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PubMed1991

Applications of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the study of androgen and odorous 16-androstene metabolism by human axillary bacteria.

The known involvement of axillary microflora with under-arm odour (UAO) production led us to determine whether the odorous 16-androstene steroids are formed in the axilla by bacterial metabolism of an odourless precursor such as testosterone. Axillary bacteria from 34 men were selectively cultured for aerobic coryneform bacteria (ACB), Micrococcaceae and propionibacteria. Overnight suspensions of bacteria were incubated separately at 37 degrees C for two weeks with radiolabelled testosterone plus unlabelled testosterone (0.5 mg) and 0.5-mg quantities of 4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone) and 5,16-androstadien-3 beta-ol (androstadienol). After extraction and purification by Sep-Pak cartridges and thin-layer chromatography, the eluted steroids were derivatised as the pentafluorobenzyl oximes (PFBO) and tert.-butyl dimethylsilyl (TBDMS) ethers. Saturated analogues were used as internal standards. Selected-ion monitoring electron-impact mass spectrometry was performed at the m/z corresponding to the M+.ion for the PFBO derivatives and the [M - 57]+ ion for the TBDMS ethers. Only ACB produced classical musk-like UAO (UAO + ve) in an in vitro odour-producing system with 29% being UAO -ve. ACB (UAO +ve) metabolised far more (p = 0.001) testosterone than ACB (UAO -ve), the principal metabolites being 5 alpha(beta)-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha(beta)-androstane-3,17-dione and 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-androstenedione). No non-polar 16-androstenes were formed. Micrococcus luteus (ten strains) metabolised testosterone to 4-androstenedione only; propionibacterium spp. did not metabolise testosterone at all. However, incubation of 16-androstenes with ACB gave evidence for 4-ene-5 alpha(beta)-reduction, 3 alpha(beta)-oxido-reduction and epimerisation. In general the direction of transformations favoured formation of the more odorous 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one (5 alpha-androstenone) and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol (3 alpha-androstenol) from less odorous steroids. Such transformations, in vivo, would not require de novo synthesis of 5 alpha-androstenone or 3 alpha-androstenol and would be consistent with utilisation by ACB of 16-androstenes already present in small quantities in fresh apocrine secretions, which are odourless, to produce a more powerfully smelling mixture on the axillary skin surface.

Androgens↗
PubMed1986

Staphylococcus aureus: biology, mechanisms of virulence, epidemiology.

The prominence of Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of serious human infection has prompted extensive studies of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Staphylococci are of the family Micrococcaceae, although there are diverse genetic and phenotypic differences between them and other members of this family. Of the more than 20 species of staphylococci, only three are clinically significant: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. These species can be distinguished by coagulase production and novobiocin resistance. Staphylococci produce a variety of structural, enzymatic, and toxic products, which are associated with adherence, invasion, toxicity, and avoidance of host defense mechanisms. In addition, a variety of host characteristics increase susceptibility to staphylococcal infection. Staphylococci are an important cause of infection in hospitals and the community. Following the introduction of antimicrobials, staphylococci rapidly developed resistance. A penicillin-resistant specific phage type, designated 80/81, caused severe outbreaks of nosocomial disease in the 1950s and 1960s. Staphylococci recently acquired resistance to methicillin and other antimicrobials, and persist as important nosocomial pathogens. Although S. aureus is one of the earliest recognized and most studied human pathogens, it is a perplexing, ever-changing, recurring public health problem.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Actinomycetes in Karstic caves of northern Spain (Altamira and Tito Bustillo).

A variety of isolation procedures were carried out to study the involvement of bacteria in the colonisation and biodeterioration of Spanish caves with paleolithic rock art (Altamira and Tito Bustillo). The applied techniques mainly aimed to isolate heterotrophic bacteria such as streptomycetes, nocardioform and coryneform actinomycetes, and other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrated that actinomycetes were the most abundant gram-positive bacteria in the caves. Actinomycetes revealed a great taxonomic diversity with the predominant isolates belonging to the genus Streptomyces. Members of the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Nocardioides, Amycolatopsis, Saccharothrix, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, and coccoid actinomycetes (family Micrococcaceae) were also found.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1997

Effect of nitrate and nitrite curing salts on microbial changes and sensory quality of rapid ripened sausages.

The effect of the use of either nitrite or nitrate curing salts on microbial changes and sensory quality in rapid ripened sausages inoculated with a mixed starter culture (Lactobacillus sake and Staphylococcus carnosus) was investigated. Lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcaceae were not greatly affected by the added curing salt. Conversely, the inhibition exerted by nitrite on the undesirable flora (Enterobacteriaceae and psychrotrophs) was evident from the early stages of the processing keeping highly significant differences (P < 0.01) with respect to nitrate made sausages till the end of the ripening stage. The use of nitrite in sausage processing was found to reduce hygienic risks.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1998

Stability and safety of traditional Greek salami -- a microbiological ecology study.

