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PubMed1996

Localization of myosuppressinlike peptides in the hypocerebral ganglion of two blood-feeding flies: horn fly and stable fly (Diptera:Muscidae).

The insect peptides leucomyosuppressin (pEDVDHVFLRFamide) and dromyosuppressin (TDVDHVFLRFamide) have identical chemical sequences with the exception of the N-terminal amino acid; both inhibit spontaneous contraction of insect visceral muscles. Neurons in the hypocerebral ganglion of horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), were found to contain material immunoreactive to antiserum produced against the C-terminal of leucomyosuppressin, but not to the N-terminal of dromyossuppressin. Two large lateral clusters containing 8 cells, linked dorsally and ventrally by 2 chains of 6 cells, encircled the anterior surface of the proventriculus and were immunoreactive of leucomyosuppressin and FMRFamide antisera. Axons from these cells were traced to the wall of the aorta and over the surface of the proventriculus. Ultrastructural analysis revealed these cells contained a singular type of elementary secretory granule that contained material of relatively low electron density, both in the cell body and at the axon terminals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Structural characterization of peripheral nerve cells and nerve-muscle junctions of the oviduct of stable fly (Diptera:Muscidae).

Fine structure of both peripheral nerve cells and neuromuscular junctions associated with the oviduct of stable fly. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was described. Twelve or more multipolar peripheral neurons were found along major branch nerves that enter the ovipositor. Several were suspended in the haemacoel and others were in close proximity to the surface of the oviduct. Some peripheral neurons contained an abundance of neurosecretory granules that ranged in size from 32 to 180 nm in diameter. No glial elements enveloped the perikarya of such cells. Neurosecretory axons were usually found in the boundary region of large nerves just beneath the stroma. Peripheral nerve cells in close apposition to oviduct muscles were generally non-neurosecretory and were ensheathed in a glial perineurium. Peripheral neurons were surrounded occasionally by an extensive network of extracellular spaces in the glial perineurium. Other smaller neurons were found within large nerve trunks. Nerve-muscle junctions contained large clusters of synaptic vesicles and occasionally included small groups of neuro-secretory granules. Many nerve terminals on the surface of the oviduct contained a complex postsynaptic folding of sarcolemma. Active transmission sites were indicated by increased densities along the neurolemma. Some neurohemal release sites were also evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phenylpropanoids as attractants for adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera:Muscidae).

Rate of capture of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), on phenylpropanoid-baited and unbaited sticky traps was determined in tests conducted in a corn field and in grasses adjacent to a dairy farm. Phenylpropanoid compounds significantly increased capture in 2 of 4 tests in corn. Captures were highest with 3-phenyl-1-propanol, followed closely by hydrocinnamaldehyde (3-phenyl-1-propanal), and more distantly by cinnamyl alcohol. Both sexes were trapped, although males predominated approximately 2:1. Compounds without apparent attractiveness were (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-propylphenol, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol. In the test adjacent to a dairy, 3-phenyl-1-propanol attracted approximately 16 times more stable flies than did 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol or controls. The latter 2 treatments did not differ from one another, but were significantly less effective than 3-phenyl-1-propanol, which captured 1.2 times more males than females. The results are discussed in relation to stable fly nectar- and host-seeking behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) of filth flies (Diptera:Muscidae, Calliphoridae) breeding in refuse and poultry and livestock manure in South Korea.

Five species of hymenopterous parasitoids were found parasitizing pupae of house flies, Musca domestica L., in poultry and livestock facilities, refuse dump sites, and garbage dumpsters: Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, S. nigra (Latrielle), Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), and Nasonia vitripennis (Walker). Four hymenopterous parasitoids (S. nigroaenea, S. nigra, M. raptor and P. vindemiae) were recovered from the pupae of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L), and blowflies, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). Only 2 parasitic species (S. nigroaenea and P. Vindemiae) were recovered from the pupae of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L), and blowflies, Chrysomya megacephala (F.). Only 2 parasitic species (S. nigroaenea and P.vindemiae) were recovered from the pupae of blowflies, Phaenicia sericata (Meigen). S. nigroaenea was the most prevalent parasitic species recovered in caged-layer houses, beef cattle barns, refuse dumps, and garbage dumpsters. P. vindemiae was the most abundant parasitic species in swine barns.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Importance of supercooling points in the overwintering of the horn fly and stable fly (Diptera:Muscidae).

