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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Endocrine and metabolic response to muscarinic stimulation and inhibition in the ruminant: effects of slaframine.

The influence of slaframine (SF), a parasympathomimetic compound isolated from the fungus Rizoctonia leguminicola, on circulating metabolic hormone concentrations was investigated in goats. In Exp. 1, SF was administered i.v. at 0 (CONT), 50 (LSF), 100 (MSF), or 150 (HSF) microgram/kg.75 BW in four mature Spanish-cross does (average BW 36 +/- 7 kg) fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Plasma glucose peaked (P < .06) at 120 min with LSF and at 180 min with HSF and was higher (P <.06) than the CONT at these times. Glucose exhibited a quadratic response (P < .03) to SF. Area under the response curve for glucose differed (P < .02) in HSF from CONT and MSF. Insulin peaked (P < .01) at 240 min with MSF and at 180 min with HSF. Plasma triiodothyronine was maintained at a higher level (P < .03) with HSF. Thyroxine peaked (P < .06) at 120 min with MSF and 300 min with HSF. Plasma NEFA and somatotropin concentrations were not affected (P > .10) by SF. In Exp. 2, four mature Spanish-cross wethers (average BW 27 +/- 2 kg) fitted with jugular vein catheters were administered SF (0 and 114 micrograms/kg.75 BW) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4DAMP; 0 and 258 micrograms/kg.75 BW), a M3-muscarinic receptor antagonist, i.v. in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. With SF, glucose peaked (P < .06) at 60 min and insulin peaked (P < .05) at 180 min. Plasma triiodothyronine levels were maintained (P < .05) with SF but declined with other treatments. Plasma NEFA and thyroxine concentrations remained unchanged regardless of treatment. Slaframine administration induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in goats; however, these changes were blocked by preadministration of isomolar quantities of the M3-muscarinic receptor antagonist, 4DAMP.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1986

Effects of slaframine on ruminant digestive function: ruminal motility in sheep and cattle.

Effect of purified slaframine (SF; 1-acetoxy-6-aminooctahydroindolizine), a parasympathomimetic secretagogue isolated from Rhizoctonia leguminicola, on ruminal motility was investigated in cattle and sheep. In trial 1, four ruminal cannulated wethers, fed a pelleted concentrate and hay diet, were injected intramuscularly with 0, 12, 24 and 48 micrograms SF/kg body weight (BW) in a 4 X 4 Latin-square design. Ruminal motility was recorded 1 h before and 1 to 2 h and 3 to 4 h after SF administration by measuring pressure changes exerted upon a fluid-filled, open-tipped catheter inserted into the dorsal sac of the rumen. The frequencies of both primary and secondary ruminal contractions were decreased as much as 20 to 78% with SF (P less than .05) depending upon the dosage level and time after administration. In trial 2, three ruminal-cannulated steers fed a concentrated diet were injected intramuscularly with 0, 12 and 24 micrograms SF/kg BW in a 3 X 3 Latin-square design. A water-filled balloon inserted into the cranial sac of the rumen was used to measure ruminal pressure changes 1 h before and 1 to 2 h, 3 to 4 h and 7 to 8 after SE administration. Frequency of primary and secondary ruminal contractions decreased with SF as much as 27 to 64% depending on the dosage level and time after administration. The frequency of secondary contractions increased 28% (P less than .05) as compared with control during the 7 to 8 h after administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1989

Effects of a salivary stimulant, slaframine, on ruminal fermentation, bacterial protein synthesis and digestion in frequently fed steers.

Slaframine (SF), a parasympathomimetic salivary stimulant, was administered i.m. (10, 15 or 20 micrograms SF/kg BW) to ruminally and abomasally fistulated steers at 12-h intervals for 18-d periods in a latin square-designed experiment. Steers were fed semicontinuously (12 times daily) a 40:60 roughage:concentrate diet at twice their net energy requirement for maintenance. Ruminal digestion coefficients for DM, ADF and starch were 10 to 16% lower and linearly related in an inverse manner to the level of SF administered (P less than .05). Postruminal digestion of DM, ADF and starch increased as much as 46.7, 9.5 and 44.0%, respectively, in a fashion linearly related (P less than .05) to the level of SF administered. Total tract digestion of DM and ADF were not affected by SF; however, total tract starch digestion was increased as much as 5% and was related linearly (P less than .05) to SF treatment. With SF administration, as much as 13% more bacterial protein exited the rumen, resulting in a 16.5% linear improvement (P less than .1) in the efficiency of ruminal bacterial protein production per 100 g of OM fermented. Ruminal concentrations of VFA, ammonia and pH were not affected by SF. These results demonstrate a positive relationship between salivation and ruminal bacterial protein synthesis and suggest that feed utilization by ruminants may be improved by pharmacological stimulation of salivary secretions.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1997

Pilocarpine hydrochloride for symptomatic relief of xerostomia due to chronic graft-versus-host disease or total-body irradiation after bone-marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies.

