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PubMedDate not supplied

A parametric approach to the phonetics of postvocalic /r/ in Dutch.

This paper describes the phonetic exponents of rhoticity in postvocalic position in the speech of 4 young adult speakers of Standard Dutch. In addition to describing aspects of the segmental realisation of /r/, the paper focusses on parametric differences between rhymes with and without postvocalic /r/ in the material under consideration, presenting both impressionistic observations and instrumental measurements. Results of the investigation suggest that parametric analysis is a crucial complement to segmental classification, in providing insights into the relation between segmental realisations and 'contextual effects' of /r/, the phonetics of /r/ deletion and similarities and differences between rhotics cross-linguistically.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Some effects of speaking rate on phonetic perception.

This paper reviews a series of studies on the effects of variation in speaking rate on phonetic perception, in particular, on the identification of /b/ and /w/ in syllable-initial position. The major finding of these studies was that in a variety of tasks listeners adjusted for speaking rate when using the duration of the initial formant transitions to distinguish between /b/ and /w/: At slower rates of speech, a longer transition was needed to hear /w/ rather than /b/, and conversely at faster rates of speech. This effect occurred when rate was specified by the duration and acoustic-phonetic structure of the syllable containing the target consonant and, to a more limited extent, when it was specified by the duration of a subsequent syllable. Moreover, the influence of syllable duration on the processing of transition duration was also evident in young, prearticulate infants, suggesting that at least the rudiments of a system that provides perceptual constancy across rate is part of the linguistic endowment of the infant.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Phonetic explanation in phonology: the feature fortis/lenis.

This paper examines the wide spectrum of phonetic properties associated with the phonological distinctions between consonant classes such as /p, t, k/ and /b, d, g/ in a great variety of languages (including languages with multivalued contrasts) and evaluates their relationship to the features [+/- voiced], [+/- aspirated], [+/- fortis]. The discussion separates word-initial, word-medial and word-final positions according to their different production and signalling constraints. A power feature, realized in articulatory timing and/or phonatory power/tension, is set up as the essential differentiator, thus providing a phonetic basis for the fortis/lenis dichotomy. The incorporation of the time dimension into phonology is regarded as a necessary prerequisite to the solution of phonological problems in general and to an adequate treatment of the [+/- voiced] feature in particular, voice onset time being only one temporal aspect.

Glottis↗
PubMed1993

Effects of time pressure on the phonetic realization of the Dutch accent-lending pitch rise and fall.

The goal of this experiment is to find the most important phonetic features of Dutch accent-lending pitch movements, in terms of shape, pitch level and alignment with the segmental structure. Time pressure is used as a heuristic method to isolate important phonetic aspects of pitch movements, assuming that under time pressure the speaker will preserve those aspects. In a production experiment, accent-lending rises ('1') and falls ('A') were realized under various types of time pressure. The pitch rise is time-compressed under all pressure types, which would mean that the shape of the rise is relatively unimportant. The segmental alignment of the rise proved to be more important: the onset of the rise is synchronized with the syllable onset. For the fall no fixed synchronization point was found, but its shape was relatively invariant, indicating that shape rather than exact timing is the more important feature of the fall.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Phonetic detail in the developing lexicon.

Although infants show remarkable sensitivity to linguistically relevant phonetic variation in speech, young children sometimes appear not to make use of this sensitivity. Here, children's knowledge of the sound-forms of familiar words was assessed using a visual fixation task. Dutch 19-month-olds were shown pairs of pictures and heard correct pronunciations and mispronunciations of familiar words naming one of the pictures. Mispronunciations were word-initial in Experiment 1 and word-medial in Experiment 2, and in both experiments involved substituting one segment with [d] (a common sound in Dutch) or [g] (a rare sound). In both experiments, word recognition performance was better for correct pronunciations than for mispronunciations involving either substituted consonant. These effects did not depend upon children's knowledge of lexical or nonlexical phonological neighbors of the tested words. The results indicate the encoding of phonetic detail in words at 19 months.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phonetic features in young children's slips of the tongue.

The form in which phonological information is stored in the lexical entries of young children, and how this form changes over time, are questions which are difficult to address, given the limitations of current methodologies. However, slips of the tongue made by young children can be used to shed some light on the question. Earlier research (Stemberger, 1989; Jaeger, 1992) has shown that children as young as 1;7 (one year seven months) make slips in which single consonants or single vowels are substituted or exchanged, implying segmental organization in phonological representations. In the present paper, a corpus of 366 consonant substitutions and reversals made by young children, aged 1;7-6;0, are subjected to a multidimensional scaling analysis, and are shown to be governed by patterns of phonetic similarity, indicating that these segments have phonetic structure. A feature system based on the scaling procedure is found to be somewhat different from one generated by van den Broecke and Goldstein (1980) from adult errors, especially in manner features. While both adults and children err on the 'place of articulation' feature most often, and 'nasality' least often, children produce 'voicing' feature errors less often than adults do, indicating that voicing may be a more important organizing principle for young children than for adults. Some age-related trends in number and type of feature errors are discussed.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spatio-temporal patterns of velopharyngeal action in phonetic and phonological nasalization.