Supercooling points were determined for eggs, 3rd instars, pupae, newly emerged unfed adults and 3-d-old engorged laboratory reared adults of Haematobia irritans (L.) and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Wild nondiapausing and diapausing pupae of H. irritans also were tested. Mean supercooling points ranged from -28.0 degrees C for H. irritans eggs to -6.8 degrees C for H. irritans larvae. Mean supercooling points of all H. irritans developmental stages were lower than those of comparable S. calcitrans developmental stages, with the exception of larvae where the reverse was true. The mean supercooling point of diapausing H. irritans pupae (-23.5 degrees C) was significantly lower than those of nondiapausing laboratory pupae (-20.8 degrees C) or nondiapausing wild pupae (-20.2 degrees C). Developmental stages of both species were freeze intolerant, with no survival following exposures to temperatures below the supercooling points. Results are discussed with respect to the disparate overwintering strategies of these species and in relation to typical climatic minima experienced in south central Texas. The cold tolerance of H. irritans and S. calcitrans pupae was compared at 4 degrees C, a temperature below their developmental threshold of 11.5 degrees C and above their mean supercooling points. The survival of H. irritans pupae was significantly greater than the survival of S. calcitrans pupae. Cold injury was a significant mortality factor for both species.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Relationships between temperature and life-history parameters of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Relationships between temperature and life history parameters were determined for the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Median immature developmental times ranged from > 60 d at 15 degrees C to < 12 d at 30 degrees C, with minimum time at 30.6 degrees C. Egg survival decreased from 0.98 at 15 degrees C to 0.91 at 20 degrees C, then increased to 0.98 at 35 degrees C. Larval survival ranged from 0.83 at 20 degrees C to 0.65 at 35 degrees C, and pupal survival ranged from 0.93 at 20 degrees C to 0.42 at 35 degrees C with maxima at 22.1 degrees C and 19.9 degrees C for larvae and pupae, respectively. Median longevity of females and males were greatest at 17.3 degrees C. Time to 50% survival ranged from > 30 d at 15 degrees C to < 6 d at 35 degrees C. Daily fecundity averaged 1.07, 8.89, 14.88, 26.22, and 7.90 eggs per female per day at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, respectively. Lifetime fecundity ranged from < 30 eggs per female at 15 and 35 degrees C to > 700 eggs per female at 25 degrees C and was greatest at 25.3 degrees C. Net reproductive rate, and the intrinsic rate of increase had maxima at 25.3 and 27.8 degrees C, and mean generation time was minimum at 33.4 degrees C. Proportional variation in the time of immature development and adult longevity were independent of temperature, but proportional variation in the time of oviposition was related inversely to temperature. Extreme temperatures appeared to lengthen the preoviposition period and reduce the duration of egg production. Relationships were compared with previous studies. Equations developed and presented in this article will be used to develop a temperature-dependent stable fly population model.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Onset of resistance to fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide in Argentine horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Haematobia irritans (L.) horn flies recently have immigrated into Argentina from Brazil or Paraguay. Bioassays were conducted with fenvalerate to develop baseline information on pyrethroid susceptibility. Four populations tested in 1994 and 1995 were more susceptible than a laboratory strain of horn fly not exposed to insecticides since 1970, but 3 populations from Corrientes Province tested in 1996 were moderately resistant to fenvalerate, with resistance ratios ranging from 3 to 26. Argentine horn fly populations were exposed to pyrethroid treatments of pour-on, spray, and dip formulations for 4 yr before developing resistance. Horn flies in the United States developed pyrethroid resistance after 2 yr of treatment with pyrethroid ear tags.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Blood-feeding strategy of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae).