The microbiological and physicochemical changes which occurred during the industrial fermentation and ripening of four batches of Greek dry salami manufactured without starter cultures were followed. Moderated dehydration rates, monitored by slowly decreasing relative humidity from 94 to 90% during fermentation, prevented the production of insufficiently acidified batches by maintaining microbial activity for longer when the natural inoculum was low. The terminal pH values (5.0-5.2) and water contents (27.7-30.3%) of the sausages were narrowly ranged. Fermentation was governed by an active (> 10(8) cfu g(-1)) lactic flora, consisting of 'wild' strains of Lactobacillus sake. Gram-negative bacteria and aerobic sporeformers decreased below 10(2) and l0(3) cfu g(-1), respectively, while yeasts did not significantly increase during ripening and were below 10(5) cfu g(-1) in the ripened product. Sausages were substantially free of sulfite-reducing clostridia and coagulase-positive staphylococci during the whole process. Listeria spp., occurred in the fresh sausage mix, but disappeared from all batches at the latest by the end of fermentation. Enterococci exceeded 10(5) cfu g(-1) during the first days and remained at this level during ripening. Novobiocin-resistant staphylococci matching Staphylococcus saprophyticus (mainly) and S. xylosus dominated Micrococcaceae populations, ranged between 10(5) and 10(6) cfu g(-1). This is the first report of such a large contribution from S. saprophyticus to the production of dry salami of good quality. It is concluded that to keep or improve the traditional 'sensory type' of Greek salamis, suitable strains of L. sake, S. xylosus and possibly nitrate-reducing S. saprophyticus should be selected and validated as starter cultures in experimentally inoculated salamis.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the aerobic non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, other than Azotobacter, in Egyptian soils.

Twenty isolates of micro-organisms capable of growing on nitrogen-deficient medium and found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures were isolated from Egyptian soils and studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. These micro-organisms s are members of Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Achromobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Bacillaceae, and Streptomycetaceae as well as some yeasts. In nitrogen-free medium the micro-organism fixed only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen, hardly exceeding 3 ppm and because of their low sugar consumption rates, efficiences of N2-fixation sometimes reaching 18 mg nitrogen fixed/g carbon oxidized were recorded. Addition of 15 ppm combined nitrogen to the medium increased the amounts of nitrogen fixed to 3--9 ppm.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1991

Psychrotrophic flora of raw milk: resistance to several common disinfectants.

The psychrotrophic bacterial flora of milk was examined after aseptic hand milking. A total of 409 strains were tentatively characterized and classified into 17 groups by a reduced set of tests and cluster analysis. Lipolytic organisms (53.7% exceeded proteolytic organisms (29.6%), and a reported predominance of oxidase-positive organisms (54.5%) was not found. Gram-negatives were mainly Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. In the Gram-positive groups Micrococcaceae were the most abundant (44.4%) followed by coryneforms (16.3%). Only two of seven commonly used disinfectants acted differently with Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (P less than 0.01), although in general Gram-positives were more resistant than Gram-negatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Microbial investigation of the air in an apartment building.

The microbial and viral flora in the ventilating ducts of an apartment building was evaluated. Several types of sampler (slit sampler, Andersen sampler, large volume air sampler) were used to evaluate the hourly, weekly and seasonal variation of this flora. The mean bacterial concentration was 17.2 e.f.u./m3 with a maximum level at 07.30 h (41.3 c.f.u./m3) and a minimal concentration in the early afternoon (8 c.f.u./m3). The bacterial concentration observed correlated with the relative humidity in the air-ducts although there were no seasonal differences. The bacteria were mainly gram-positive cocci (73.5%) represented by a large number of Micrococcaceae (47.1%); gram-positive bacilli accounted for 14.2% of the isolates, gram-negative bacilli 12.0% and gram-negative cocci 0.3%. The majority of the bacteria-carrying particles were in the respirable range with 80.4% of them being less than 5 microns. The methods used did not result in the isolation of viruses during the winter sampling period.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1999

Contribution of the microbial and meat endogenous enzymes to the free amino acid and amine contents of dry fermented sausages.

The role of the starter culture and meat endogenous enzymes on the free amino acid and amine contents of dry fermented sausages was studied. Five batches of sausages were prepared. The control batch was manufactured with aseptic ingredients without microbial inoculation. The other four experimental batches were manufactured with aseptic ingredients inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum 4045 or Micrococcus-12 or L. plantarum 4045 and Micrococcus-12 or L. plantarum 4045 and Staphylococcus sp. Their effects on pH, a(w), myofibrillar proteins, and free amino acid and amine contents were studied. Sausages inoculated only with L. plantarum 4045 or with this starter combined with a Micrococcaceae had the lowest pH as a result of carbohydrate fermentation. In all batches similar patterns were observed for myofibrillar proteins and free amino acids which could indicate that meat endogenous proteases play an important role in proteolytic phenomena. No changes were observed in the amine fraction, indicating that the strains used as starter cultures did not show amino acid decarboxylase activity.

