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PubMedDate not supplied

The protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid in alloxan-induced diabetes.

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on the morphological and functional alterations in pancreatic islet beta-cells in rats with diabetes induced by alloxan (150 mg kg(-1), i.p.). UDCA (40 mg kg(-1), i.g.) was administered daily from the fifth to the 35th day after the alloxan treatment. The treatment of diabetic rats with UDCA improved the pancreatic morphology disturbed by the alloxan treatment: UDCA increased the number of pancreatic islets and beta-cells, the beta-/alpha-cell ratio and decreased the number of alpha-cells. As the morphometric data suggest, the treatment of diabetic animals with UDCA significantly increased the area of beta-cell cytoplasmatic granules stained by paraldehyde-fuchsin. The concentration of blood glucose in diabetic rats was gradually decreased after the UDCA treatment, and at the end of the experiment reached the control value. The treatment with UDCA raised the serum insulin level in diabetic rats about 2.5-fold, but this concentration was significantly lower as compared to the control group. The content of lipid peroxidation end-products, hydroxyalkenals and malondialdehyde, was significantly elevated in the alloxan-treated rats, whereas the treatment with UDCA normalized these parameters. The present data indicate that UDCA acts as an effective antidiabetic agent in alloxan-induced diabetes and its beneficial effects in diabetic rats can be related to the antioxidant properties of UDCA.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Synganglial and neurosecretory morphology of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer) (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae).

Histological techniques and paraldehyde-fuchsin (PAF) staining were used to study the synganglion and to locate neurosecretory regions and neurosecretion within the synganglion of the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. The synganglion, which is formed internally by neuropilar ganglia, gives rise to a single esophageal and paired cheliceral, palpal, pedal (I-IV), and opisthosomal nerves. The neuropilar ganglia are interconnected by commissures and connectives within the synganglion. Twelve PAF-positive neurosecretory regions are present in unfed protonymphs, unfed deutonymphs, virgin males and females, and mated males. There are 11 PAF-positive neurosecretory regions in larvae, 24-72 hours post-fed deutonymphs and mated females. Neurosecretory regions in these developmental stadia are described in relation to their positions adjacent to individual neuropilar ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Anatomy of synganglia, including their neurosecretory regions, in unfed, virgin female Ixodes scapularis say (Acari: Ixodidae).

The central nervous system of Ixodes scapularis is fused into a single compact synganglion. The esophagus runs through the synganglion and divides it into supraesophageal and subesophageal parts. The supraesophageal portion contains a single protocerebrum with four pairs of glomeruli, paired optic lobes and cheliceral ganglia, and a single stomodeal bridge. The subesophageal portion contains a centrally located network of commissures and connectives, a pair of palpal ganglia, paired olfactory lobes of the first pedal ganglia, four pairs of pedal ganglia, and a single opisthosomal ganglion. A retrocerebral organ complex (ROC) in close vicinity of the digestive tract, as described in some other tick species, apparently is lacking. Perhaps the function of the ROC is performed by the paired, large, ganglion-like bodies that lie anterolaterad to the cheliceral ganglia. The rind, which is formed from the neuronal somata and glial cells, surrounds the central fibrous core or neuropile. Neurosecretory cells (NSC) are distinct among rind cells due to their large size and concentration of cytoplasmic neurosecretions. NSC are present throughout the synganglion, although the subesophageal portion contains larger groups of these cells. Histological serial sections, stained with Meola's (Trans Am Microsc Soc 89:66-71, '70) paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF) procedure revealed 24 PAF-stained, putative neurosecretory regions in the synganglion of virgin, unfed females. All of these regions appear to be connected and associated with the nearest ganglion and are correspondingly named. Eighteen PAF-positive regions occur in the synganglion. In addition, PAF-negative (green-stained) cells occupy 6 distinct regions in the synganglion of unfed, unmated females.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of isoquinoline alkaloid formation from reaction of biogenic amines and aldehydes.

To understand the role that tetrahydroisoquinoline formation may play in alcoholism and drug toxicology, high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to monitor the overall rate of reaction, in pH 7.4 buffer, between the catecholamines (dopamine, alpha-methyldopamine, dihydroxyphenylpropanolamine, deoxyepinephrine, levodopa, alpha-methyldopa, epinephrine, levarterenol, ans isoproterenol) and acetaldehyde. The observed overall rate of reaction varied from 0.38 to 0.0013 liter/mole sec. In addition, the reaction rate of the neurotransmitter dopamine was measured for various aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, paraldehyde, malonaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and chloral hydrate). The observed overall rate of reaction varied from 5.3 to 0.0011 liters/mol sec. Penicillamine prevented formation of the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids when initially present in concentrations equal to or greater than the aldehyde concentration.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1987

Toxicant adsorption on activated charcoal: is the fraction adsorbed a unique function of the charcoal:adsorbate ratio?

