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PubMed2001

Airborne polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose fibre levels in fibre-cement factories in seven European countries.

Because of their relatively high diameter, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres, as used in fibre-cement, are not fibres as defined by WHO (or other) regulations. Nevertheless, as with all particulate raw materials, it can be questioned if and to what extent particles with critical fibrous dimensions might be generated by the handling or machining of this material. In order to investigate any tendency of PVA fibres to release airborne particles with critical fibrous dimensions (WHO fibres), static and/or personal samples were taken in eight fibre-cement factories at locations where potential exposures to PVA fibres were expected to be the highest. The following locations were surveyed: the PVA fibre weighing station, where PVA bales are opened mechanically and the PVA fibres are dispersed and weighed in a dry state; the fibre-cement slate punching machine; the slate 'riven edge' cutting machine or sheet sawing machine, whichever was present in the respective factories. Since cellulose fibres are an important constituent of fibre-cement, the organic fibre concentrations observed at the machining operations include cellulose. At each factory a control sample was taken in open air. Sampling, sample preparation and sample analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed according to standard German procedures. Only very low number concentrations of organic WHO fibres, ranging from below detection limit to 0.006 f/ml, were found. These levels are lower than the typical levels of organic fibres commonly found in the normal personal environment (0.009-0.02 f/ml), stemming from the release of particles by a person's activities and from clothing and other textiles (bed sheets, blankets, pillow,.). We conclude that the handling of PVA fibres as well as the machining of PVA and cellulose fibre containing cement products in the fibre-cement factories surveyed have a low potential to release fibres with critical fibrous (WHO) dimensions.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1989

Determination by gas-liquid chromatography of trace amounts of soft polyvinyl chloride plastic additives in aqueous solutions. I. Epoxidized vegetable oils.

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO), such as epoxidized soybean oil and epoxidized linseed oil, in aqueous solutions is described. The EVOs are extracted with n-hexane and transesterified to the methyl esters by sodium methoxide in methanol. 3% OV-210 is used as the stationary phase. The weakest standard solution corresponds to 5 micrograms/l (5 ppb) of EVO in an aqueous sample. The reproducibility of a single analysis is 5%. The method is used for the determination of EVO in intravenous fluids stored in flexible polyvinyl chloride bags.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1989

Determination by gas-liquid chromatography of trace amounts of soft polyvinyl chloride plastic additives in aqueous solutions. II. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, epoxidized vegetable oils and stearates.

A method for the determination of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) and stearates in aqueous solutions is described. A stepwise extraction procedure is employed to separate DEHP and EVO from the stearates, using n-hexane as extraction solvent. EVO is transesterified to methyl esters by sodium methoxide in methanol. The stearates are derivatized by methanol containing sulfuric acid. The alkyl esters are analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, using 3% OV-210 as the stationary phase. The concentrations of the weakest standard solutions correspond to 10, 5 and 8 micrograms/l (ppb) of DEHP, EVO and stearates, respectively, in the aqueous samples. The method is used for the determination of DEHP, EVO and stearates in intravenous solutions stored in flexible polyvinyl chloride bags.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1989

Migration of plastic additives from soft polyvinyl chloride bags into normal saline and glucose infusions.

Samples of soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fluid bags containing normal saline and glucose 50 mg/ml were analyzed for plastic additives. The bags were shaken for 24 hours before analysis. The PVC plastic materials contained di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, epoxidized vegetable oils and stearates as the main additives. The same components were found in the solutions. Mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was detected only in the solutions.

Diethylhexyl Phthalate↗
PubMed1989

The influence of product factors on the migration in soft polyvinyl chloride infusion fluid bags.

The concentration of epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in infusion fluids in soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography prior to and after agitation. Normal saline, isotonic glucose and Ringer acetate from four different manufacturers were investigated. Agitation resulted in an increased concentration of EVO and DEHP. Significant differences in contamination level were observed between solutions of different compositions and in synonymous preparations from different manufacturers. The results indicated that the total amount of migrating EVO and DEHP was affected by the pH of the solution and by the age of the plastic material. It is suggested that the migration of EVO and DEHP during agitation is influenced by the concentration of plastic degradation products.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1989

The influence of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and stearates on the migration in soft polyvinyl chloride infusion fluid bags.