Xerostomia due to chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or total-body irradiation (TBI) is an important cause of morbidity after BMT. The ophthalmic or oral form of pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic agent with predominantly muscarinic activity, was given orally to 13 patients with moderate (n = 6) or severe (n = 7) xerostomia due to chronic GVHD (n = 7) or TBI (n = 6). The duration of 19 courses of therapy was 7-245 days (median 73). Ten patients (77%) noticed significant improvement in salivation and relief of symptoms which reached its maximum after 7-186 days (median 46). Difficulty in eating and speaking reduced, and there was a beneficial effect on the oral mucosa and teeth. Xerophthalmia improved in one of six patients. Five patients had adverse reactions: wheezing (n = 1), and increased sweating without (n = 3) or with (n = 1) abdominal cramps (n = 1): leading to discontinuation of pilocarpine in one. Three patients stopped pilocarpine, became symptomatic again, but the benefits were reproducible on restarting pilocarpine. The ophthalmic preparation was as effective as the oral, and was one-tenth the cost of the oral. We conclude that oral pilocarpine is effective in relieving xerostomia associated with chronic GVHD and TBI. The time taken for a response to be seen is variable, and unless significant adverse effects are encountered, pilocarpine should be continued for 6-8 weeks before it is considered to have failed.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1987

Effects of slaframine on circulating concentrations of growth hormone and glucose.

The ability of slaframine (SF), a parasympathomimetic, to alter blood growth hormone (GH) and glucose concentrations in broiler chicks was investigated. Eighty male broiler chicks (average weight 225 g) were divided into 10 groups and dosed with either saline (control) or 1 mg SF/kg of body weight by oral intubation. Plasma samples were obtained from separate groups of chicks at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr after SF administration and analyzed for growth hormone and glucose. One hour after SF administration, glucose increased (P less than .05) 21.4% compared with controls. Growth hormone increased (P less than .05) 449 to 948% from 8 to 12 hr after SF administration. Administration of SF at 1 mg/kg of body weight was associated with increased plasma GH.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

Sjögren's syndrome: a critical review of clinical management.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is greatly under recognized in clinical practice, primarily for 2 reasons: its presentations are variable and often nonspecific and there are still no clear, uniform diagnostic criteria for this clinical entity. The prevalence, natural history, pathogenesis, and clinical taxonomy of SS are still not well understood. Potential criteria include both subjective symptoms and objective criteria such as measurements of salivary and tear flow, minor salivary gland biopsy, and an increasing variety of serological markers. Physicians often fail to appreciate the profound impact of SS on quality of life. Therefore, screening for SS should include questions exploring symptoms in terms of their effect on the patient's daily life. At present, there is no curative treatment for SS. For symptom relief, local treatments (such as artificial tears or oral topical sprays) are limited in their effects, whereas systemic treatment offers the advantage of addressing a wider range of symptoms. Controlled studies show that oral pilocarpine significantly improves sicca symptoms in the eyes, mouth, and other sites. Clinical experience to date suggests it is safe and well tolerated, with no serious adverse effects, tachyphylaxis, or drug to drug interactions of concern. The most frequent adverse effects are sweating, urinary frequency, diarrhea, and other parasympathomimetic effects, but these do not lead to substantial drug withdrawal rates. Patients should be forewarned that subjective improvement may lag behind improvement in objective measures. Because management often spans several specialties, coordination among them is essential. Dental, gynecological, and ophthalmological perspectives on diagnosis and management are discussed; the primary practitioner has the opportunity to play both a coordinating role and a direct role in early diagnosis and treatment.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1953

Veratrum viride; hypotensive and cardiac effects of intravenous use.

The hypotensive action of veratrum viride given intravenously was studied in 24 patients, 22 of them hypertensive and 2 normotensive. Vasodepression of considerable but variable degree was obtained in all patients. Maximum hypotension occurred 8 to 15 minutes after injection and relative hypotension usually lasted at least two hours. In four patients subnormal hypotension occurred but there were no clinical manifestations of shock. The blood pressure rose promptly when pressor drugs were administered.A dose of 0.3 to 0.5 mg. brought about a satisfactory decrease in blood pressure. The degree of decrease was affected by the speed of administration and in a few patients by idiosyncratic sensitivity to the drug. Veratrum has an extravagal action on the pulse rate, and in that and other respects resembles digitalis. Veratrum should be given with caution to digitalized patients. Atropine reduced but did not abolish the hypotensive effect of veratrum, and was more effective when given before veratrum. This indicates that the parasympathomimetic action of veratrum is important in the mechanism of blood pressure reduction.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1990

[Metaphylaxis of puerperal disorders in cattle].

