Are telemedicine units a medical device?
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Biomedical Engineering↗
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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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[The digital revolution in Japan].
The digital revolution will be achieved using three types of technology: platform; distribution; and content. Japan is advanced in these technologies, although its transformation to a new society has been slow. To keeping up with this global revolution, we need to change our mind set.
Computer Communication Networks↗
beta-Mannosynthase: Synthesis of beta-Mannosides with a Mutant beta-Mannosidase We thank the Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for support. D.L.Z. thanks the Izaak Walton Killam Foundation for a fellowship.
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Journal Article↗
Reorganization: premises, processes, and pitfalls.
As the technological environment changes and libraries assume new and more active roles in their institutions, the traditional library hierarchy ceases to be an effective organizational structure. Guided by theories that emphasize teamwork, quality, and employee empowerment and participation, libraries are developing flatter, more networked organizations. The Health Sciences Library at Columbia University in New York, New York, recently underwent a reorganization in an effort to become a more resilient, more flexible organization. The process was beneficial overall. While some errors and confusion occurred, these are seen as opportunities for learning and evidence of the library's new atmosphere of creativity and experimentation.
Hospital Restructuring↗
Making health policy: networks in research and policy after 1945.
Science and policy in health and medicine have interacted in new ways in Britain since 1945. The relationship between research and policy has a history. The changing role of social medicine, the rise of health services research and "customer contractor" policies in government have been important. The relationship between research and policy has been analysed by different schools of thought. This chapter categorises them as several groups: "evidence-based", "journalism", "sociology of scientific knowledge" and "science policy studies". The chapters in the book illuminate aspects of these changing relationships. The role of chronic disease epidemiology, of new networks in public health, of media-focussed activism, and of health technology and its advocates have been more important than political interest.
Biomedical Research↗
The productivity of primary care research networks.
Primary care research networks are being publicly funded in the United Kingdom to promote a culture of research and development in primary care. This paper discusses the organisational form of these networks and how their productivity can be evaluated, drawing on evidence from management science. An evaluation of a research network has to take account of the complexity of the organisation, the influence of its local context, and its stage of development. Output measures, such as number of research papers, and process measures, such as number of research meetings, may contribute to an evaluation. However, as networking relies on the development of informal, trust-based relationships, the quality of interactions within a network is of paramount importance for its success. Networks can audit and reflect on their success in promoting such relationships and a more formal qualitative evaluation by an independent observer can document their success to those responsible for funding.
Efficiency, Organizational↗
A path to integration in an academic health science center.
This article describes a networking and integration strategy in use at the University of Michigan Medical Center. This strategy builds upon the existing technology base and is designed to provide a roadmap that will direct short-term development along a productive, long-term path. It offers a way to permit the short-term development of incremental solutions to current problems while at the same time maximizing the likelihood that these incremental efforts can be recycled into a more comprehensive approach.
Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems↗
Fees for service in medical library networks.
In 1969 the Cleveland Health Sciences Library began an Institutional Membership. This was to be a fee-for-service arrangement to provide for library service, consultation on library and related matters, and development of educational programs for a wide range of institutional staff. Over fifty institutions now belong. Experience suggests that serious questions are raised by such a relationship between a resource library and libraries in a number of institutions. The membership involves a per capita cost for Cleveland hospitals with house staff, and a cost-plus-fixed-fee for others. Total access has been provided in hopes that experience in use can lead to the development of costs and policies.
Journal Article↗
The delivery of continuing education: teleconferencing, an alternative mode.
An experimental offering of the Medical Library Association's continuing education course CE 46, Library Management/Budgeting, was made available to sixteen health sciences librarians via the University of Wisconsin-Education Telephone Network. Features of the hardware of the teleconference network, a few applications relating to medicine and library science, and administrative considerations are examined. The paper also describes how the experimental course was conducted, course participants, design, problems encountered, and evaluation data obtained from participants. A comparison between the teleconferencing mode of delivery and the traditional face-to-face format is stressed. Recommendations call for continued consideration of teleconferencing as a method of delivering continuing education courses and suggest the possibility of MLA providing its own teleconferencing network.