The economic impact on livestock production by Haematobia irritans (L.) is estimated to approach $1 billion per year in North America. However, there is little information regarding the blood-feeding strategy used by these insects. Information presented here shows that horn fly saliva interferes with the normal coagulation response as measured by the recalcification time assay. The relative anticoagulant activity on a per-gland basis was more than or equal to that reported for Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt, a common hematophagous black fly that also feeds on cattle. However, unlike S. vittatum, H. irritans salivary factors do not inhibit platelet aggregation using apyrase and have no detectable vasodilative activity. In this regard, the horn fly is strikingly different from blood-feeding species in the lower Diptera and shows a much more limited repertoire of antihemostatic factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Screening of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations for pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutations by using a polymerase chain reaction assay.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based rapid screening procedure was developed to test individual horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), for the presence of a specific nucleotide substitution in the sodium channel gene sequence that has been associated with pyrethroid resistance. By a systematic optimization of reaction conditions and judicious choice of PCR primers differing in DNA sequence by a single nucleotide, we identified pyrethroid-susceptible or resistant sodium channel alleles in individual flies. Laboratory and field populations were examined by both the PCR assay and conventional filter paper bioassays with the pyrethroid cyhalothrin to verify that populations containing greater proportions of individuals with the resistant sodium channel allele DNA sequence also had higher bioassay LC50 values. The PCR assay for resistance alleles gave definitive information on the genotype of an individual fly and detected the presence of heterozygous individuals that might serve as reservoirs of resistance genes in field populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of cold stress on survival and reproduction of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), survival, mating success, and ovarian development were measured following exposure of pupae to 4 degrees C for 2, 3, and 4 wk, and were compared with an untreated control group held at 29 degrees C. Survival varied inversely with duration of low-temperature exposure, and ranged from 92.1% in the control to 7.0% following a 4-wk exposure. Mating success also varied inversely with duration of low-temperature exposure, and ovarian development was delayed, especially in the week 4 group. Reproductive and population parameters were measured in a 2nd cohort of horn flies following exposure of pupae to 1-4 wk at 4 degrees C, and in a control. Adult longevity varied inversely with duration of exposure. Mean longevity was greatest in the week 1 group at 17.6 d, followed by the control at 14.7 d. Week 4 flies lived an average of 2.2 d and produced no eggs. The preoviposition period was longest in the week 3 group at 7.3 d. In cohort 2, control and week 1 flies produced the highest number of eggs, eggs per female, and eggs per day compared with other groups. Eggs were produced over a mean of 6.8 d by week 3 flies compared with 25.4 d by week 1 flies. Reproductive rates varied inversely with low-temperature exposure duration, as did F1 generation egg hatch, larval development, and adult emergence. Survivorship and fecundity schedules are discussed with respect to the effects of low-temperature exposure duration. The effects of low-temperature exposure duration on horn fly reproduction and life-history patterns are discussed with respect to rearing, storage, and ecology.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Mortality of horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae in bovine dung supplemented with loline alkaloids from tall fescue.

Larvae of arthropod ectoparasites of livestock, such as the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), may be exposed to acyl-loline alkaloids in dung of ruminant livestock ingesting herbage of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)-endophyte association [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin comb. nov.]. Biological activity of alkaloid-supplemented bovine dung was assayed by growth, development, and survival of 1st instars of horn fly. An extract from tall fescue seed, containing N-formyl loline (NFL), N-acetyl loline (NAL), and loline (59:21:20 by mass, respectively) caused 100% mortality of horn fly larvae when dung was supplemented at > or = 100 micrograms/g. Probit analysis of data corrected for natural mortality indicated a LD50 of 30 micrograms/g (95% fidicial limits: 20-49 micrograms/g). When horn fly larvae were introduced to dung supplemented with up to 50 microM of acyl-loline derivatives, mortality of larvae varied significantly between alkaloids (P < 0.0001). Probit analysis indicated that NFL [LD50: 34 microM (95% fidicial limits: 3-53 microM)] was more toxic than NAL [LD50: 46 microM (0-83 microM)], and that loline hydrochloride was not toxic.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

Mortality of horn fly larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) in bovine dung supplemented with ergotamine and N-formyl loline.