The effects of metaphylactic measures in cattle herds with the aim of diminishing puerperal disturbances and ensurement of high reproductive performance were studied. About 5000 cows in more than 30 groups (experimental and controls) were included into the clinical investigations. Dietary supplementation by sodium propionic acid over a period of 4 weeks, oxytocin or parasympathomimetics administered during the first 3 days post partum had a certain metaphylactic effect, only when the therapeutic principle met the prevalent cause of the given puerperal disturbance. In herds with high incidence of noninfectious retention of fetal membranes the metaphylactic application of Se and Vitamin E (10 days ante partum) can be taken into account. Stimulation of the ovarian activity by GnRH is recommended in animals which fail to have developed follicular activity by the 12th-15th day post partum.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Reappraisal of the sympathetic role in the sphincteric urethra. Denervation supersensitivity of the urethra of the chronic neurogenic bladder to alpha-adrenergic drugs.

The response of urethral pressure to administration of an alpha-stimulant was compared between a group of eight patients with chronic neurogenic bladders as evidenced by positive denervation supersensitivity to parasympathomimetic bethanechol chloride and a group of ten control patients. A supersensitive response to administration of an alpha-stimulant with a rise of maximum urethral pressure, 10 mm Hg or more above the control urethral pressure, was uniformly observed in the urethra of patients with chronically denervated bladders. Our results appear to add pharmacologic evidence of alpha-adrenergic predominance over the parasympathetic in the urethra which is believed to be innervated dually in the recently envolving new concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electrical activity of the intestine in the conscious dog. Simultaneous pharmacologic investigation by chronic electrodes and electroperitoneography (author's transl)].

Two technics (chronic electrodes-electrointraperitoneography : EIG) have been used simultaneously in the conscious dog for the pharmacological study of drug effects on the electrical activity of intestine. The results show a good correlation between records obtained with the technic which needs a surgical operation (chronic electrodes) and the other which doesn't (EIG). The expected effects of the parasympathomimetic (acetylcholine-neostigmine) parasympatholytic (scopolamine) and adrenergic (epinephrine-neosynephrine) drugs used on the spiking activity are obtained with the two technics.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

The influence of neuropharmaca on the nasal glands. Preliminary report.

Contributions from various sources to the nasal fluid are a serious complicating factor for investigating the isolated role of the nasal glands in the production of this fluid. This study is an attempt to obtain a better insight in the secretory behaviour of the nasal glands and its neural regulation. Radioligand binding strongly suggests that rat nasal glands contain muscarinic receptors. Parasympathomimetic drugs mainly promote the discharge of the secretory proteins from the glandular cells. However, histological sections do not show any change in the number of secretory granules after parasympatholytic drug application. These observations refer to a complex nature of the parasympathetic regulation of the glandular secretory activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Supersensitivity of the rat urinary bladder following "chemical sympathectomy".

6-hydroxydopamine (100 mg/kg injected intravenously twice with a weekly interval) was used for the destruction of the adrenergic nerves in the rat detrusor muscle. Two to three weeks after the first injection of this substance the sensitivity of the detrusor muscle to parasympathomimetic and sympathomimetic drugs was tested by recording the intravesical pressure in situ. The sensitivity to methacholine was found to be unchanged, whereas a supersensitivity to noradrenaline, adrenaline, phenylephrine and isoprenaline was found to have developed, thus involving both alpha-adrenoceptor mediated contraction and beta-adrenoceptor mediated relaxation. The supersensitivity was of the postjunctional type.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Proposed treatment of the Urrets-Zavalia syndrome. A propos of one reversible case].

Regression of Urrets-Zavalia's syndrome was obtained in one case after treatment administered according to a strict sequence following keratoplasty for keratoconus: sympatholytic drops (guanethidine 5%-Ismelin) every 4 hours for 24 hours, followed the next day, when mydriasis had been slightly reduced, by parasympathomimetic drops (pilocarpine 2%). Marked myosis was observed and treatment discontinued. This resulted in recurrence of the mydriasis, but this was successfully treated by repeating therapy. Pilocarpine drops were progressively diminished, followed by a slow reduction of guanethidine drops over 8 weeks, resulting in only slight residual anisocoria. This treatment is based on the physiopathological concept of sympathetic spasm with parasympathetic inhibition, and it is suggested that reduction of spasm should be obtained before administration of therapy to stimulate the sphincter. Pharmacological data on the compounds employed are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Parasympathetic and sympathetic influences on mucociliary activity in vivo.