The influence of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and stearates on the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) in soft polyvinyl chloride infusion fluid bags during agitation has been investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. Normal saline, isotonic glucose and Ringer acetate from 3 different manufacturers were investigated. A covariation was observed between the MEHP concentration in the solution and the pH. The MEHP concentration was not influenced by agitation. There was no correlation between the MEHP concentration in the solution and the migration of EVO and DEHP, or between the stearate concentration and the EVO and DEHP migration.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of acneiform eruption in a polyvinyl chloride manufacturing factory.

An outbreak of acneiform eruptions occurred in 14 workers in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing factory. The cause was probably a combination of heat, high humidity and irritation from PVC powder. PVC slurry, scales and powder, to which the workers were exposed, were not comedogenic on rabbit ear. Lowering the temperature and humidity by airconditioning and improving ventilation, together with reduction of dust level at the workplaces, eliminated further outbreak's.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1986

Sorption of four drugs to polyvinyl chloride and polybutadiene intravenous administration sets.

Sorption of nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, diazepam, and clomethiazole edisylate (chlormethiazole) to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) i.v. administration sets with and without cellulose propionate burettes and to polybutadiene (PBD) sets with and without methacrylate butadiene styrene (MBS) burettes was studied. All drugs (except chlormethiazole) were diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection (NS) in glass bottles or in the burette chambers. Initial samples of each solution were obtained from the bottle or from the burette, and effluent samples were collected at various times up to 240 minutes from the sets without burettes and up to 90 minutes from the sets with burettes. For nitroglycerin, flow rates of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/min were used without the burette. The effect of priming the tubing before adding drug to the burette was studied for diazepam. Triplicate samples were analyzed for nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate by high-performance liquid chromatography and for diazepam and chlormethiazole by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Up to 50% potency of chlormethiazole and nitroglycerin, 15-25% of isosorbide dinitrate, and 13-20% of diazepam was lost to PVC sets without burettes, and an additional 10-15% loss of each drug resulted when PVC sets with burettes were used. Less sorption of nitroglycerin to the PVC sets occurred at the higher flow rate, but flow rate through the PBD sets did not affect sorption. Priming the tubing before adding diazepam to the burette did not affect final drug delivery. No loss to PBD sets was observed for nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and diazepam; loss of chlormethiazole to PBD was 7-13%. Drug potency in effluent from PBD sets was not affected by presence or absence of a burette.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reported vague symptoms and at-risk status: the case of polyvinyl chloride workers in Louisville.

This study concerns the frequency of visits to the dispensary by workers with vague symptoms of physical illness at a polyvinyl chloride plant in Louisville, KY, where an outbreak of hepatic angiosarcoma occurred. The illness behavior of three cohorts of workers at three levels of risk--workers removed from the chemical plant to a pallet plant (PP) because their screening results indicated liver abnormalities; workers who had some positive test results (TP); and workers whose test results were negative (TN)--was studied before (time 1) and after (time 2) the angiosarcoma crisis. It was predicted that, during time 2, the groups' visits to the dispensary would increase in relation to their levels of risk (PP greater than TP greater than TN). Although there was an overall increase in the percentage of visits because of vague symptoms during time 2, the only cohort with different behavior was the group of TP workers: they reduced their use of the dispensary. These results are similar to those in a previous study in which all symptoms of illness were included. It is speculated that social and individual factors, as well as the labeling phenomenon, explain the results. Health care providers are encouraged to follow up with workers at risk who seem to avoid monitoring their health.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1985

Contact dermatitis in workers processing polyvinyl chloride plastics.

Out of 401 workers employed in a factory producing shoes from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) granulate, 388 were investigated. By patch testing with the standard tests and 4 phthalate compounds, a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis was confirmed in 11 of these. Six of them were sensitized to phthalates and 5 to coal tar.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of tubing length on adsorption of diazepam to polyvinyl chloride administration sets.

The effect of administration-set tubing length on adsorption of diazepam to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing was studied, and a simple equation for calculating the dose of diazepam delivered to the patient during an i.v. infusion of diazepam was derived. Diazepam solutions were prepared in 500 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection in glass bottles to a final theoretical concentration of 50 micrograms/mL. PVC administration sets were attached to the bottles, and the tubing was then cut to various lengths or the entire length was used for infusion of diazepam solution at a constant rate of 60 mL/hr. Samples of the diazepam solution were collected in glass test tubes initially and after infusion periods of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 3.00, and 4.00 hours. Diazepam concentrations were assayed spectrophotometrically in duplicate, and each infusion trial was performed three times. The mean diazepam concentrations in the bottles remained within 100 +/- 1% of initial concentration throughout the study. However, solution samples collected after the four-hour infusion period varied in concentration from 45.5 micrograms/mL using the 23-cm length of tubing to 28.8 micrograms/mL using the entire (185-cm) tubing. Also, the percentage of diazepam adsorbed to the tubing increased as the infusion time decreased. A biexponential equation based on the adsorption data obtained for various tubing lengths was successfully used to calculate the percentage of the theoretical diazepam dose delivered through the tubing during different infusion times. To minimize the adsorption of diazepam to PVC administration sets, the shortest possible length of administration-set tubing should be used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adsorption↗
PubMed1985

[Respiratory function study of workers engaged in vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride manufacture].