In several recent studies the adsorption of toxicants on activated charcoal has been reported graphically in the form of plots presenting the fraction of toxicant unadsorbed at equilibrium (F) as a unique function of the ratio (R) of the amount of activated charcoal to that of total toxicant. Derivation of the mathematical relationship between these two variables from either the Freundlich or Langmuir isotherms reveals F is not uniquely defined by R, unless the amount of activated charcoal, the equilibrium concentration of the toxicant, or its initial concentration is kept constant. For two agents known to adhere to the Freundlich isotherm, paraldehyde and metaldehyde, a good agreement was obtained between the F and R values predicted by the derived equations and those observed experimentally. The usefulness of F versus R plots is discussed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Accelerated forgetting in association with temporal lobe epilepsy and paraneoplastic encephalitis.

The association between epilepsy and amnesia is studied in patient J.T. who presented with a very unusual pattern of memory loss with retention of information for hours to days but rapid forgetting of information that exceeded this time frame. J.T.'s unusual memory profile was studied with several tests administered over week-long intervals of time. There was evidence that his retention decreased in conjunction with increased seizures. During a trial of paraldehyde, a decrease in seizure frequency was associated with enhanced memory. J.T.'s memory problem was unlike that described in prototypical cases of amnesia. His day-long retention of new information alongside his absolute loss of that information days later is consistent with the idea that consolidation is a process that occurs over lengthy periods of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Clinical assessment and pharmacotherapy of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

All patients in alcohol withdrawal should have a full assessment for detecting medical complications. The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA-A) scale permits a quantitative assessment for following the clinical course and therapeutic response in patients in withdrawal. Most patients with mild withdrawal symptoms do not require hospitalization and respond to non-pharmacologic supportive care. Early initiation of treatment with supportive nursing care and, if necessary, benzodiazepines usually will prevent progression to serious withdrawal reactions and provide the patient with sufficient symptomatic relief. Pharmacotherapy can be considerably simplified by using the loading dose technique, i.e., giving diazepam every 1-2 hr initially until the patient shows signs of clinical improvement and/or mild sedation. If long half-life drugs (e.g., diazepam) are used, further therapy is rarely needed and complications are prevented. Short-acting benzodiazepines can also be given in a similar fashion in the milder clinical syndrome. Phenytoin should only be given to patients with a preexisting seizure disorder. Phenothiazines, barbiturates, paraldehyde, and antihistamines have no role in the treatment of withdrawal because of their toxicity or lack of efficacy. Haloperidol is effective in the control of hallucinations in patients also treated with a benzodiazepine. The treatment of alcoholic intoxication and withdrawal is only the first step toward full rehabilitation.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1994

Localization of insulin-like immunoreactivity in the synganglion of nymphal and adult Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).

Immunocytochemical staining based on a peroxidase-antiperoxidase method showed neurosecretory cells (NSC) reactive to bovine insulin in five of 18 paraldehyde fuchsin-positive neurosecretory regions (NSR) in the synganglion of unfed adult Dermacentor variabilis. This is the first report of a neuropeptide in an ixodid tick. The insulin-specific immunoreactive cells included the posterior medial group of the protocerebral center, posterior group of dorsal opisthosomal center, anterior lateral group of the dorso-lateral cheliceral center, dorsal group of the frontal stomodeal center, and anterior group of the ventral palpal center. After feeding and mating, females no longer had immunoreactive cells in three of five NSR found in virgin, unfed females. However, two cells of the posterior group in dorsal opisthosomal center and anterior lateral group of the dorso-lateral cheliceral center remained immunoreactive throughout feeding. Fed, mated males continued to display immunoreactive cells in four of five NSR found in the virgin, unfed males. All developmental stages of nymphs examined had insulin-specific immunoreactive cells in two of the five NSR found in unfed adults, including two positively stained cells of the posterior group in dorsal opisthosomal center and anterior group of ventral palpal neurosecretory center.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunohistochemical demonstration of a CCK-like peptide in the nervous system of a marine annelid worm, Nereis diversicolor O.F. Müller.

Perikarya and nerve fibers containing a substance immunologically related to CCK-8 were detected in the nervous system of Nereis, a marine annelid worm. The most noteworthy immunostaining was seen in cell bodies, localized at the periphery of the brain, within nuclei 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 23-24. Immunoreactive fibers were also found in the neuropile without any particular grouping. Numerous other "positive" perikarya occur in the medioventral portion of the ventral nerve cord, and in the ventral and dorsal parts of the suboesophageal ganglion. In addition to the cell bodies in the cerebral external layer, immunoreactive axons were abundantly observed in the connectives between the ganglia. Moreover, our results demonstrate CCK-like staining in neurons showing variations in size and shape, and in affinity for paraldehyde fuchsin. The present results support the hypothesis that this peptide may exert a role as neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in annelids.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Demonstration of a class of porphyrin-containing cells in the pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis.

