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PubMed1987

Sero-genetic studies on the Ambo of Namibia.

The Ambo are the largest population group of Namibia/South West Africa and consist of seven geographical and sociopolitical entities speaking different dialects of a common language. Nearly 600 individuals representing all the dialect groups were tested for 23 sero-genetic systems: the results reveal no evidence of significant San admixture and unusual alleles suggest an affinity with the Herero which confirms oral traditions of a common origin. Genetic distance measurements indicate that the Dama may also have a connection with these peoples and it is probable that most of the Bantu-speaking Negroes of Namibia/South West Africa come from the same stock.

Black People↗
PubMed1987

Arthropod parasites of some wild animals in South Africa and Namibia.

Earlier research on the parasites of wild animals in South Africa is reviewed and the findings of more recent research discussed. The life cycles of various gasterophilid and oestrid fly species are described and the seasonal abundance of their larvae in their zebra and antelope hosts is considered. The seasonal abundance of fleas, lice and ixodid ticks on their hosts is given and the role played by both small and large mammals and some birds in the maintenance of tick populations is described. Factors contributing to severe parasitism of wild animals are listed and the chemical and biological control of ectoparasites of wild animals are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia.

Analysis of mortality records has revealed distinct patterns in the incidence of anthrax in elephant and plains ungulates. The seasonal peak among the former is in November at the end of the dry season, while among the latter it occurs in March towards the end of the rainy season. Among elephants, there has been a notable spread of the disease to the west of the Park. Age and sex analyses indicate that, except for zebra, proportionally greater numbers of adult males die of anthrax among the species predominantly affected; however, zebra carcases are difficult to sex. In a study to identify possible environmental sources of infection, B. anthracis was detected in 3.3% of 92 water and 3.0% of 230 soil samples collected at different times of the year from 23 sites not associated with known cases of anthrax. Slight seasonal differences were noted with 5.7% positives occurring in the cold-dry period (May to August), 3.5% in the hot-dry season (September to December) and 1.4% in the hot-wet season (January to April). Higher rates (26.0% of 73 samples) were found in water from waterholes in the western part of the Park at the time of an outbreak in elephants. The possible importance of scavenger faeces was confirmed with > 50% of vulture, jackal and hyaena faeces collected from the vicinity of confirmed anthrax carcases yielding B. anthracis, sometimes in substantial numbers, while no spores were found in faeces not associated with known anthrax carcases. Despite terminal B. anthracis levels of usually > 10(7) cfu/milliliters in the blood of animals dying of anthrax, spore levels in soil contaminated by such blood at sites of anthrax carcases ranged from undetectable to a few tens of thousands. The rapid loss of viability in soil and water of anthrax bacilli was monitored experimentally and the importance of soil type demonstrated. Survival and extent of sporulation of the bacilli in water were shown to be dependent on the rate at which the blood was diluted out. Other relevant parameters examined were background flora, pH and sunlight.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Suspected cardiac glycoside intoxication in sheep and goats in Namibia due to Ornithogalum nanodes (Leighton).

The main clinical and necropsy features of field and experimental cases of suspected cardiac glycoside intoxication following ingestion and dosing of the plant Ornithogalum nanodes, are described. The distribution of intoxication in the area as well as a description of the plant are given. Plant samples tested for cardiac glycosides by fluorescence polarization immuno-assay (FPIA) gave a strong positive reaction. This is a new finding, as other toxic Ornithogalum species in southern Africa are devoid of cardiac glycoside activity and poisoning with them result only in a severe, often fatal diarrhoea, without obvious cardiac involvement. It is also the first record of toxicity of this particular plant.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The seasonal incidence of helminth parasites and of Oestrus ovis in Karakul sheep in the Kalahari region of South West Africa, Namibia.

The seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal helminths and of Oestrus ovis was determined by slaughter of successive groups of 4 tracer lambs, each exposed on pasture for 33 days. Haemonchus contortus was present from March 1979 to early July 1979, with a generally increasing percentage of 4th stage larvae in each successive month. A "spring rise" in the egg count was seen in flock sheep in October 1978. Oesophagostomum columbianum was recovered from tracers slaughtered in March 1979. Apart from December and March, Moniezia spp. were present from November 1978 to early July 1979. Oestrus ovis was active from September 1978 to early June 1979, with peak larval burdens recorded from October to December and from April to early June.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Rabies in southern Africa.

The first confirmed outbreak of rabies in Africa, believed to have followed the importation of an infected dog from England in 1892, occurred in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and was brought under control in 1894. An unconfirmed epidemic of rabies in dogs occurred in western Zambia in 1901. By the following year the disease had apparently spread along a major trade route, to cause an outbreak in Zimbabwe which engulfed most of the country before being eradicated in 1913. The existence of endemic rabies of viverrids (mongooses and genets) was confirmed in South Africa in 1928, and since then the viverrid disease has continued to occur widely on the interior plateau of the country with spill-over of infection to cattle and a variety of other animals. From about 1947 onwards, an invasive form of dog rabies spread from southern Zambia and/or Angola into Namibia, across northern and eastern Botswana into Zimbabwe and the northern Transvaal by 1950, entered Mozambique in 1952, and spread from there to Swaziland in 1954. Dog rabies extended from southern Mozambique into Natal in 1961 to cause a major epidemic which was brought under control in 1968. The disease re-entered northern Natal from Mozambique in 1976 and since then dog rabies has proved difficult to control in the peri-urban settlements of Natal-KwaZulu. The disease spread from Natal to Lesotho in 1982, and into the Transkei region of the eastern Cape Province in 1987, to reach the Ciskei by 1990. The spread of the disease in dogs was followed by the emergence of rabies of jackals and cattle in central Namibia, northern Botswana, Zimbabwe and the northern Transvaal. A unique outbreak of rabies in kudu antelope occurred in central Namibia from 1977 to 1985, apparently involving oral spread of infection between individuals. A few cases of rabies in the bat-eared fox were recognized each year in Namibia from 1967 onwards, and from the 1970s the occurrence of the disease in the fox has emerged as a distinct problem in the northern Cape Province and spread to the west coast. The rabies-related viruses, Lagos bat, Mokola and Duvenhage, associated with bats, shrews and rodents in Africa, are known to have caused isolated cases of disease in South Africa, and on one occasion a small outbreak involving six cats and a dog in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed2004

[Microphallidae (Digenea) from southern Africa, parasites of Charadrii (Aves). Second note].

The authors present new geographical and diagnostic information for microphallids (Trematoda: Digenea) from the coast of Namibia (southern Africa): Maritrema eroliae Yamaguti, 1939 from Charadrius marginatus Vieillot; Odhneria odhneri Travassos, 1921 from Arenaria interpres L.; Microphallus bilobatus Cable, Connor & Balling, 1960 from C. marginatus; and Levinseniella propinqua Jägerskiöld, 1907 from C. marginatus and A. interpres. These are new geographical and host records. The position and variability of the phallus (male copulatory organ) in M. bilobatus from Namibia and in the type-species from the Caribbean Sea are compared and illustrated. The genital atria of L. propinqua from Namibia and from Marcus Island (southwest Cape Province, Southern Africa) are illustrated and compared. This species appears to be cosmopolitan.

Animals↗