A hygienic evaluation is made on the work conditions in the production of vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Studies were carried out on 516 workers after the following indices: vital capacity /VC/, forced expiratory volume per sec. /FEV1/, peak expiratory capacity /PEC/, maximum expiratory capacity 75 /MEC75/, maximum expiratory capacity 50 /MEC50/ and maximum expiratory capacity 25 /MEC25/. It was established that 33.13% of the workers were with ventilation disturbances. The most frequently met was the obstructive syndrome of ventilation insufficiency. The infringements were most often in workers with length of service up to 1 year.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polyvinyl alcohol sponge for embolotherapy: particle size and morphology.

The size and morphology of particulate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge prepared by a blender technique for embolotherapy were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Techniques for preparation and sizing of PVA sponge particles are described. Two types of particulate material, differing in both size and morphology, were found. Large particles (greater than 50 micron) had irregular shapes and sharp, jagged edges. Smaller particles (2-50 micron) were more numerous. Attempts to characterize the smaller particles were unsuccessful. Preparation of PVA sponge particles using the blender technique is a viable choice in external carotid neuroembolization procedures. However, the potential effects of small particles possibly causing cranial nerve palsies does need consideration.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis: epidemiological study of exposed workers.

Among 1216 workers who were employed in a polyvinyl chloride production factory and who had had no previous dust exposure elsewhere, 20 cases of pneumoconiosis were found. Chest x-ray abnormalities were characterized by limited profusion, irregular type and low gravity. All 20 workers had been exposed to high PVC dust levels. The chest x-ray changes were observed after a minimum exposure of five years and, in a small percentage of cases, were associated with slight restrictive respiratory function impairments. Moreover, in the whole group of workers 388 cases (31.9%) were found with non-specific x-ray abnormalities mainly related to age and smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Health status of workers in polyvinyl chloride processing plants. I. Evaluation of occupational exposure. Subjective and capillaroscopy studies. Conduction velocity in the motor nerves].

The examinations covered 255 workers of two polyvinyl chloride processing plants. All workers were subject to general medical examinations including electrocardiography. In a part of workers employed in the plant located in the Katowice Voivodeship, the dermatological tests and neurological examinations including testing the velocity of conduction in motor nerves were carried out and the selected group was subject also to capillaroscopy and dermatothermometry. In the examined workers no "vinyl chloride disease" was found; capillaroscopy and neurological examinations did not reveal any evident changes. However, some dermatoses, most frequently of allergic type, were often encountered.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of an electric charge on athrombogenic properties of polyvinyl chloride foil].

The authors present the results of investigation of fresh, human citrate blood after and before the contact with monoelectret of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The investigations concerned the influence of electric charge of the results of thromboelastographic test and the outcome of microscopic examination. It was proved that blood after the contact with monoelectret contrary to the blood after the contact with sample lacking electret effect, had markedly prolonged thromboelastographic coagulation time and time of clot formation to standard elasticity.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1978

Headspace sampling and gas-solid chromatographic determination and confirmation of greater than or equal to 1 ppb vinyl chloride residues in polyvinyl chloride food packaging.

The determination and confirmation of residual vinyl chloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food packaging materials are described. PVC packaging materials are dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMAC). VC is sparged from solution with helium gas and collected in sealed vials of ethanol. VC is detected and quantitated by using a headspace sampling technique and standard gas-solid chromatography (GSC) with flame ionization detection. GSC peak heights of about 5% full scale deflection are obtained for samples of PVC containing 1 ppb VC. Polymer samples taken from tubing, blood bags, food packaging films, bottles, and unprocessed resin were analyzed. Residual VC levels ranged from 0.3 to 913 ppb. VC was confirmed by GSC-mass spectrometry, using selected ion recording of m/z 62 and 64 in conjunction with full mass scans to identify components eluting near VC.

Chromatography, Gas↗