Education, Continuing↗
Anatomy of attentional networks.
Attention is a central theme in psychological science. As with other biological systems, attention has a distinct anatomy that carries out basic psychological functions. Disparate attentional networks correlate with discrete neural circuitry and can be influenced by specific brain injuries, states, and drugs. Accordingly, thinking about attention as an organ system is advantageous for understanding the details of this complex cognitive process. In the context of an influential model of attention, this article introduces the broad notion of attention, then addresses its prominent characteristics, mechanisms, and theories. The presentation emphasizes the role of recent neuroimaging data in outlining the functional neuroanatomy subserving distinct attentional networks. A discussion of pertinent results connects attentional networks with self-regulation, development, and rehabilitation training.
Attention↗
High-performance computing in radiation cancer treatment.
In 1989 a consortium of the Radiation Oncology and Computer Science Departments at the University of North Carolina, BellSouth Corporation, GTE, and the MCNC was formed in response to the high-speed network initiative proposed by the National Science Foundation and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. One of the purposes of this effort has been to demonstrate that applications exist that require gigabit per second networks. Our consortium, known as VISTAnet, proposed to use real-time radiation therapy treatment planning as the application that would require the use of a gigabit network. The plan was to develop a system that could rapidly calculate and display a three-dimensional radiation dose distribution for any configuration of radiation beams. The gigabit network would be used to tie the dose calculations done with the Cray Y-MP at the Research Triangle to the graphics engine at the Department of Computer Science (Pixel-Planes 5) and the medical workstation at Radiation Oncology. The system would then provide the radiation physician with the capability of considering hundreds of potential treatment plans, instead of the usual two or three, with the goal of arriving at a highly optimized plan within a few minutes.
Computer Communication Networks↗
The InterCon network: a program for education partnerships at the University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center.
The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center (UT-Houston) has created programs and activities to address the state's pressing needs in minority education. Through InterCon, a network of universities and K-12 schools, UT-Houston works with its partners to identify competitive candidates in the current pool of minority graduates with bachelor's degrees and to help them--along with their non-minority counterparts--progress in their education. Another objective is to expand the pool of minorities underrepresented in medicine who complete high school and go to college. In 1994 UT-Houston and Prairie View A&M University created a collaborative venture to provide new educational opportunities at UT-Houston for Prairie View's predominantly African American students. A three-track summer internship program--a result of that collaboration--has since been expanded to partnerships with other minority and majority universities throughout Texas. In 1998, for example, 108 undergraduate students from these universities (and 40 other universities nationwide) participated in research, professional, and administrative summer internships at UT-Houston. The InterCon network also has partnerships with K-12 schools. UT-Houston works with inner-city, suburban, and rural school districts to develop education models that can be transferred throughout the state. The partnerships deal with helping to teach basic academic skills and computer literacy, improve science-related instruction, meet demands for health promotion materials and information for school-initiated health and wellness programs, and develop distance-learning paradigms. UT-Houston views InterCon as a program helping Texas institutions to engage and adapt to the socioeconomic factors, demographic changes, and technology explosion that currently challenge public education.
Community-Institutional Relations↗
High-Spin Molecules: A Novel Cyano-Bridged MnMo Molecular Cluster with a S=51/2 Ground State and Ferromagnetic Intercluster Ordering at Low Temperatures Financial support by the Swiss National Science Foundation through Project No. 21-52699.97 and the TMR Research Network ERBFMRXCT 980181 of the European Union, entitled: "Molecular Magnetism: From Materials towards Devices" is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank Thierry Strässle from the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, for assistance with the heat capacity measurement and Professor Fernando Palacio, University of Zaragoza, for stimulating discussions.
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Journal Article↗
Introducing health sciences librarians to the Internet.
