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PubMed2004

E-neuroscience: challenges and triumphs in integrating distributed data from molecules to brains.

Imaging, from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to localization of specific macromolecules by microscopies, has been one of the driving forces behind neuroinformatics efforts of the past decade. Many web-accessible resources have been created, ranging from simple data collections to highly structured databases. Although many challenges remain in adapting neuroscience to the new electronic forum envisioned by neuroinformatics proponents, these efforts have succeeded in formalizing the requirements for effective data sharing and data integration across multiple sources. In this perspective, we discuss the importance of spatial systems and ontologies for proper modeling of neuroscience data and their use in a large-scale data integration effort, the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN).

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience and beyond.

Virtual reality (VR) has finally come of age for serious applications in the behavioral neurosciences. After capturing the public imagination a decade ago, enthusiasm for VR flagged due to hardware limitations, an absent commercial market and manufacturers who dropped the mass-market products that normally drive technological development. Recently, however, improvements in computer speed, quality of head-mounted displays and wide-area tracking systems have made VR attractive for both research and real-world applications in neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology. New and exciting applications for VR have emerged in research, training, rehabilitation, teleoperation, virtual archeology and tele-immersion.

Behavioral Sciences↗

PubMed2006

Neuroscience and legal determination of criminal responsibility.

Neuroscience is increasingly identifying associations between biology and violence that appear to offer courts evidence relevant to criminal responsibility. In addition, in a policy era of 'zero tolerance of risk', evidence of biological abnormality in some of those who are violent, or biological markers of violence, may be seized on as a possible basis for preventive detention in the interest of public safety. However, there is a mismatch between questions that the courts and society wish answered and those that neuroscience is capable of answering. This poses a risk to the proper exercise of justice and to civil liberties.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed2006

Neuroscience and education: from research to practice?

Cognitive neuroscience is making rapid strides in areas highly relevant to education. However, there is a gulf between current science and direct classroom applications. Most scientists would argue that filling the gulf is premature. Nevertheless, at present, teachers are at the receiving end of numerous 'brain-based learning' packages. Some of these contain alarming amounts of misinformation, yet such packages are being used in many schools. What, if anything, can neuroscientists do to help good neuroscience into education?

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The neuroscience of recovery and rehabilitation: what have we learned from animal research?

OBJECTIVES: To encourage rehabilitation specialists to develop a critical approach to the animal research literature that is relevant to human neurorehabilitation and to encourage clinicians to lend their perspectives to basic research. ATA SOURCES: Scientific publications cited in MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsychInfo, and professional presentations of leading neuroscience researchers. The focus was on current publications to 2001, with historical works included when appropriate. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were selected based on their relevance to the objectives. DATA EXTRACTION: Reviewed study methodology and findings and extracted key principles relevant to rehabilitation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Many themes emerging from neuroscience research are relevant to human rehabilitation, including issues related to timing of intervention and recovery, and characteristics of nervous system plasticity. CONCLUSIONS: Although animal research has many limitations, it provides a unique window on nervous system recovery and has generated important directions for future human research. Clinician involvement in basic animal research will improve the extent to which results are relevant to human rehabilitation and recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Five scientists at Johns Hopkins in the modern evolution of neuroscience.

Neuroscience's evolution at Johns Hopkins, from neurophysiology to the new field of neurobiology, though unplanned, was rapid and important. Beginning in 1933 when Philip Bard became professor of physiology at Johns Hopkins, members of his department concentrated initially on neuroanatomical control of placing reactions and sexual activity. Vernon Mountcastle, extending available techniques, discovered vertical somato-sensory columns in the 1950's. Stephen Kuffler, who arrived at Hopkins in 1947, was a pioneer in single unit microelectrode recording techniques. He soon attracted scientists from all over the world to his laboratory. Among them, Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel discovered vertical neuronal columns in the visual cortex. During several decades at Johns Hopkins, these five scientists set extremely high scientific standards and established a climate of inquiry in which ideas were shared and young scientists encouraged. They contributed significantly to the emerging discipline of neuroscience.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2002

Executive functions in preschool children born preterm: application of cognitive neuroscience paradigms.

