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PubMed1989

[Use of precipitins in the diagnosis of bird fancier's lung: apropos of 2 cases].

Bird breeder's disease is a frequent diagnosis among the forms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis seen in the urban environment. We report two illustrative cases and discuss the respective roles of broncho-alveolar lavage cells and precipitating antibodies against avian antigens in the diagnostic work-up and the pathogenesis of the disease. In 1988 we evaluated over 100 sera from all over Switzerland with clinical suspicion of bird breeder's disease. In this cohort preliminary results show sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 92% for the presence of precipitins against avian antigens in the diagnosis of bird breeder's disease. The results suggest that this non-invasive test deserves revaluation as a diagnostic tool in bird breeder's disease.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed1976

Candida precipitins as a diagnostic aid in Candida endocarditis.

We report a case of aortic valve homograft endocarditis secondary to preoperative contamination of the homograft. Candida precipitins, determined by double immunodiffusion, were an invaluable aid in diagnosis in the presence of negative venous blood cultures.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Symptoms and serum precipitins in workers exposed to dry sausage mould: consequences of exposure to sausage mould.

OBJECTIVE: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to dry sausage mould has been reported in workers who brush off the excess mould which coats dry sausage. Prevalence of symptoms and sensitization to mould among these pork-butchery workers is unknown. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical, radiographic, functional, and immunological features in exposed and non-exposed workers in semi-industrial pork butcheries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Symptoms, and serum precipitins against mould extracts, were studied in workers in semi-industrial pork butcheries. Of 600 workers asked to participate, 123 (20.5%) were included. Fifty-nine workers, exposed to dry (raw) sausage mould and Penicillium nalgiovense were compared with 64 non-exposed subjects, for symptoms, chest X-rays, spirometry and CO-transfer measurements. Precipitating antibodies were detected by immunoelectrophoresis and electrosyneresis. RESULTS: Sneezing, cough, dyspnoea, nasal obstruction, headache, and discomfort were significantly more frequent in the exposed group at work and after work than in the control group (P < 0.05). The prevalence of precipitating antibodies for sausage mould was higher in the exposed group (37%) than in the non-exposed group (9%) (P < 0.01). The mean number of precipitating lines measured by electrosyneresis was higher in exposed workers than in non-exposed workers for mould extract (1.09 vs 0.28, P < 0.05) and for Penicillium nalgiovense (1.77 vs 0.33, P < 0.05). No specific X-ray opacity or lung function impairment was found in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical symptoms and sensitization to Penicillium nalgiovense are frequent among workers exposed to mould during brushing in dry sausage plants.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of equilibrium constants from precipitin curves: interaction of alpha-crystallin with an elicited monoclonal antibody.

A simple procedure, based on the precipitin curve and the antibody:antigen ratios of the precipitates, is described for evaluation of the intrinsic association constant (k) governing the interaction between a multivalent antigen and a bivalent antibody. Its application is illustrated with a study of the interaction between alpha-crystallin and an elicited monoclonal antibody, which is shown to exhibit essentially identical affinities (k = 9 X 10(4) M-1) for the alpha m and alpha c forms of the antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Non-specific precipitin reactions of IgG at low ionic strength.

Precipitin reactions apparently not involving specific antibodies were obtained in immunodiffusion experiments performed at low salt concentration between IgG and the muscle proteins, actin and tropomyosin. The precipitates, which dissolved at physiologic ionic strength, may result from electrostatic interaction of molecules of different net charge and different distribution and number of charged groups.

Actins↗
PubMed1976

The role of precipitins and complement activation in the etiology of allergic lung disease.

An experimental model of allergic lung disease has been described that is monitored by analysis of arterial oxygen tension following aerosol challenge with antigen. Rabbits immunized to a classical soluble antigen, human serum albumin (HSA), to the point where severe Arthus skin reactivity was demonstrable, were aerosol-challenged with antigen. Arterial oxygen tension measurements made on pre- and post-challenge samples yielded early, late, and continuous response patterns, reminiscent of those obtained in humans following provocation testing. Aerosol challenge of unimmunized animals with HSA resulted in no change from baseline conditions. Unimmunized rabbits exposed to small and massive (10X) aerosols of Aspergillus spores also demonstrated various postchallenge depressions in arterial oxygen tension as well as decreased levels in hemolytic complement activity, depending on the species of fungus and dose of spores used. Unimmunized animals pretreated with cobra venom factor in a manner known to achieve complement depletion failed to respond with altered arterial oxygen tensions following similar aerosol challenge. It is postulated that although precipitins may play a role in artificial disease initiated by soluble antigens, nonspecific complement activation may be more important in understanding the etiology of spontaneous disease in humans brought about by inhalation of moldy particulate matter.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1984

One antigen may form two precipitin lines and two spurs when tested with two monoclonal antibodies by gel diffusion assays.