Amines↗
PubMed2005

Microflora of two different types of poultry litter.

1. The microbiological composition of litter (straw and wood shavings) was sampled, prior to placing 1-d-old chicks, during housing of the birds and after depopulation. Two independent trials were conducted. 2. The total aerobic plate count (APC) was determined and the predominant microflora of the samples was identified using flow charts. 3. Before chick placement, the APC of wood shavings (about 4.0 log/g) was lower than the APC of straw (about log 7.5/g). With stocking, in both types of litter the APC increased to about log 9.76/g straw-litter and log 9.89/g wood shavings, respectively. After depopulation, the APC remained high (> log 9 in both types of litter) within the period of observation. 4. From both experiments, 1981 isolates were collected and identified, most of them were Gram-positive. During stocking the birds, the number of Gram-positive isolates (in particular Gram-positive irregular rods and Micrococcaceae) increased; after depopulation it stayed at that high value, whereas the number of Gram-negative isolates remained low. In both types of litter the isolates were obtained in a comparable proportion.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci isolated in blood cultures in relation to antibiotic consumption in hospital wards.

A total of 510 isolates of Micrococcaceae, 500 of staphylococci and 10 micrococci, detected in 485 (3.3%) of 14,860 consecutive blood cultures obtained from patients at a Swedish university hospital and 2 local hospitals were identified to species level and investigated for antibiotic susceptibility. The 5 most frequently isolated species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (54.8%), S. aureus (28.0%), S. hominis (3.4%), S. warneri (3.2%) and S. haemolyticus (2.8%). All isolates of S. aureus were oxacillin sensitive. Great diversity in antibiotic resistance among coagulase negative staphylococci between hospitals and different ward units in the university hospital was observed. The frequency of antimicrobial resistance among S. epidermidis correlated with the antibiotic consumption at different ward units, in particular for ciprofloxacin (p < 0.001) and co-trimoxazole (p < 0.004). The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns of nosocomial staphylococci in order to avoid emergence and spread of multi-resistant bacteria within the hospital environment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

An observer-blind parallel-group, randomized, multicentre clinical and microbiological study of a topical clindamycin/zinc gel and a topical clindamycin lotion in patients with mild/moderate acne.

INTRODUCTION: A topical acne treatment in which clindamycin phosphate equivalent to 1% clindamycin is presented in a gel formulation has received marketing authorizations in a number of EU and non-EU countries. Clindamycin/zinc gel contains zinc acetate in a formulation that reduces systemic absorption of clindamycin through the skin. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of a 1% clindamycin/zinc gel when applied to the face once daily or twice daily with a 1% clindamycin lotion applied twice daily for 16 weeks in patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. METHODS: This was a randomized, comparative, observer-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study involving 246 acne patients. RESULTS: The study demonstrated therapeutic similarity between clindamycin/zinc gel applied once and twice daily with clindamycin lotion applied twice daily. All three regimens produced a gradual and time-dependent reduction in inflamed lesions, non-inflamed lesions and overall grade. Side effects were similar and minimal, consisting predominantly of mild irritant dermatitis. All regimes produced a time-related significant reduction in skin surface and follicular Propionibacterium spp. and Micrococcaceae. The emergence of resistant strains was less than 5% and was similar with all three regimes. CONCLUSION: The equivalent efficacy and safety of clindamycin/zinc gel either once or twice daily to clindamycin lotion twice daily has been demonstrated. It is suggested that a treatment regime of one application per day may significantly enhance compliance and thus treatment success in acne patients.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1999

Kocuria palustris sp. nov. and Kocuria rhizophila sp. nov., isolated from the rhizoplane of the narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia).

Two Gram-positive, aerobic spherical actinobacteria were isolated from the rhizoplane of narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) collected from a floating mat in the Soroksár tributary of the Danube river, Hungary. Sequence comparisons of the 16S rDNA indicated these isolates to be phylogenetic neighbours of members of the genus Kocuria, family Micrococcaceae, in which they represent two novel lineages. The phylogenetic distinctness of the two organisms TA68T and TAGA27T was supported by DNA-DNA similarity values of less than 55% between each other and with the type strains of Kocuria rosea, Kocuria kristinae and Kocuria varians. Chemotaxonomic properties supported the placement of the two isolates in the genus Kocuria. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan is lysine, the interpeptide bridge is composed of three alanine residues. Predominant menaquinone was MK-7(H2). The fatty acid pattern represents the straight-chain saturated iso-anteiso type. Main fatty acid was anteiso-C15:0. The phospholipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown component. The DNA base composition of strains TA68T and TAGA27T is 69.4 and 69.6 mol% G+C, respectively. Genotypic, morphological and physiological characteristics are used to describe two new species of Kocuria, for which we propose the names Kocuria palustris, type strain DSM 11925T and Kocuria rhizophila, type strain DSM 11926T.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of Micrococcus antarcticus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium from Antarctica.