Although children born preterm are at risk for neuropsychological impairments at school age and adolescence, including difficulties with visual motor integration, spatial/constructional skills, attention, arithmetic, and nonverbal executive functions, specific neuropsychological outcome has not been investigated adequately in preschoolers. Application of cognitive neuroscience tasks offers the opportunity to characterize early executive functions in young children born preterm. In a preliminary sample of 29 preschool children born preterm (M birth gestational age = 32.4 weeks), executive function outcome was compared to that of fullterm controls by contrasting performance on two prototypic delayed-response-type paradigms, Delayed Alternation and Spatial Reversal. Preschoolers born preterm correctly retrieved the reward on fewer trials on Delayed Alternation than did matched controls. Furthermore, preschool children born preterm used problem-solving strategies that included more perseverative errors than controls. These preliminary findings highlight the utility of cognitive neuroscience paradigms to understand neuropsychological outcome in preschool children born preterm and suggest areas of developmental vulnerability that may include dorsolateral prefrontal circuits.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2003

Hypnosis, human nature, and complexity: integrating neuroscience approaches into hypnosis research.

Hypnosis research has contributed much to the understanding of human behavior and experience, both normal and abnormal. This paper considers ways in which neuroscience approaches may be integrated into hypnosis research to continue and enhance that contribution, as well as further reveal the nature of hypnosis itself. The authors review the influences on and advances in hypnosis research over the last century; illustrate the investigative value of hypnosis to selected phenomena across the areas of doing, feeling, believing, and remembering; and specify elements for the successful integration of neuroscience approaches into hypnosis research. The authors believe that hypnosis research offers powerful techniques to isolate psychological processes in ways that allow their neural bases to be mapped. Successful integration will be achieved when researchers add levels of explanation, rather than shift the emphasis from one level or feature to another.

Culture↗

PubMed2002

Neurobiographies: writing lives in the history of neurology and the neurosciences.

This essay surveys the present state of biographical writing in the history of neurology and neuroscience. Individual lives play a significant role in practitioner-historians' narratives, whereas academic historians tend to be more nonindividualistic and a-biographical. Autobiographies by neurologists and neuroscientists, and particularly autobiographical collections, are problematic as an historical genre. Neurobiographies proper are published with several aims in mind: some are written as literary entertainment, others as contributions to a cultural and social history of the neurosciences. Eulogy, panegyrics and commemoration play a great role in neurobiographical writing. Some biographies, finally, are written to provide role-models for young neuroscientists, thus reviving the classical, Plutarchian biographical tradition. Finally, a recent cooperative biography of Charcot is mentioned as an example of how the biographical genre can help overcome the alleged dichotomy between the historiographies of practitioner-historians and academic historians.

Biographies as Topic↗

PubMed2006

Visualization in the neurosciences: seeing abstractions in real time.

One explicit goal of visualization in the neurosciences is to present data to human observers in a way that is informative and meaningful, on the one hand, yet intuitive and effortless on the other. Multidimensional data visualization is concerned with the question "How can we display high-dimensional data elements in a low-dimensional environment, such as on a computer screen or the printed page?" This goal is often pursued by attaching "features" such as hue, intensity, spatial location, and size to each data element. Features are chosen to reveal properties of data elements as well as relationships among them. An ad hoc assignment of features to individual data dimensions may not result in a useful visualization tool. Indeed, too often the tool itself interferes with the viewer's ability to extract the desired information due to a poor choice of feature assignment. The articles presented in this issue address the concerns of representing data to better elucidate complex concepts in the neurosciences.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Childhood anxiety: integrating developmental psychopathology and affective neuroscience.

This article reviews progress in research on childhood phobia, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety disorders from the perspectives of developmental psychopathology and affective neuroscience. These perspectives represent two organizing theoretical schools in the realms of clinical and basic science research. Studies in developmental psychopathology suggest the need to identify specific subgroups of children with one of these anxiety disorders who are particularly at risk for anxiety disorders in adulthood. Studies in affective neuroscience suggest potential neurobiological avenues for identifying such children who face a particularly high risk for chronic anxiety disorders.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2004

Biomechanics and neuroscience: a failure to communicate.