A monoclonal antibody reactive with human immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 and a monoclonal antibody reactive with IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 were tested with an IgG4 myeloma protein by double diffusion in a polyethylene glycol-containing gel. In a three-well Ouchterlony pattern, the IgG4 myeloma protein formed lines of double partial identity (double spur) with the two monoclonal antibodies. The two spurs lengthened and thickened with decreasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol indicating that soluble immune complexes diffused past the precipitin lines and formed the spurs. In a two-well pattern, the myeloma protein formed two lines with mixtures of the two monoclonal antibodies indicating that the immune complexes formed by the two antibodies distributed bimodally in the gel as if two types of complexes were formed. These unpredicted findings indicate that the process of antigen-antibody precipitation in gels needs to be analyzed further by using monoclonal antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Cell-diffusion precipitin analysis of mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulins. An unusual kappa-chain determinant of the IgM component.

Antigenic features of monoclonal IgM kappa components of three mixed IgM-IgG cryoglobulins were studied by gel-diffusion precipitin analysis. An unusual kappa-chain determinant was revealed in the IgM components but not in other monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgM kappa, BJ kappa) or normal IgG. Antibodies to this determinant were found not only in anti-kappa, but also in anti-lambda sera, and in antisera to hidden determinants of L-chains.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Immune reactions in polysaccharide media. The composition of the antigen-antibody complexes in the precipitin reaction.

The precipitin reaction is enhanced in the presence of polysaccharides (Hellsing, 1966). This reaction has now been studied in detail with labelled antigen ((125)I-labelled human serum albumin) and antibody ((131)I-labelled rabbit anti-albumin immunoglobulin G). The relative proportions of antigen and antibody in the precipitates are unchanged by the addition of dextran in spite of the increased precipitation. The ratio of antibody to antigen in the soluble immune complexes decreases with increasing polysaccharide concentration. This can be interpreted as a decrease in the aggregate size of the complexes. At the same time the amount of free antigen in the solution increases. The results are consistent with a decrease in solubility, primarily of the large immune aggregates, together with a shift in the equilibrium between small and large complexes. The effect is in accord with a steric-exclusion phenomenon.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Immune reactions in polysaccharide media. Polysaccharide-enhanced precipitin reactions with antigens of various sizes.

The influence of the size of the antigen in the polysaccharide-enhanced precipitin reaction was investigated. The experiments were carried out by addition of homologous antigens of different molecular sizes (the monomer, dimer and trimer of serum albumin and the monomer and dimer of immunoglobulin G) to the same preparation of antibody in the absence and presence of dextran. Dextran decreased the solubility of the immune complexes to a larger extent when the antigen size increased. This is in accord with the view that the polysaccharide effect is due to steric exclusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Aspergillus serum precipitins in patients of a lung clinic].

The incidence and distribution of aspergillosis among patients of a lung clinic in West Berlin were recorded. The immunodiffusion test (IDT) was used on sera of 228 patients seen during one day to test for precipitins against A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. Precipitating antibodies specific against A. fumigatus were found in five patients, in two of them A. fumigatus was isolated simultaneously from sputum. In order to obtain a clear view of the clinical occurrence of asperigillosis and its course one requires not only serological tests but also the isolation of Aspergillus in culture from sputum or bronchial secretion. IDT is useful for detecting aspergillosis and for screening persons harbouring Aspergillus in their respiratory tract.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1975

Detection of the predators of Simulium damnosum by the precipitin test.

Saline cell free extracts of larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex were used to immunize rabbits for the production of damnosum-antisera. Injections into the lymph nodes produced a more specific antiserum than was obtained by intramuscular injection followed by absorption. This antiserum was used to identify by the precipitin test natural predators of S. damnosum collected from the bandama River in the Ivory Coast. Various trichopteran larvae and odonatan nymphs and adults were found to be the most important predators.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Precipitates found around Schistosoma haematobium eggs from human urine prior to circumoval precipitin test.