An in vivo test model has been developed to measure the influence of pharmacological substances on mucociliary activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus. Test solutions are administered via the feeding vessel to the investigated mucous membrane. The model permits administration of test substances and simultaneous recording of the obtained effects under conditions that closely mimic the normal situation. The parasympathomimetic agonist methacholine accelerates the mucociliary wave frequency dose-dependently. Atropine has no influence on the resting mucociliary activity but reduces or abolishes the effect of methacholine. The sympathomimetic beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol accelerates the mucociliary activity dose-dependently whereas beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation with prenalterol is without effect. Agonists acting on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, phenylephrine and oxymetazoline, retard the mucociliary activity dose-dependently. beta- and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (propranolol and phentolamine, respectively) have no influence on the resting mucociliary activity but reduce the effect of beta- and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, respectively. It is concluded that the resting mucociliary activity during anesthesia functions independently of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous activity, and that the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation is to increase the mucociliary activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Scintigraphic imaging with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine as a marker of cardiac adrenergic neurotransmission in the rat.

This study was performed to determine if 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) could be used to create scintigraphic images of the rat heart and to determine if this method could be used to estimate cardiac norepinephrine turnover in the intact animal. Male F344 rats were injected i.v. with 200-350 muCi of 123I-MIBG. Beginning at 5 min after the injection, scintigraphic images were made every 30 min for 5 h. The half-life of 123I-MIBG retention within the heart during the 5 h of the experiment was determined by plotting the log of the counts for each image vs. time. The half-life of cardiac 123I-MIBG was 3.44 +/- 0.17 h with a rate constant of 0.21 +/- 0.01 (hr-1). In a separate experiment, methacholine, a parasympathomimetic agonist, was given after the injection of 123I-MIBG and increased 123I-MIBG efflux. Cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake was reduced by 65% in rats sympathetically denervated with 6 hydroxy dopamine indicating that 123I-MIBG is accumulating for the most part in adrenergic nerve terminals. We conclude that scintigraphic imaging with 123I-MIBG may be a useful procedure for estimating cardiac adrenergic nervous system activity in the intact animal.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗
PubMed1996

[A clinical-pharmacological case (1). Action of cisapride (Prepulsid) on bladder function].

We report the case of a 75 old man with chronic constipation due to traumatic spinal cord injury 25 years ago. Following prostatectomy the patient developed retention of urine and urinary incontinence, which improved significantly during a therapy with cisapride (3 x 10 mg/day). While the administration of cisapride is associated with increased detrusor activity and possibly urinary incontinence in neurologically normal persons, patients with urinary retention due to spinal cord injury may benefit from a therapy with this indirect parasympathomimetic agent.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Acute myocardial infarction temporally related to betel nut chewing.

A patient with coronary artery disease suffered an acute myocardial infarction temporally related to chewing a betel nut. Alkaloids in betel nut, such as arecoline, may play a contributing role in coronary artery spasm due to parasympathomimetic effects on vessels with abnormal endothelium. Chewing betel nuts may instantly induce a high concentration of arecoline in the circulation and do harm to a chewer with a history of coronary artery disease.

Areca↗
PubMed1978

Structure and function of mucus-secreting cells of cat and goose airway epithelium.

In the cat and goose, studies have been undertaken to determine the ultrastructure of airway epithelia, the concentration and distribution of the secretory cells which produce respiratory tract mucus, and the histochemistry of mucins located within cells and on their luminal surfaces. By electron microscopy all the 11 cell types so far described can be found in the airways of the cat but not the goose. Both goblet cells and submucosal glands are abundant in the cat whereas the trachea of goose lacks the latter, having instead abundant goblet cells many of which form 'intraepithelial glands'. Histochemically, the goblet cells of the cat and goose are similar in that they contain mucins with a predominance of sulphate esters. A surface mucosubstance can be demonstrated which, histochemically, is similar to that described in dog and man. Interestingly, this surface layer may be sloughed in response to an inhaled irritant such as ammonia and thereby contribute to the respiratory tract mucus recovered experimentally. Incorporation into macromolecules of radioactively labelled mucin precursors is assessed by autoradiography of tissue sections, and preliminary results of experiments designed to test the response of mucus-secreting cells to airway irritation and the parasympathomimetic drug, pilocarpine, are also presented.

Ammonia↗