The aim of this paper is to differentiate between effects of phonetic implementation and effects of phonological structure in the adjustment of articulatory trajectories to varying speech rate. Cross-linguistic data on coarticulatory nasalization of vowels preceding a nasal consonant at different speech rates were analyzed in American English and Spanish. The two languages show different patterns of timing, magnitude, duration, and velocity of velopharyngeal movements. In Spanish the velocity of velar port (VP) opening and closing gestures is not affected by differences in speech rate, which suggests that these trajectories reflect the default articulatory movements automatically implemented by the phonetic component. In American English, VP closing velocity is not affected by speech rate whereas opening velocity adjusts to variations in speech rate to ensure vowel nasalization across rates. The careful regulation of VP opening velocity suggests that it is centrally controlled. Interarticulatory timing data support this interpretation: In Spanish, vowels are oral for most of their duration; onset of VP opening is timed relative to the following nasal consonant and peak VP size occurs at nasal consonant onset across rates, which suggests that the motor commands for opening the velar port are part of the instructions for the nasal consonant. In American English, on the other hand, VP opening onset coincides with vowel onset and peak VP size occurs in the middle of the vowel across rates, which indicates that opening movements are part of the programming instructions for the vowel. It is argued that, in Spanish, vowels followed by a nasal consonant are targeted as oral and are nasalized as a result of a coarticulatory effect, whereas, in American English, vowels are targeted as nasalized as a result of a phonological rule.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of lesions by MRI in stroke patients with acoustic-phonetic processing deficits.

We tested 10 aphasic stroke patients for the ability to discriminate and identify English phonemes. All patients underwent MRI and had their scans analyzed morphometrically. Patients with impairments in acoustic-phonetic processing tended to have lesions involving the left posterior supramarginal gyrus and the bordering parietal operculum, an observation further supported by regression and correlation analyses. These results are interpreted as evidence that the region including the left posterior supramarginal gyrus and parietal operculum plays a significant role in acoustic-phonetic processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Phonetic and phonologic skills of two-year-olds with cleft palate.

This article examines the phonetic and phonologic skills of 2-year-olds with cleft palate. Fifteen children, 10 children with cleft palate and five noncleft children, participated in the study. The children with cleft palate all received palatal surgery after 12 months of age and after the onset of meaningful speech. All subjects were video and audiotaped while interacting with their mothers during unstructured play. At least one hundred different spontaneous word productions were phonetically transcribed and analyzed for (1) percent consonants correct, (2) phonologic processes, and (3) "compensatory" articulation patterns. A comparison between the groups indicated that although the children with cleft palate exhibited more errors overall, they were similar to their noncleft peers in their phonologic process usage with two exceptions. Additionally, few "compensatory" articulation errors were noted in the speech of these children.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

Phonetic features by babies with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Twenty-three babies with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate were audiotaped at regular intervals from 5 to 35 months of age. Narrow phonetic transcription of their comfort-state vocalizations and word approximations was accomplished to describe phonetic development over time and according to the nonrandomized age of palatoplasty. The babies that had earlier palatal repair produced significantly higher percentages of oral stops after 12 months of age than babies with similar clefts that had later palatal repair. No significant differences are evident, however, according to age of palatoplasty, for mean frequency use of oral fricatives up to 3 years of age. For all 23 babies, regardless of the age of palatoplasty intervention, time is an even stronger variable than age of palatoplasty for development of palatal, alveolar and velar place features, oral stops, and oral fricatives.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Phonetic, phonological, and language skills of children with a cleft palate.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the language, phonetic, and phonological skills at age 3 years of two groups of young children with a cleft palate, with different expressive language proficiency at 2 years of age. DESIGN: Two groups of children with a cleft palate with differing abilities in early expressive language skills were identified at age 2 years. Comparisons across groups were made over a range of speech and language measures at age 3 years. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty children with cleft palate were allocated to two groups dependent on expressive language abilities at age 2 years. One group had normal language development, and the second group had been identified as having significantly delayed (8 to 12 months' delay) expressive language development. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The children were assessed at 3 years of age using standardized assessments and spontaneous speech samples. Comparisons between the two groups were made on a range of language measures including comprehension, expressive language, and speech. RESULTS: Group differences were found on both language and speech abilities at age 3 years. Significant group differences were found in expressive language, percentage of consonants correct, phonetic inventory, and phonological process usage. The group with delayed early expressive language abilities at 2 years continued to have expressive language difficulties at 3 years of age and had more disordered speech development, compared with the nondelayed group. CONCLUSIONS: A subgroup of children with a cleft palate was identified who exhibited delays in early expressive language and continued to have delayed language and disordered phonological patterns at a later age. Support for three possible etiologies including a structural/anatomical deficit, cognitive/linguistic delay, or language/phonological disorder are discussed.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2005

A critical evaluation of visually moderated phonetic context effects.