Dung-dwelling larvae of ectoparasites of livestock such as the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), may be exposed to > or = 1 different alkaloid species in dung from animals ingesting herbage of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)--endophyte association (Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin comb. nov.). First-instar horn flies were exposed to bovine dung supplemented with up to 50 microM each of N-formyl loline and ergotamine tartrate in factorial combination. In the absence of ergotamine tartrate, N-formyl loline caused a linear decline in the number of pupae recovered, and probit analysis indicated an LC50 of 36 microM. In the absence of N-formyl loline, significant quadratic responses of larvae to ergotamine tartrate were established, and probit analysis indicated a LC50 of 34 microM. An interaction (P < 0.001) was found between the 2 alkaloids for larval survival. This interaction showed that ergotamine tartrate moderated the toxicity of N-formyl loline and indicates that a membrane-bound receptor may be involved. There was no evidence of carryover of effects of alkaloids on subsequent stages of development or expressed as abnormalities of pupae or adults. Interactions between alkaloids probably are involved in other plant-herbivore relationships of endophyte-infected grasses.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of injectable abamectin to control natural infestations of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in cattle.

The effect of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight of injectable 1% abamectin to control Hematobia irritans (L.) was evaluated in heifers treated every 45 or 63 d versus control heifers. Fly numbers were estimated every 7 d with additional counts on days 1, 4, and 10 after treatment. Samples of feces were obtained up to 28 d after treatment from treated and control heifers to culture H. irritans in the laboratory. The H. irritans population reduction for 14 d after treatment ranged from 51% (3rd treatment of heifers treated every 45 d) to > 73% in the 1st treatments of both groups of heifers and the 2nd treatment of the group treated every 63 d. Medication every 45 d did not provide a better control than treatment every 63 d. The abamectin arrested the immature stages for 7 d after the 1st treatment; this period increased to 28 d after the 3rd treatment but its effect on heifer infestation was low, probably because of fly immigration. Abamectin may help maintain H. irritans populations below the threshold of economic damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Rearing stable fly larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) on an egg yolk medium.

The growth and survival of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) larvae on egg yolk medium inoculated with bacteria isolated from a colony of stable flies was evaluated. Five species of bacteria--Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas sp., Empedobacter breve (Holmes & Owen), Flavobacterium odoratum Stutzer, and Serratia marcescens Bizio--were identified according to fatty acid profiles using a microbial identification system. Larvae failed to develop on uninoculated plates, confirming that bacteria are required to complete development. Larvae also failed to complete development on plates inoculated with Aeromonas sp. and S. marcescens, and died during the 1st instar. Larvae completed development on the remaining 3 bacterial species as well as on Escherichia coli (Migula). Survival was generally higher when larvae were reared on Acinetobacter sp. and F. odoratum compared with E. coli and E. breve. Egg density did not influence larval survival, although the variability in survival was lowest using 20 and 40 eggs per plate. Larval survival in mixed cultures of Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium averaged 22.7% lower than survival in the pure cultures, and averaged 21.6% higher in mixed cultures of Empedobacter and Flavobacterium compared with pure cultures. Larval survival in mixed cultures did not differ significantly from mean survival in pure cultures for combinations of Acinetobacter and E. coli, Acinetobacter and Empedobacter, E. coli and Empedobacter, and E. coli and Flavobacterium. Larval developmental time was faster on all mixed bacterial cultures compared with developmental time on pure bacterial cultures. Optimal sample sizes and egg numbers are presented for detecting specified differences in larval survival. This rearing procedure will be useful for studying insect-microbe interactions and evaluating mortality using bacterial agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of various substances to increase adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) collections on alsynite cylinder traps in north Florida.

During 1993-1995, field studies evaluated various volatile substances to increase the catch of adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L., on adhesive-coated translucent fiberglass (Alsynite) cylinder traps. Dry ice, 1-octen-3-ol (referred to as octenol), acetone, 4:1:8 mixture of 1 octen-3-ol: 3-n-propylphenol: 4-methylphenol, and an eye gnat (Hippelates) attractant were tested. Using dry ice as a baseline, the latter 4 treatments also were considered as possible alternatives to carbon dioxide. Dry ice significantly increased fly collections on cylinders as much as 25-fold compared with cylinders with no odor. Although trap collections increased by approximately 4% with addition of octenol (release rate approximately 18.0 mg/h), it was not significantly different when compared with dry ice alone. Fly collections on cylinders baited with octenol only were significantly lower than dry ice and not significantly different from cylinders with no odor. Collections from Alsynite cylinders baited with either acetone released at approximately 62.0 mg/h or eye gnat bait plus sand caught significantly more stable flies than no odor. However, neither substance increased fly collections as much as dry ice. The 4:1:8 phenolic mixture (released at either 0.7 mg/h or 20.0 mg/h) significantly increased fly collection on cylinders nearly 6-fold compared with no odor and warrants further investigation as an alternative to carbon dioxide for sampling stable flies.

