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PubMed1994

[The basis and goals of the pharmacy profession--pharmacobotany and its contribution to the development of drugs].

Pharmacy is one of very comprehensive and complex fields of human activity; the interrelationships of its individual principal disciplines did not always develop synergically in the course of time. At present, when the field commemorates important anniversaries and develops in the period of new social changes, it is necessary to contemplate the development of the individual fields and their balances in the principal entity for the pharmacist--the medicament. The historiography of the field unambiguously points at the cardinal position of classic pharmacognosy in this process, showing its development, separation of pharmacology, the relationship of pharmacognosy to pharmaceutical chemistry, the differences between the two disciplines and the origin of galenical pharmacy, or the not very fortunate concept of biopharmaceutics. This process takes place in the picture of the dialectical unity of the principal pharmaceutical categories: the drug--the pharmaceutical preparation--the medicament. The development of pharmacobotany as a practical complex discipline originated from pharmacognosy shows in a graphic way the development of the discipline "an sich" into the entity "für sich" and suggests the approach of the pharmacist to the phenomenon of the medicament from the historiographical viewpoint.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2006

Pharmacology at the Jagiellonian University in Kracow, short review of contribution to global science and cardiovascular research through 400 years of history.

Pharmacology at the Jagiellonian University was taught since the foundation of the University in 1364 under then used names of medical botany and pharmacognosy. The first in Poland Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy was created in 1857. Modern era in the history of pharmacology in Krakow starts in 1929 when Prof. Janusz Supniewski became the Head of the Department. He was the relentless researcher whose scientific interests were as diverse as ranging from anticancer chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, and oral hypoglycemic drugs to lipid-lowering agents. Skills of organic chemistry synthesis were of paramount importance for the scientific achievements. Prof. Supniewski died in 1964, leaving the Department well equipped in instruments. He raised in his laboratory many eminent scientists who later became heads of pharmacology departments throughout Poland. In 1964, the Head of the Department of Pharmacology became Prof. Ryszard Gryglewski. Under his leadership the Department focused scientific efforts on various aspects of cardiovascular pharmacology. Prof. Gryglewski established collaborations with many of the best pharmacology researchers in the world, including Sir John Vane, Nobel Prize laureate. Prof. Gryglewski's assistants had ample opportunity to train in these laboratories and to bring these skills back to Krakow. Prof. Gryglewski and his team published many articles in the most prestigious scientific journals. The most important themes included discovery of prostacyclin, role of nitric oxide and of free radicals for vascular biology. Since 2003, when Prof. Gryglewski retired, the Department of Pharmacology has been led by Prof. Ryszard Korbut.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

[The Josephinium and pharmaceutical sciences].

In the Josephinum, which was the building of the medico-surgical military academy in Vienna (opened in 1785), a division was made by J. A. Schmidt between the term pharmacognosy and pharmacodynamics already before 1809. In 1849 C. D. Schroff established therein the Institute for Experimental Pharmacology of Vienna University and around 1864 A. E. Vogl began his outstanding microscopic investigations of pharmacologically relevant plants and of victuals. After 1922 R. Wasicky created the Institute of Pharmacognosy, which was the most modern of all the Austrian and German universities.

Austria↗
PubMed2006

Microbial and enzymatic transformations of flavonoids.

Flavonoids are among the most ubiquitous phenolic compounds found in nature. These compounds have diverse physiological and pharmacological activities such as estrogenic, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory effects. They are well-known antioxidants and metal ion-chelators. In the present review, biotransformations of numerous flavonoids catalyzed mainly by microbes and few plant enzymes are described in four different flavonoid classes, viz., chalcones, isoflavones, catechins, and flavones. Both phase I (oxidative) and phase II (conjugative) biotransformations representing a variety of reactions including condensation, cyclization, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, alkylation, O-dealkylation, halogenation, dehydrogenation, double-bond reduction, carbonyl reduction, glycosylation, sulfation, dimerization, or different types of ring degradations are elaborated here. In some cases, the observed microbial transformations mimic mammalian and/or plant metabolism. This review recognizes Norman Farnsworth, who through his fascination and hard work in pharmacognosy has fostered the excitement of discovery by numerous students and faculty far and beyond the halls of the University of Illinois at Chicago. It is with grateful thanks for these efforts that we dedicate this review to him.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

[Study of plant DNA polymorphism--experiments for students].