Fowler, Brown, and Mann (2000) have reported a visually moderated phonetic context effect in which a video disambiguates an acoustically ambiguous precursor syllable, which, in turn, influences perception of a subsequent syllable. In the present experiments, we explored this finding and the claims that stem from it. Experiment 1 failed to replicate Fowler et al. with novel materials modeled after the original study, but Experiment 2 successfully replicated the effect, using Fowler et al.'s stimulus materials. This discrepancy was investigated in Experiments 3 and 4, which demonstrate that variation in visual information concurrent with the test syllable is sufficient to account for the original results. Fowler et al.'s visually moderated phonetic context effect appears to have been a demonstration of audiovisual interaction between concurrent stimuli, and not an effect whereby preceding visual information elicits changes in the perception of subsequent speech sounds.

Cues↗
PubMed2003

Visual influences on the internal structure of phonetic categories.

Previous work has demonstrated that the graded internal structure of phonetic categories is sensitive to a variety of contextual factors. One such factor is place of articulation: The best exemplars of voiceless stop consonants along auditory bilabial and velar voice onset time (VOT) continua occur over different ranges of VOTs (Volaitis & Miller, 1992). In the present study, we exploited the McGurk effect to examine whether visual information for place of articulation also shifts the best exemplar range for voiceless consonants, following Green and Kuhl's (1989) demonstration of effects of visual place of articulation on the location of voicing boundaries. In Experiment 1, we established that /p/ and /t/ have different best exemplar ranges along auditory bilabial and alveolar VOT continua. We then found, in Experiment 2, a similar shift in the best-exemplar range for /t/ relative to that for /p/ when there was a change in visual place of articulation, with auditory place of articulation held constant. These findings indicate that the perceptual mechanisms that determine internal phonetic category structure are sensitive to visual, as well as to auditory, information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Subcategorical phonetic mismatches and lexical access.

The place of phonetic analysis in the perception of words is unclear. While some theories assume fully specified phonemic strings as input, other theories assume that little analysis occurs. An earlier experiment by Streeter and Nigro (1979) produced evidence, based on auditorily presented words with misleading acoustic cues, that lexical decisions were based on mostly unanalyzed patterns, since word judgments were delayed by misleading information whereas nonword judgments were not. The present studies expand that work to a different set of cues, and to cases in which the overriding cue came first. An additional task, auditory naming, was used to examine the effects when the decision stage is less demanding. For the lexical decision task, misleading information slowed the responses, for both words and nonwords. In the auditory naming task, only the slower responses were affected. These results suggest that phonetic conflicts are resolved prior to lexical access.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Phonetic results of velopharyngoplasties. Apropos of 67 cases].

The phonetic results of velopharyngoplasty depend on the anatomical conditions of velopharyngeal reconstitution. But this is not the only condition and the results are variable depending on the degree of phonetic disorders and their longstandingness. The latter therefore account for a certain number of bad results whatever the surgical technique used.

Cleft Palate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Type and frequency of phonetic errors in aphasics: therapeutic aspects.

Fifty aphasics were studied in three separate groups: nonfluent Broca, fluent Wernicke and fluent anomics in order to form a therapeutic guide of their phonetic errors (omission substitution, addition, repeated phonemes, perseveration of phonemes belonging to the preceding word, reversed order, phonematic targetting and misplacing. Frequency of phonetic error was also assessed.

Anomia↗
PubMed1984

Dichotic alignment, phonetic, and language variables as predictors of SSW performance.

Itemized error scores on the SSW test were acquired for 134 adults in six clinical groups. Using regression analysis, predictors of SSW performance by each group were sought from among variables descriptive of the SSW spondaic words on the EC tape. These included 13 alignment variables, 14 phonetic variables, and 10 speech-language variables. Results showed that for normal subjects, asynchronous dichotic onsets reduced errors significantly. Retrocochlear subjects were sensitive to dichotic phonetics . Cochlear subjects and those with Heschl 's gyrus lesions were both affected by word familiarity variables. Those with cortical lesions sparing Heschl 's gyrus were affected by dichotic alignment. None of the 37 predictor variables was related to SSW performance by adult mentally retarded subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Phonetic factors in the dichotic alignment of the Staggered Spondaic Word Test.

The dichotic alignment of the competing monosyllables of the SSW EC tape was measured at 6 alignment reference points: word and sonorancy onset, center, and offset. Acoustic phonetic characteristics of the onsets and offsets of the competing monosyllables were also measured, including the durations of the pre- and post-sonorancy speech signal as well as binary codes for fricatives, nasals, plosives and liquids. Factor analysis of these variables suggested that the perceptual alignment process used with the EC tape may have indeed allowed phonetic variables to influence non-dichotic alignment.

Audiometry, Speech↗