[Immortality, cellular aging and death of cells. Role of protooncogenes, oncogenes and anti-oncogenes].
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In this short review, we will give an overview of the various genes that can be activated by insertion of proviral DNA of the mouse mammary tumor virus during the formation of mammary cancer. These genes fall within three families: Wnt genes, FGF genes and Notch-related genes. We will summarize our current understanding of the roles of these genes in tumorigenesis and in normal development, and the mechanisms of action of their gene products. Finally, we will give some examples of cooperation between these genes in various biological settings.
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Transfection of brown leghorn chicken embryo fibroblasts by DNA containing v-myb sequences cloned either in a complete AMV proviral DNA or in a retroviral derived vector has led to the isolation of two kinds of transformed cells. A characterization of the proviral sequences retained and expressed in these transformed cells revealed that they contained either new or altered v-myb-related RNA species. The experiments presented in this paper also show that both types of transformants expressed truncated myb-related polypeptides, suggesting that alterations of the v-myb product may result in a new target specificity, leading to the transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts.
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Most of the present knowledge on pain pathways is based on invasive animal experiments. In 1987, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, Omura found that pain pathways can be evaluated non-invasively in living humans. In this paper, actual examples of such cases are reported. When mild pain was created by pinching different fingers of a normal human subject by placing a plastic clamp on the skin above a pain pathway, the indirect Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, through a fine electroconductive metal wire held by a third person, showed marked weakening of muscle tone of the third person resulting in the opening of the Bi-Digital O-Ring, which was preselected only when the minimum essential requirements to perform the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test were satisfied. The pain pathway thus detected had the following characteristics: For example, when the lateral side of the 5th finger of the left hand was pinched, the pathway was approximately along the ulnar nerve and then went to the dorsal root of the spinal cord around the area corresponding to the lower end of the 7th cervical vertebrae/upper end of the 1st thoracic vertebrae. At this level, the pain pathway goes to the opposite side (right side) then laterally up to the lower one-third of the medulla oblongata. It then turns horizontally from the right side to the left side at the same level, then goes up in the left side of the center of the medulla oblongata. At the left side it goes to the pons, and in the upper part of the pons it turns towards the midline. It then goes up and turns to the right side of the right cerebral cortex corresponding to the lateral side of the 5th finger.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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