Acetone↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of sample units for estimating population abundance and rates of change of adult horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

This study compared the reliability of population estimates of adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), obtained using different sample units. Mean-variance relationships were similar for abundance estimates obtained by counting flies on the sunny sides of cattle, on the upper body, and on the whole animal. Precision varied among the sample units, and was lowest for estimates obtained using the sunny side. Abundance estimates obtained using the sunny side and upper body sample units were related to estimates obtained using the whole body sample unit. However, the proportion of flies in the upper body and sunny side sample units declined with increasing fly density. Seasonal movement toward the belly accounted for this decline. This movement resulted in bias in estimating rates of change based on counting flies on the sunny side and upper body sample units. Rates of change based on sampling the sunny side were more biased than estimates based on the upper body sampling unit. Bias in estimating rates of change was examined using an analytical model compared with field data, and resulted from changes in the proportion of flies occupying the sample unit. Bias also increased with increasing actual rates of change. The implication of these findings for studying horn fly populations are discussed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) behavioral response to human and related odors in a triple cage olfactometer with insect traps.

A triple cage olfactometer provided with insect traps was used for evaluating behavioral responses of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) females to human skin and breath, CO2, and L-lactic acid analogs. After demonstrating there were no significant differences caused by cage location or time of day, 3 sets of 3 olfactometer tests were performed in a day, every 2 h beginning at 0900 hours. When a human hand was used as attractant, the attraction (expressed as percentage of trapped flies) increased as a function of the time; an inverted U-shaped relationship between attractancy and air speed was observed; and variation in fly density in the range 25-75 per cage did not affect the attraction response. When human breath was used as attractant the attraction increased linearly as a function of time and it was exhalation frequency dependent; when air flow was absent the highest response was observed; and 24- to 38-h-old flies were more attracted than younger and older. When CO2 was tested, activation and orientation and probing behavior were concentration dependent with flows ranging between 0.0001 and 0.038 liter s(-1), but attraction was not. No attraction was observed with 10, 100, or 1,000 microg of compounds related to L-lactic acid and several synthetic human odors and related compounds, although orientation was often observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) saliva targets thrombin action in hemostasis.

The horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), is an important pest of livestock because the adult stage of both sexes are aggressive blood-feeders. Remarkably, even though horn fly adults feed recurrently on their hosts as ectoparasites, these flies lack the ADP-responsive antiplatelet aggregation and vasodilatory antihemostatic systems described for other blood-feeding Diptera. Horn fly salivary gland extracts do interfere with the normal coagulation process as demonstrated by the recalcification time assay. Using this as a baseline, the effects of saliva on recalcification time, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time were measured to determine which arm(s) of the coagulation cascade might be impacted. Factor-deficient plasma assays also were used to measure possible perturbations in clotting. Gland-free saliva delayed the recalcification time as well as the activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time. Saliva also further delayed clotting times of plasmas deficient in factor V, factor VIII, and factor XIII, indicating that other factors in the coagulation cascade were inhibited. Although horn fly saliva did not alter the ability of deficient plasma reconstituted with factor X to clot, it did inhibit deficient plasma reconstituted with factor II (thrombin). Antithrombin activity in saliva was confirmed by its ability to interfere with thrombin hydrolysis of fibrinogen, its normal substrate, and by its inhibition of thrombin action on a chromagenic substrate that mimics the hydrolytic site of fibrinogen. Thus, horn fly saliva contains a factor that specifically targets thrombin, a key component in the coagulation cascade. While the biochemical mechanisms of inhibition may vary, this antihemostatic characteristic is shared with other zoophilic Diptera such as black flies, Simulium spp., and tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, that feed on ungulates.

Animals↗