A Gram-positive, cold-adapted, aerobic, spherical actinobacterium (strain T2T) with a quite low cardinal growth temperature was isolated from Chinese Great-Wall station in Antarctica. Sequence comparisons of the 16S rDNA indicated the isolate to be a phylogenetic member of the genus Micrococcus, family Micrococcaceae, in which it represents a novel lineage. The phylogenetic distinctness of the isolate with respect to the type strains Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus lylae was supported by DNA-DNA similarity values of less than 40%. Chemotaxonomic properties supported the placement of the isolate in the genus Micrococcus. The diagnostic diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan is lysine. The predominant menaquinones are MK-8 and MK-8(H2). The G + C content of the DNA of the isolate is 66.4 mol%. Genotypic, morphological and physiological characteristics were used to describe a new species of Micrococcus, for which the name Micrococcus antarcticus is proposed. The type strain is T2T (= AS 1.2372T).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

The microbiology of the human axilla and its relationship to axillary odor.

The axillary microflora of 229 subjects was characterized quantitatively and the results correlated with whether the odor was pungent body odor or instead a faint "acid odor". The axillary flora was found to be a stable mixture of Micrococcaceae, aerobic diphtheroids and Propionibacteria. Significantly higher numbers of bacteria were recovered from the axilla of those with pungent axillary odor than in those with acid odor. Aerobic diphtheroids in high numbers were recovered in all subjects having typical body odor. These included lipophilic as well as large-colony diphtheroids. When droplets of apocrine sweat placed on the forearm were inoculated with various bacteria which reside in the axilla, only diphtheroids generated typical body odor. Cocci produced a sweaty odor attributable to isovaleric acid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of crew skin flora under conditions of a full quarantine lunar-exploration mission.

Crew-members of the Apollo 14 lunar exploration mission underwent a pre-flight seclusion designed to stabilize their health by freeing them from exposure to potentially infectious agents. After the flight, the crew-members were quarantined to protect the biosphere from possible lunar contamination. These isolations, along with the complete isolation of the spaceflight itself, provided the opportunity for a skin flora survey which included the sampling of seven sites at five different times. Quantification and identification of all aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from each site were performed. The results indicated that the pre-flight quarantine measures resulted in a decrease in total numbers of isolates as well as a decrease in the anaerobes. This was followed by a continued decrease throughout the flight with a return to the pre-flight norm within 16 days after the flight. The quantitative load of aerobic bacteria increased during the flight, due largely to an increase in coryneforms and micrococcaceae. The quantitative load of anaerobic bacteria decreased before and during the flight. No instance of microbial shock or intercrew transfer of micro-organisms was demonstrated. These findings indicate that alterations in the skin flora do not pose any unusual problem during short duration space flights. Further, there are no indications that problems will arise on longer missions.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

Topical azelaic acid and the treatment of acne: a clinical and laboratory comparison with oral tetracycline.

Topical azelaic acid and oral tetracycline were compared in a 6-month double-blind study for treatment of acne vulgaris in 45 male subjects with clinical acne. Their acne was graded, inflamed or non-inflamed, lesions were counted and the density of their skin microflora was measured. Both treatments were of benefit and produced only a few minor side-effects. Although oral tetracycline was more effective than azelaic acid, the differences were only just significant. The average reduction in numbers of cutaneous micrococcaceae and Propionibacterium sp. with azelaic acid treatment was 224 and 30-fold, respectively. In a separate group of 11 male subjects with physiological acne the effect of azelaic acid on sebum excretion rate was assessed, and little change was detected.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1991

In-vitro and in-vivo studies of human axillary odour and the cutaneous microflora.

The axillary microflora of 34 male subjects were studied in relation to their underarm odour intensity. The predominant groups of micro-organisms were aerobic coryneforms, Micrococcaceae and propionibacteria. There was no competition for habitat between these groups (Fisher's exact test P greater than 0.05). There was an association between the population density of aerobic coryneforms and the intensity of odour (Spearman, P = 0.001). Dominance of aerobic coryneforms within the axillary microflora was associated with high odour intensity (chi 2, P = 0.005). An in-vitro odour model was developed using a diethyl ether extract of axillary skin incubated with test bacteria. Underarm odour was produced exclusively by aerobic coryneform bacteria. Of aerobic coryneforms, 71.4% were odour producers and these were identified as Corynebacterium xerosis.

Adult↗