Cells emitting orange-red autofluorescence have been found in the pars intermedia of aging rats. The fluorescence maximum of the emission is localized in an area of the spectrum where the most intense band maxima of porphyrins are located. The fluorescence fades when the excitation wavelength is about 400 nm, which is specific (Soret band) for the absorption spectra of porphyrins. The fluorescence is emitted by coarse inclusions in the cytoplasm of a few cells. These inclusions are also stainable with paraldehyde-fuchsin and exhibit a high endogenous peroxidase activity. The inclusions observed have morphologic features similar to those of porphyrin-containing astrocytes from the periventricular area of the hypothalamus. The inclusion-bearing cells of the pars intermedia also contain debris that might be due to the phagocytic activity of these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Reissner's fiber and the wall of the central canal in the lumbo-sacral region of the bovine spinal cord. Comparative immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study.

Reissner's fiber (RF) of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the central canal and its bordering structures, and the filum terminale were investigated in the bovine spinal cord by use of transmission electron microscopy, histochemical methods and light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The primary antisera were raised against the bovine RF, or the SCO proper. Comparative immunocytochemical studies were also performed on the lumbo-sacral region of the rat, rabbit, dog and pig. At all levels of the bovine spinal cord, RF was strongly immunoreactive with both antisera. From cervical to upper sacral levels of the bovine spinal cord there was an increasing number of ependymal cells immunostainable with both antisera. The free surface of the central canal was covered by a layer of immunoreactive material. At sacral levels small subependymal immunoreactive cells were observed. From all these structures sharing the same immunoreactivity, only RF was stained by the paraldehyde-fuchsin and periodic-acid-Schiff methods. At the ultrastructural level, ependymal cells with numerous protrusions extending into the central canal were seen in the lower lumbar segments, whereas cells displaying signs of secretory activity were principally found in the ependyma of the upper sacral levels. A few cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were observed at all levels of the spinal cord; they were immunostained with an anti-tubulin serum. The lumbo-sacral segments of the dog, rat and rabbit, either fixed by vascular perfusion or in the same manner as the bovine material, did not show any immunoreactive structure other than RF. The possibilities that the immunoreactive ependymal cells might play a secretory or an absorptive role, or be the result of post-mortem events, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Architecture of the basal region of the subcommissural organ in the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).

The architecture of the basal region of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the subjacent neuropil was studied in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia). Several structural features suggest that the basal mode of SCO-secretion may be as prominent as the well-established apical secretion. Some of the features that speak in favour of basal secretion are: (1) the existence of deep processes of secretion-laden SCO cells which reach and surround the capillaries in the hypendyma and the subjacent neuropil; (2) the presence of perivascular spaces, some of which may contain a material that resembles the secretory product of the SCO; (3) positive staining by means of paraldehyde-fuchsin of secretory material in the pericapillary zone of vessels in the hypendyma and its corresponding neuropil; (4) presence of labyrinths of the basal lamina of capillaries and associated nerves. The presence of nerve and other cell processes adjacent to the perivascular space, labyrinths and capillary wall suggests discharge into the capillaries of material such as the basal secretory product of the SCO. However, the absence of fenestrae in capillary endothelium in the context of the foregoing observations is enigmatic and speaks against the possibility of a conventional release of secretion. Nevertheless, it is possible that a secretory product containing particles of low molecular weight combined with some specific features of the local capillary endothelium, which facilitate transport, may be critical factors making possible transfer of such product(s) from the SCO to the capillaries.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Homologous neurosecretory cell groups in the land snail Achatina fulica and the sea slug Aplysia californica.

The right parietal ganglion of the African snail Achatina fulica contains an identifiable cluster of 20-40 white cells with somatic diameters of 80-110 mu. Cobalt chloride injection into these cells revealed an axon projection in the right parietal nerve as well as apparent terminations in the capsule. The cells contain an abundance of electron dense granules 1000-2000 A in diameter which are formed in the Golgi apparatus. The granules stain with Gomori's chrome hematoxylin and paraldehyde fuchsin methods. While most cluster cells showed no "spontaneous" electrical activity, there was a correlation for the active cells between rate of activity and intensity of cell whiteness. These and other data suggest that the cluster cells are neurosecretory. A claim of homology with the "rostral white cells", R3-R13, in the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia is based on a similarity of morphological and electrophysiological features, together with analogous locations in the respective ganglia. It is concluded that the right parietal ganglion of Achatina is homologous with the right half of the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1976

Cytochemical and immunofluorescence investigations of insulin-like producing cells in the intestine of Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia).

