signs of the judicial (psychological) criterion and scientific basing of the conclusion as to the patient's irresponsibility.

Crime↗