Advances in molecular biology are being made in the fields of science, medicine, and pharmacy. The majority of students graduating from pharmaceutical university departments will be required to have knowledge of molecular biology techniques. Although it is not difficult to perform DNA experiments in a laboratory, they involve a series of operations. Therefore it is difficult to include such experiments in the curriculum for students at our university because of safety concerns and the experimental equipment and time required. This paper introduces a convenient experiment on plant DNA polymorphism using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method that we developed. This experiment enables each student to handle DNA safely. Total DNA is extracted from a piece of leaf derived from Aconitum carmichaeli or Aquilegia flabellate, the nuclear 5.8S rRNA region is amplified by PCR, and the PCR product is digested by restriction enzymes. Different polymorphisms in the plants can be visualized on electrophoregrams. The total time required for the experiments is 2 days (about 4 h per day). In the field of pharmacognosy, authentication of herbal medicine using genetic analysis is increasingly important. Plant DNA polymorphisms required the same knowledge and techniques as genetic analysis and are part of the course content in medicinal plant science. The PCR-RFLP experiment proposed here is a suitable method to acquire molecular biological knowledge and techniques.

Aconitum↗
PubMed2001

[The Arabic pharmacology and the introduction to Europe: the background of the Arabic pharmacology - the legacy from Greece].

When the Arabic-Islamic medicine evolved partly as a consequence of the wave of translations from mainly Greek medical books to Arabic in the 9th century the pharmacological works, which were available, were also translated. The books of Dioscurides and Galen on pharmacological matters became the decisive books of pharmacological translated literature and they formed the basis of the pharmacological understanding in the subsequent extensive literature on pharmacognosy and pharmacology written in Arabic. Nevertheless the Arabs united these two disciplines in a regular pharmacy and they evolved it as an independent discipline, which although attached to medicine was regarded as having its own praxis. The physicians and scientists rationalized and systematized their knowledge of medicinal plants and drugs and extended their knowledge by using original observations and research. Many books on medicaments were written, both as materia medica, i.e. records on simple drugs, and dispensatories, i.e. books on compounded drugs. These two kinds of books were always written separately as they were seen by the Arabs themselves as pertaining to two different subdisciplines, which meant that they were separated too in independent chapters or books in general Arabic works on medicine. When the extensive translations of Arabic medical literature to Latin took place in Italy and Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Arabic pharmacological literature was of course also translated, and its decisive influence on later medieval European medical writings is easy to demonstrate. In the 18th century Peter Forsskaal was one of the first Europeans in the modern scientific tradition to collect and make notes on drugs used in Cairo and in Yemen.

Arab World↗
PubMed1998

[Chemical pattern recognition of traditional Chinese medicine kudingcha (I)].

In this paper, the non-linear mapping method of pattern recognition was adopted to classify 78 samples of traditional Chinese medicine Kudingcha, with macro and trace elements as classified characteristic features. Ilex cornuta Lindl., Ilex latifolia Thunb. and Ligustrum lucidum Ait. were identified accurately. The results agree with those from pharmacognosy. This paper provides a new method for identification of traditional Chinese medicine.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed1999

[Chemical pattern recognition of traditional Chinese medicine xixin (I)].

In this paper, three species of traditional Chinese medicine Xixin (Asarum heterotropoides Fr. var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) kitag, Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai and Asarum sieboldii Miq.) were identified by means of chemical pattern recognition, with 26 samples as training set and 19 samples as test set. The numerical characteristic features for identification were obtained from GC-MS analysis of volatile oils, all of obtained data were treated with PRIMA (Pattern Recognition by Independent Multivariate Analysis), thus computerized classification of Xixin samples was accomplished. The results agree with those from pharmacognosy. As a new method, chemical pattern recognition is especially suitable for identification of a large number of traditional Chinese medicine samples.