Insulin-like immunoreactivity can be localized to cells of the intestine in the area of the hepatopancreas of Mytilus edulis L. No cross-reactivity can be obtained with anti-glucagon, anti-gastrin, anti-pentagastrin or anti-caerulin. The cells containing the substance immunoreactive to mammalian anti-insulin, can be restrained with paraldehyde-fuchsin.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Granular cells in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia L. (gastropoda, pulmonata). Histochemistry, ultrastructure, and results of polyacrylamide electrophoretic investigations.

Granular cells (cells crowded with colourless granules staining with paraldehyde fuchsin according to Gomori-Gabe and not containing calcium) are independent cells in the connective tissue of Helix pomatia. Histochemical data suggest that the granules are rich in sulfhydryl-containing proteins, but lack biogenic monoamines. Electron microscopic investigations confirm the supposed secretory activity of the granular cells. Secretory proteins are presumed to be synthetized in the endoplasmic reticulum and condensed in the Golgi apparatus giving rise to the granules. Extrusion occurs by exocytosis. Electrophoresis of homogenates, prepared from tissues containing numerous granular cells, results in the separation and identification of a secretory protein from the granular cells. An electrophoretically homologous protein is recognized in the hemolymph, but in very small quantities. Our findings and the work of others suggest the involvement of granular cells in neuroendocrine events.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Locations and central projections of neurons associated with the retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.).

Retrograde diffusion and precipitation of Co2+ reveals in the ipsilateral pars lateralis (PL) and contralateral pars intercerebralis (PI) of the brain neurons that enter the corpus cardiacum (CC), and, possibly, the corpus allatum (CA) on each side. The PL group consists of 29.6 +/- 8.4 somata that fill. Of these, 5.6 +/- 0.6 exceed 25 micrometer in diameter, 14.3 +/- 2.7 range from 15--25 micrometer, and 9.6 +/- 7.6 are smaller than 15 micrometer. After CoCl2 was applied to the right CC-CA of two males, 239 and 265 somata in the left PI stained. Except for 16 ranging from 30--45 micrometers and chiefly located anteriorly, a majority of these somata measured 10--25 micrometer. The only somata revealed by staining whole brains with the performic acid-resorcin fuchsin method are neurosecretory cells 10--20 micrometer in diameter located within the PI. In starved adult males there are 92.4 +/- 8.1 on the right, and 93.2 +/- 6.9 on the left. The largest somata in the PL group contain numerous granules that stain with paraldehyde fuchsin. These somata also fill with Co2+, and belong to neurosecretory cells that extend into the CC-CA. The cerebral distribution of branches from the PL group, and the relationship of these to the corpora pedunculata, central body, and arborizations from the PI decussation are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The nervous system of Microstromum lineare (Turbellaria, Macrostomida). I. A fluorescence and electron microscopic study.

The nervous system (NS) of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria, Macrostomida) was studied by electron and light microscopy, combined with fluorescence histochemistry (Falck-Hillarp method for biogenic monoamines). The NS is primitively organized, with a bilobed brain, two lateral nerve cords lacking commissures, and peripheral nerve cells scattered along the nerve cords. The stomatogastric NS, with a pharyngeal nerve ring, is joined to the central NS by a pair of connective ganglia. A green fluorescence in all parts of the NS indicates catecholaminergic neurons as the dominant neuron type. Ultrastructurally, two types of neurons were identified on the basis of their vesicle content: 1. Aminergic (catecholaminergic) neurons containing dense-core vesicles of varying electron-density and size, i.e., small dense-core vesicles (diameter 50--100 nm), vesicles with a highly electron-dense core (60--140 nm), and vesicles with an eccentric dense-core. 2. Presumed peptidergic neurosecretory neurons containing large granular vesicles (diameter about 200 nm) in the stomatogastric NS and peripheral parts of the central NS. In light microscopy, paraldehyde-thionin stained neurons were observed in the same areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Structural and microspectrofluorometric studies on glial cells from the periventricular and arcuate nuclei of the rat hypothalamus.

Fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopic techniques have been employed to investigate a class of glial cells that is characterized by the presence in their cytoplasm of large fluorescing inclusions that stain with paraldehyde-fuchsin or chrome-hematoxyline-alum. In the periventricular nucleus the cells have been identified as a population of astrocytes whose inclusions emit an orange-red fluorescence. In the arcuate nucleus there are, in addition to an overwhelming majority of such astrocytes, also some microglial cells with similar characteristics. The ability of the latter to emit any kind of fluorescence has not yet been established. The fluorescence maximum of these astrocytic inclusions was found to be at 640 nm when excited at 405 nm. The data obtained suggest that the fluorescence observed is due to the presence of porphyrins in the astrocytic inclusions. In the majority of our electron microscopic pictures the inclusions lack a bounding membrane. By contrast, neuronal lipofuscin has an outer membrane. In cryostat sections, the lipofuscin emits a yellow fluorescence when excited at 400-410 nm.

Animals↗