This commentary is the third in a series commemorating the 50th anniversary of the American College of Sports Medicine. The charge to the commentators was to provide insight on the origins and directions in the fields of physical activity and disease prevention (Haskell), applied exercise physiology (Wilmore), biomechanics and neuroscience (Enoka), and the physiology of exercise (Holloszy). In contrast to the innovation and vitality that characterizes the activities of the College in most of these fields, the inclusion of biomechanics and neuroscience as essential elements in realizing the mission of the College has been much less impressive. What we have here, as the saying goes, is a failure to communicate.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2006

Ethical issues in neuroscience.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The study gives an overview of ethical questions raised by the progress of neuroscience in identifying and intervening in neural correlates of the mind. RECENT FINDINGS: Ethical problems resulting from brain research have induced the emergence of a new discipline termed neuroethics. Critical questions concern issues, such as prediction of disease, psychopharmacological enhancement of attention, memory or mood, and technologies such as psychosurgery, deep-brain stimulation or brain implants. Such techniques are capable of affecting the individual's sense of privacy, autonomy and identity. Moreover, reductionist interpretations of neuroscientific results challenge notions of free will, responsibility, personhood and the self which are essential for western culture and society. They may also gradually change psychiatric concepts of mental health and illness. These tendencies call for thorough, philosophically informed analyses of research findings and critical evaluation of their underlying conceptions of humans. SUMMARY: Advances in neuroscience raise ethical, social and legal issues in relation to the human person and the brain. Potential benefits of applying neuroimaging, psychopharmacology and neurotechnology to mentally ill and healthy persons have to be carefully weighed against their potential harm. Questions concerning underlying concepts of humans should be actively dealt with by interdisciplinary and public debate.

Brain↗

PubMed1987

Conceptualizing researchable neuroscience nursing problems in the clinical setting.

Research-related activities in neuroscience nursing have increased. Clinical nursing research studies initiated and conducted by the practicing professional, however, have been limited. This paper explores potential areas for research, identifies cues to researchable problems, and describes the criteria by which researchable problems in neuroscience nursing are assessed.

Humans↗

PubMed1987

AIDS: an overview for the neuroscience nurse.

Four out of ten acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients develop neurologic complications. Because of the complex nervous system dysfunction experienced by these patients, neuroscience nurses face an extraordinary challenge. To provide care for patients with neurological complications of AIDS, the neuroscience nurse must understand the nature of the disease and its effects on the central nervous system. With this broad knowledge base, effective nursing interventions can be implemented.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1988

Continuing education in neuroscience nursing.

Since its inception in 1968 the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses (AANN) has devoted the majority of its energy and resources to establishing and maintaining excellence in continuing education (CE). Building and sustaining a program for CE is both challenging and rewarding. AANN, accredited as a provider and approver of CE in nursing by the American Nurses' Association, has awarded hundreds of contact hours to individuals and AANN chapters. It now has the authority to approve CE for any organization or individual meeting specific criteria. In order to promote ongoing growth of its CE program, and thus the knowledge of nurses caring for neuroscience patients, AANN encourages groups and individuals to provide CE and offers this article as assistance. The article defines terms, addresses components of development of CE and offers the opportunity to earn contact hours.

Budgets↗

PubMed1989

Neuroscience nursing: designing the research proposal.

Writing a research proposal for a neuroscience nursing research project is much the same as writing a proposal for any other kind of research project. The same information is included in all proposals. Differences for the neuroscience nurse researcher include the nature of problems investigated (effects of various nursing care strategies on intracranial pressure, for example) and the nature of the target population, many of whom are cognitively impaired, very ill or both. More time may be involved in the collection of data from neurologically impaired persons than from normal persons.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1990

Clinical trials: the role of the neuroscience nurse.

Participation in clinical drug trials is becoming a common expectation of many neuroscience nurses. Prior to assuming responsibilities associated with a research study, the roles, rights and responsibilities involved must be thoroughly understood. The effective neuroscience nurse brings to the research arena a thorough knowledge of the drug under study, outstanding skills as a clinician and a commitment to ensure the safety and comfort of the participant as the search is made for better and more effective drug regimens.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