Asarum↗
PubMed2002

[Study progress in Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils].

This article reviewed the progress in the study of the pharmacognosy, chemical compositions, pharmacological actions and clinical practices of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. An expectation for the further development and utilization of this plant was put forward.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The characters of various commodity of chrysanthemums].

OBJECTIVE: To provide basis for making the quality standard of medicinal chrysanthemums [Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.]. METHOD: The character of pharmacognosy. RESULT: The characters of many of chrysanthemums as well as the differences between them have been clarified.

Chrysanthemum↗
PubMed1968

Medicinal plants--old and new.

The historic role of plants in healing declined early in the twentieth century with the ascendency of synthetic drugs, even though a number of basic medical tools, such as opium, strychnine, and cocaine, are of botanical origin. In recent years, interest in natural products has been restored dramatically by the discovery of penicillin, plant-derived tranquilizers, and plant precursors of cortisone. Contrary to previous beliefs, botanical drugs are proving more economical than synthetics and hold forth encouraging prospects of inhibiting or destroying tumors without undue damage to healthy tissue. Extensive plant screening programs are being conducted by governmental agencies and pharmaceutical houses. Folk remedies, still common in many tropical areas, are being evaluated. As a result of such research by Canadian and American scientists, alkaloids extracted from the Madagascar periwinkle (Vinca rosea) are being effectively employed to achieve regression in childhood leukemia. Potentially more rewarding are investigations of compounds obtained from the Australian tree, Acronychia baueri and a Chinese species, Camptotheca acuminata. Universities are reestablishing medicinal plant gardens and placing more emphasis on pharmacognosy. Experimental work with narcotic plants in psychiatric treatment has given rise to popular fascination with and abuse of certain natural hallucinogens. Among scientists engaged in chemical studies, there is an active demand for information about plants, their properties and therapeutic uses. Even the general public is being made aware that plant drugs are not obsolete but offer new hope for conquering disease.

Magnoliopsida↗
PubMed2006

Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials evaluating herbal interventions: implementing the CONSORT statement [corrected].

BACKGROUND: Given that herbal medicinal products are widely used, vary greatly in content and quality, and are actively tested in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), such RCTs must clearly report the specifics of the intervention. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop recommendations for reporting RCTs of herbal medicine interventions. METHODS: We identified and invited potential participants with expertise in clinical trial methodology, clinical trial reporting, pharmacognosy, herbal medicinal products, medical statistics, and/or herbal product manufacturing to participate in phone calls and a consensus meeting. Three phases were conducted: (1) Premeeting item generation via telephone calls, (2) Consensus meeting, and (3) Postmeeting feedback. Sixteen experts participated in premeeting phone calls for item generation, and 14 participants attended a consensus meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in June of 2004. During the consensus meeting, a modified Delphi technique was used to aid discussion and debate of information required for reporting RCTs of herbal medicines. RESULTS: After extensive discussion, the group decided that context-specific elaborations of nine Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) items to RCTs of herbal medicines were necessary: Item 1 (Title and Abstract), 2 (Background), 3 (Participants), 4 (Interventions), 6 (Outcomes), 15 (Baseline data), 20 (Interpretation), 21 (Generalizability), and 22 (Overall evidence). DISCUSSION: The elaboration of item 4 of the CONSORT statement outlines specific information required for complete reporting of the herbal medicine intervention. The reporting suggestions presented will support clinical trialists, editors, and reviewers in reporting and reviewing RCTs of herbal medicines and readers in interpreting the results.

Consensus↗
PubMed2005

Ethnopharmacology and drug discovery.

Ethnopharmacology and natural product drug discovery remains a significant hope in the current target-rich, lead-poor scenario. Many modern drugs have origin in traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology. Traditional Indian Medicine - Ayurveda has a long history and is one of the great living traditions. Considerable research on pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology and clinical therapeutics has been carried out on Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Several preclinical and clinical studies have examined cytoprotective, immunomodulatory and immunoadjuvant potential of Ayurvedic medicines. The ethnopharmacology knowledge, its holistic and systems approach supported by experiential base can serve as an innovative and powerful discovery engine for newer, safer and affordable medicines.