Schistosoma haematobium eggs were recovered in urine from schoolchildren in Mwachinga Village, Kwale District, Kenya. The surface of the eggs showed a pattern similar to that observed in a circumoval precipitin (COP) test. Observed precipitates were removed by treatment of the eggs with pepsin, but were not affected by trypsin. Similar precipitates occurred after incubating the pepsin-treated eggs with urine supernatants from the same children. Attempts were made to identify the components that might contribute to observed bleb (precipitate) formation. The fluorescent antibody test revealed both IgG and IgM in the precipitate, while urine examination by immunodiffusion revealed IgG, IgM, IgA and C3. These components probably participated in the bleb formation. This possibility seemed more likely because of the presence of anti-egg antibodies in the immunoglobulins identified in the urine, and agrees well with the expected activity of pepsin on these immunoglobulins. These results, therefore, suggest that S. haematobium eggs recovered in urine contain precipitates formed mainly by immunoglobulins; it is necessary to treat such eggs with pepsin before carrying out a COP test. The relevance of these findings to the immunodiagnosis of Schistosomiasis haematobium in man is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1955

The use of precipitin analysis in agar for the study of human streptococcal infections. I. Oudin technic.

Using a highly concentrated and partially purified streptolysin O preparation, migrating agar precipitins have been found in 94 of 143 human sera from patients with a variety of diseases. Most of those showing no bands, had very low antistreptolysin titers. A correlation was found between the migration rates of these bands and the antistreptolysin titer. A strong trend toward a straight line relationship was apparent when the ASO titers were plotted on a logarithmic scale. In addition, a roughly positive correlation was found between the intensity of these bands and the antistreptolysin O titers. The finding of high levels of antistreptolysin O activity and slowly migrating heavy bands in normal pooled human gamma globulin supported the above observations. Very similar results were obtained with rabbit and guinea pig sera after immunization with the streptolysin O concentrates. The data strongly indicate that antistreptolysin O activity in human sera is generally due to precipitating antibody, and that non-specific inhibitors are not usually involved, even with low titered sera. Rabbit and guinea pig antisera to the oxidized inactive and to the reduced active forms of streptolysin O showed no obvious differences. Attempts to demonstrate immunological differences between the two states of streptolysin were apparently complicated by proteolysis, due to contamination of the concentrates with proteinase precursor.

Agar↗
PubMed1956

Studies on non-precipitating antibody. I. The conversion of non-precipitating antibody to a precipitin-like material in vitro.

Brief exposure of serum to alkali in the cold seems to convert non-precipitating antibody to a precipitin-like material. This was disclosed by the following lines of evidence. 1. Immune sera, after addition of antigen and removal of the ensuing precipitates, yielded after alkali treatment more antibody-antigen complex than did sera to which no antigen was added. 2. When immune sera were depleted of precipitating antibody, treated by alkali, and antibody-antigen complex was allowed to precipitate, the resulting supernates formed additional prescipitates upon admixture of specific antigen. No precipitation occurred upon addition of non-specific protein to the treated supemates or the addition of specific antigen to depleted sera not treated by alkali. 3. Alkali-treated immune sera precipitated more antigen than untreated sera.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1957

Poliovirus precipitins; a study by means of diffusion in agar.

Antigens present in poliovirus concentrates react with antibodies present in the serum of hyperimmunized monkeys to give type-specific precipitates. One or more bands of precipitate can be formed wherever such homotypic reactants, diffusing into an agar gel, meet in sufficient concentration and in equivalent proportions. No qualitative differences have been detected between the type-specific reactions given by different strains of the same virus type; and no precipitates have been seen which could be called "group-specific." Non-specific precipitates have occasionally been observed. Type-specific poliovirus precipitins are found in the serum of poliomyelitis patients. Their concentration has been measured by a standardized method. They tend to develop in parallel with neutralizing antibodies against the same virus type, increasing in amount during the first weeks of illness in those patients who show concurrent neutralizing antibody rises. The precipitation reaction has proved valuable in the antigenic analysis of polioviruses. Its general adoption as a diagnostic procedure is perhaps unlikely; but it may be well worth applying for special purposes.

Agar↗
PubMed1958

The use of precipitin analysis in agar for the study of human streptococcal infections. III. The purification of some of the antigens detected by these methods.

As evidenced by precipitin analysis with pooled human gamma globulin, at least 12 distinct antigens were produced in cultures by one strain of Group A streptococcus (C203S). It was suggested on this basis, that these antigens were produced in vivo during human infections. By the combined use of continuous flow electrophoresis on paper curtains, and column chromatography with calcium phosphate gels, five of these have been isolated in a probable high state of purity. One of the components was obtained from culture filtrates of a Group C streptococcal strain. Three of the purified antigens have been tentatively identified as streptolysin "O", diphosphopyridinenucleotidase, and proteinase precursor. The latter could be very readily crystallized, and appears "identical" with that described by Elliott. The DPNase was of extremely high potency, 1 mg. being capable of destroying 12.6 gm. of DPN in 7(1/2) minutes at 37 degrees C. The identity of the other two components is uncertain as yet. They are distinct from each other and the above products immunologically, and are not related to the "C" carbohydrate. The applicability of these methods for the analysis of infectious diseases generally was discussed.

Agar↗