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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds.

Life history theory predicts that parents should value their own survival over that of their offspring in species with a higher probability of adult survival and fewer offspring. We report that Southern Hemisphere birds have higher adult survival and smaller clutch sizes than Northern Hemisphere birds. We subsequently manipulated predation risk to adults versus offspring in 10 species that were paired between North and South America on the basis of phylogeny and ecology. As predicted, southern parents responded more strongly to reduce mortality risk to themselves even at a cost to their offspring, whereas northern parents responded more strongly to reduce risk to their offspring even at greater risk to themselves.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Nonhormonal basis of maternal behavior in the rat.

Rats were tested for induction of maternal behavior by exposing them to young pups continously for 10 to 15 days. Nonpregnant intact, ovariecto-mized. and hypophysectomized females were studied, as well as intact and castrated males. Nearly all the animals exhibited the four main items of maternal behavior and there were only minor differences in the latencies for the onset of maternal behavior among the various groups. It is concluded that all rats have a basic level of maternal responsiveness which is independent of hormonal stimulation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Juvenile Skeletal Structure and the Reproductive Habits of Dinosaurs

Skeletal ontogeny in extant archosaurians (crocodilians and birds) indicates that the morphology of the perinatal pelvic girdle is an indicator of overall developmental maturity [that is, altriciality (nestbound) versus precociality (mobile and relatively independent)]. Comparison of the skeletal anatomy of perinatal extant archosaurians and perinatal dinosaurs suggests that known dinosaur hatchlings were precocial. These data are consistent with the overall similarity in nesting behavior of dinosaurs and modern crocodilians.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Body temperature, oviposition, and food intake in the hen during continuous light.

Deep-body temperature of the laying hen was measured with an implantable radio transmitter. Food and water intake and oviposition time were recorded, remotely, based on electric signals from microswitches attached to the individual cages. Body temperature and feeding activity of the laying hen under continuous light displayed a circadian rhythm. The length of the body-temperature cycle was 25.2 h, and the feeding cycle was 25.3 h. These values appear to be associated with the animal's laying cycle which was 25.3 h. The laying cycle of the hen can play an important role in the maintenance of circadian rhythms of body temperature and feeding activity. Both the marked temperature rise found at the time of oviposition and the prelaying (or nesting) behavior may be controlled by a preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Species-typical patterns of infant contact, sleeping site use and social cohesion among nocturnal primates in Africa.

This paper provides a checklist and summary of what is currently known of the variation in infant contact, sleeping site preference and aspects of social cohesion in the nocturnal primates of Africa. Genera and species are compared, based on previously unpublished field observations and a review of the literature. There is a clear pattern of similarity between the species within each genus and distinct differences between genera. Species in the same genus tend to be ecologically equivalent and replace each other allopatrically, whereas species in different genera are more likely to be sympatric, with up to 6 species living together. Maximum sympatry within genera is found in Otolemur and Galagoides, where species are ecologically divergent. This may reflect an ancient origin of species within these genera or suggest that further taxonomic revision is required at the generic level. Some data are recorded for the first time for species that have only recently been separated (cryptic species), but some taxa remain very poorly known. It is concluded that field studies are still at an elementary stage and further research with radio tracking is urgently needed in the face of rapidly declining habitats.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to common anesthetic agents alters pup-retrieval response in lactating rats.

This study investigated the lactating stage of rats to determine the effect on maternal behavior of a single exposure to general anesthetic. Lactating Wistar rats were treated with anesthetic doses of pentobarbital (PENT) or ketamine (KET) on day 3 or 9 of lactation, and their behavioral responses were evaluated during a 50-min nursing period, after a 4-h mother-pup separation, on day 12. Exposure to KET on day 9 led to a significantly longer latency to pup-retrieval than that of the control. Duration of pup-retrieval in mothers treated with KET on day 3 and 9 was significantly longer than in the control. Other components of maternal behavior did not differ between the groups. The present findings suggested that general anesthetics have an impact upon pup-retrieval activities, which indirectly represent maternal motivation.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMed1984

Efficacy and dosage titration study of mibolerone for treatment of pseudopregnancy in the bitch.

A controlled, blind-labeled, dose-response field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mibolerone as a treatment for pseudopregnancy in the bitch. Bitches were treated orally for 5 consecutive days with one of the following dosages of mibolerone: 0.008, 0.016, or 0.025 mg/kg of body weight. Changes in psychologic signs (nesting behavior, mothering inanimate objects, and self-nursing) or physical signs (mammary gland enlargement and secretion of a liquid or milk, ie, galactorrhea) were noted. The period within which the improvement occurred also was noted. There were 63 cases distributed over the 3 dosages--19 at 0.008 mg/kg, 22 at 0.016 mg/kg, and 22 at 0.025 mg/kg. Seventeen bitches given a placebo served as controls. There were significant differences in improvement of clinical signs among the dosages for the combinations of psychologic (P less than 0.001), physical (P less than 0.01), psychologic or physical (P less than 0.001), and psychologic and physical (P less than 0.001). The projected optimal dosages were: 0.016 mg/kg, 0.013 mg/kg, 0.014 mg/kg, and 0.015 mg/kg for the psychologic, physical, psychologic or physical, and psychologic and physical signs, respectively. Of the 3 dosages used, 0.016 mg/kg (for 5 consecutive days) was estimated to be optimal for improvement of the physiologic signs of pseudopregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead induced alterations in maternal behavior and offspring development in the rat.

The study was designed to determine whether lead ingestion by nursing rats would affect dam-pup interaction. Dams were exposed to diets with 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 1.0 percent by weight metallic lead. Mean blood-lead levels of pups at weaning were 3, 19, 40 and 57 micrograms/100 ml of blood respectively. Maternal behavior was assessed by videotaping behavior for complete 24 hour periods on alternate days from birth to weaning. Analysis of data revealed that lead affected dams nursed for longer periods than normal and offspring were slower to explore their environment. It was concluded that altered maternal behavior was related to delays in pup development and the functional isolation of experimental pups from their environment may be the antecedent to altered behavior later in maturity.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mummified fetus associated with uterine rupture in a New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

A one-year old female New Zealand white rabbit was examined for anorexia 1 week following observed nesting behavior. On palpation of the abdomen, a freely movable mass was found, and radiography demonstrated a skeletal structure consistent with a fetus. The rabbit was killed, and at necropsy a mummified fetus with a placental remnant was present in the abdomen adjacent to an area of thickening of the left horn of the uterus. Histologic examination confirmed a diagnosis of recent uterine rupture.

Animals↗