The Internet is no longer just for the adventurous explorers or the technical experts--it has found its way into the mainstream of librarianship. New users are coming onto "the net" in droves. A wealth of information is currently available dealing with the mechanics of the Internet and there are general guides to the available resources. More work needs to be done, however, in developing subject specific materials. This paper will report on the strategy that Scott Memorial Library, Thomas Jefferson University, has employed to develop staff skills and awareness and to take advantage of the resources and opportunities that the network provides for the health sciences community.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Time dependent neural network models for detecting changes of state in complex processes: applications in earth sciences and astronomy.
A computational intelligence approach is used to explore the problem of detecting internal state changes in time dependent processes; described by heterogeneous, multivariate time series with imprecise data and missing values. Such processes are approximated by collections of time dependent non-linear autoregressive models represented by a special kind of neuro-fuzzy neural network. Grid and high throughput computing model mining procedures based on neuro-fuzzy networks and genetic algorithms, generate: (i) collections of models composed of sets of time lag terms from the time series, and (ii) prediction functions represented by neuro-fuzzy networks. The composition of the models and their prediction capabilities, allows the identification of changes in the internal structure of the process. These changes are associated with the alternation of steady and transient states, zones with abnormal behavior, instability, and other situations. This approach is general, and its sensitivity for detecting subtle changes of state is revealed by simulation experiments. Its potential in the study of complex processes in earth sciences and astrophysics is illustrated with applications using paleoclimate and solar data.
Artificial Intelligence↗
History, structure, and function of the Internet.
The Internet stands at the forefront of telecommunications in medicine. This worldwide system of computers had its beginnings in networking projects in the United States and western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. The precursor of the Internet was ARPANET, a long-distance telecommunication network funded by the Department of Defense that linked together computers throughout the United States. In the 1980s, ARPANET was superseded by NSFNET, a series of networks created by the National Science Foundation, which established the present-day structure of the Internet. The physical structure of the Internet resembles and is integrated with the telephone system. Long-distance data transport services are provided by large telecommunication companies, called network service providers (NSPs), through high-capacity, high-speed national and international fiber optic cables. These transport services are accessed through Internet service providers, ISPs. ISPs, the equivalent of regional Bell operating companies, provide the physical link to the NSPs for individuals and organizations. Telecommunications on the Internet are standardized by a set of communications protocols, the TCP/IP protocol suite, that describe routing of messages over the Internet, computer naming conventions, and commonly used Internet services such as e-mail. At present, the Internet consists of over 20 million computer worldwide and is continuing to grow at a rapid rate. Along with the growth of the Internet, higher speed access methods are offering a range of new services such as real-time video and voice communications. Medical education, teaching, and research, as well as clinical practice, will be affected in numerous different ways by these advances.
Computer Communication Networks↗
Managing the human side of change in VA's transformation.
Transformational change interventions often fail or short fall of their intended impact on organizations and systems. One main reason is that these interventions frequently do not strategically address the complex human dynamics of change. This happens despite awareness of and commitment to intervening at this level by top management and change leaders. The wisdom that "systems don't change; people change" is widely acknowledged but inadequately applied. These are exactly the conditions the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) faces in deploying its new Veterans Integrated Services Networks (VISNs). Applying validated behavioral science strategies that address the human side of change will help VA implement VISNs effectively. Six strategies derived from many years of study and practice in the public and private sectors are discussed, along with suggestions for VISN managers about how to implement them.
Community Networks↗
Designing a connectionist network supercomputer.
This paper describes an effort at UC Berkeley and the International Computer Science Institute to develop a supercomputer for artificial neural network applications. Our perspective has been strongly influenced by earlier experiences with the construction and use of a simpler machine. In particular, we have observed Amdahl's Law in action in our designs and those of others. These observations inspire attention to many factors beyond fast multiply-accumulate arithmetic. We describe a number of these factors along with rough expressions for their influence and then give the applications targets, machine goals and the system architecture for the machine we are currently designing.
Algorithms↗