Ethnopharmacology↗
PubMed1998

Petasites hybridus: a tool for interdisciplinary research in phytotherapy.

The 3rd Petasites gathering took place in Romanshorn, Switzerland on March 29, 1996 and gave 16 European scientists the opportunity to transmit their latest considerable discoveries to interested researchers working in different scientific disciplines such as pharmacognosy, botany, chemistry, pharmacology, medicine or clinical pharmacy. The newest findings on Petasites hybridus as a significant plant drug showed very promising aspects of therapeutic utility. Great progress has been made in chemical analytical methods and the determination of pharmacological activities. Substantial advances have also occurred in the production of bioassay procedures and plant materials, particularly utilizing cell- and tissue-culture techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Microbial models of mammalian metabolism.

A solid basis for the M4-approach has been developed over the past 10 years. Recent examples of the production of difficult-to-synthesize mammalian metabolites through microbial transformations attest to the utility of the methodology. There is, however, much more to be done. Model studies should be conducted to test parallels between microbial and mammalian S- and N-oxidations, O-glucuronidations, and ester and amide hydrolyses. Subsequently, even greater applications of M4- work can be envisioned. We have been pleased to see our colleagues in industry and academia adopt the M4- approach to solve difficult pharmacological and toxicological problems. In large measure, this has been our greatest reward for efforts initially presented before the membership of the American Society of Pharmacognosy in 1973.

Acronine↗
PubMed1992

Transgenic medicinal plants: Agrobacterium-mediated foreign gene transfer and production of secondary metabolites.

Agrobacterium-Ti/Ri plasmids are natural gene vectors, by which a number of attempts have been made in genetic engineering of secondary metabolism in pharmaceutically important plants in the last few years. Opines are biosynthesized by transformed crown galls and hairy roots integrated with T-DNAs of Ti/Ri plasmids. These opines are classified into five families according to their structures and biogenesis. The production of opines is a natural example of genetic engineering of the biosynthetic machinery of plant cells for the benefit of the bacterial pathogen. One recent advance in transgenic technology of potential value to pharmacognosy is an application of transgenic organ cultures such as hairy roots and shooty teratomas to over-production and biotransformation of secondary metabolites. The hairy roots induced by Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been proved to be an efficient means of producing secondary metabolites that are normally biosynthesized in roots of differentiated plants. So far the specific metabolites produced by hairy root cultures and/or plants regenerated from hairy roots of 63 species have been analyzed and reported. As an alternative means of producing metabolites normally produced in leaves of plants, the shooty teratomas incited by the tumor-forming Ti plasmid or a shooty mutant of Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been used for the de novo biosynthesis and biotransformation of some specific secondary products. A second and more direct way to manipulate secondary pathways is performed by transferring and expressing specifically modified genes into medicinal plant cells with Agrobacterium vector systems. The genes encoding neomycin phosphotransferase and beta-glucuronidase have been used as model genes under the transcriptional control of appropriate promoters. Recently some specific genes that can eventually modify the fluxes of secondary metabolism have been integrated and expressed in medicinal plant cells. Future prospects are also discussed.

Plants, Genetically Modified↗
PubMed1996

Intellectual property rights, naturally derived bioactive compounds, and resource conservation. Meeting report.

The first Interim Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacognosy was held October 20-22, 1994, in San Jose, Costa Rica. In the symposium, which was the main scientific focus of the meeting, speakers from both developed and developing countries presented their perspectives on issues regarding intellectual property rights in regard to drug development from natural sources, conservation of natural habitats, and international conventions on bioprospecting. Careful evaluation of existing policies, laws, and conventions; sensitivity to the respective world views of prospective partners; equitable sharing of benefits including scientific collaboration; and a sense of fairness will be necessary to ensure that the genetic resources of all countries will be developed for the benefit of humankind.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