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PubMed2000

Pharmacological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: The commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal symptoms is non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and yet the pathophysiology of this condition has been poorly characterised and the optimum treatment is uncertain. It is estimated that pound450 million is spent on dyspepsia drugs in the UK each year. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to determine the effectiveness of six classes of drugs (antacids, histamine H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, mucosal protecting agents and antimuscarinics) in the improvement of either the individual or global dyspepsia symptom scores and also quality of life scores patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials were located through electronic searches of the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SIGLE, using appropriate subject headings and text words, searching bibliographies of retrieved articles, and through contacts with experts in the fields of dyspepsia and pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing drugs of any of the six groups with each other or with placebo for non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were collected on dyspeptic symptom scores either individual or global symptom assessments and also quality of life scores and adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 11775 citations were obtained. 144 trials were retrieved and 94 trials fulfilled our eligibility criteria. However, subsequent data extraction was not possible in 37 trials. Fifty trials were excluded as they did not meet our eligibility criteria. The final 57 trials were included in the final meta-analysis. Prokinetics (12 trials with dichotomous outcomes generating 829 patients; relative risk reduction [RRR] = 50%; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 30 to 65%) and H2RAs (8 trials generating 1,125 patients; RRR = 30%; 95% CI = 4 to 48%) were significantly more effective than placebo. Proton pump inhibitors (4 trials generating 1,248 patients; RRR = 12%; 95% CI = -1 to 24%) and Bismuth salts (6 trials generating 311 patients; RRR = 40%; 95% CI = -3 to 65%) were superior to placebo but this was of marginal statistical significance. Antacids (one trial generating 109 patients; RRR = -2%; 95% CI = -36% to 24%) and sucralfate (two trials generating 246 patients; RRR = 29%; 95% CI = -40% to 64%) were not statistically significantly superior to placebo. A funnel plot suggested that the prokinetic result could be due to publication bias. The funnel plot of H2RAs did not show any evidence of publication bias but the quality of the trials was generally poor. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence that anti-secretory therapy may be effective in NUD. The trials evaluating prokinetic therapy are difficult to interpret as the meta-analysis result could have been due to publication bias. Further research using prokinetics and anti-secretory therapy is required before any firm conclusions can be reached. The effect of these drugs is likely to be small and many patients will need to take them on a long-term basis so the therapies assessed need to be inexpensive and well tolerated.

Dyspepsia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amoxapine--an antidepressant with some neuroleptic properties? A review of its chemistry, animal pharmacology and toxicology, human pharmacology, and clinical efficacy.

Amoxapine, a new antidepressant, exhibits both antidepressant and neuroleptic effects in laboratory animals and in humans. Evidence from human studies (extrapyramidal reactions, hyperprolactinemia, and galactorrhea), animal screening tests, and neurochemical experiments support the contention that amoxapine or a metabolite occasionally produces neuroleptic-like effects. Amoxapine's neuroleptic activity may derive from 7-hydroxy-amoxapine, a minor metabolite in humans, which exhibits significant dopamine receptor-blocking activity. Evidence for an early antidepressant effect of amoxapine in the treatment of depressive illness has not been consistently demonstrated. In comparable doses (roughly twice the dose of imipramine or amitriptyline), amoxapine appears to be similar to reference antidepressants in efficacy, unwanted effects, and acute toxicity.

Amitriptyline↗