Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Masculinity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

"I want to be a daddy!": meanings of masculine identifications in girls.

This paper suggests revisions in our understanding of feminine identity formation, the girl's negative oedipus complex, and masculine identifications in girls. Analytic material from the cases of three girls is used to explore the various origins and intrapsychic functions of masculine identifications at each phase of the girl's development. Accounts of feminine development based on such concepts as castration shock, primary femininity, primary identification with mother, or core gender identity are seen as oversimplified. Feminine and masculine identifications are neither primary nor secondary, but the product of a long line of development, of ongoing conflict resolution, and of defensive transformations.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacologic suppression of the fetal adrenal gland in utero. Attempted prevention of abnormal external genital masculinization in suspected congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

21-Hydroxylase deficiency results in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and leads to masculinization of the external genitalia of affected females. This complication could be avoided if fetal adrenal gland function were suppressed. A woman with mild 21-hydroxylase deficiency whose previous female child had classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia with masculinization was given dexamethasone beginning at the tenth week of gestation. Maternal estriol and cortisol values indicated rapid and sustained fetal and maternal adrenal gland suppression. At 39 weeks' gestation, the patient was spontaneously delivered of a female neonate with normal external genitalia. Postnatal tests indicated the infant was a single heterozygote for 21-hydroxylase deficiency. This study demonstrates prolonged suppression of the fetal adrenal gland with dexamethasone and suggests it might prevent abnormal masculinization in fetuses with severe congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1979

Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors.

Negatively valued masculinity (M-) and femininity (F-) personality scales were developed to supplement the positively valued Masculinity (M+) and Femininity (F+) scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence & Helmreich). M- consisted of traits that had been judged to be (a) more typical of males than females, (b) undesirable in both sexes, and (c ) agentic or instrumental in content. Two F- scales were developed, both containing stereotypically feminine, undesirable traits, one set of traits referring to communionlike characteristics (Fc-) and the other to verbal passive-aggressive qualities (FVA-). Significant sex differences in the predicted direction were found on all scales. In both sexes, low and typically nonsignificant correlations were found between parallel positive and negative scales, but highly significant negative correlations were found between positive and negative cross-sex scales. These findings provide additional evidence for the multidimentionslity of masculinity and femininity. Scores on a self-esteem measure were positively correlated with M+ and F+, uncorrelated with M-, and negatively correlated with the F- scales. Different patterns of scores were associated with two types of problem behaviors. In both sexes, neuroticism was most highly correlated (in a negative direction) with M+, and acting out behavoir was most strongly correlated (in a positive direction) with M-. The next highest correlation in both instances was with FVA-.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1998

Masculinity ideology among young African American and European American women and men in different regions of the United States.

This is a report of 2 studies. Study 1, a replication of R.F. Levant and R.G. Majors (1997), examined variations in the endorsement of traditional and nontraditional masculinity ideology, by gender and race, among 270 African American and 226 European American young men and women using the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI; Levant & Fischer, in press). Although both gender and race differences in masculinity ideology were significant, gender had a larger effect size. Study 2, focused on the effect of residence in different geographic regions of the country, compared the MRNI scores of the more metropolitan Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic sample of the present study with those of the more rural Southern sample used by Levant and Majors. This study found that the effect of geographic place of residence moderates the effect of race on masculinity ideology, which underscores the importance of subcultural variations (e.g., metropolitan vs. rural) within cultural groups defined by race.

Adult↗
PubMed1959

Masculinity and smoking.

Study of the relative strength of the masculine component in a series of males reveals a significant association with their differential smoking habits. Weakness of the masculine component is significantly more frequent in smokers than in nonsmokers and most frequent in the heavier smokers.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1997

Femininity, masculinity, and disordered eating: a meta-analytic review.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the developmental psychopathology of eating disorders, it is crucial to explain the large gender discrepancy in the rates of these disorders, especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In this paper, meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship between gender role adherence and the existence of eating problems. METHOD: Of the 69 studies examined, 22 contained data deemed valid for the analyses. Measures of difference (d) and homogeneity were calculated. These studies used the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) or the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to measure gender role adherence. RESULTS: Findings indicated a small, heterogeneous positive relationship between femininity and eating problems and a small, heterogeneous negative relationship between masculinity and eating problems. Studies that used a clinical sample showed a larger discrepancy in masculinity scores between the eating-disordered and the control groups than did studies using surveys to identify eating problems. Six studies measured gender role traditionalism. The eating-disordered groups did not differ significantly on these measures compared to the control groups. DISCUSSION: Despite construct validity problems with the use of the PAQ and the BSRI in this area of study, data suggest that gender role is related to eating problems. Crucial aspects of femininity likely to be related to eating problems need to be operationalized and their link to eating disorders examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Masculinity, femininity, and subjective experiences of depression.

In this study, the relations of masculinity, femininity, and gender with various depressive experiences were examined in a sample of normal young men and women. The results indicated that greater masculinity generally was associated with lower levels of different depressive experiences in men and women. Greater femininity was related to advantageous outcomes for various depressive experiences in a relatively weaker and gender-specific fashion, but also was associated with greater anaclitic depression in men and women. The variable of gender alone was either weakly related or unrelated altogether to various depressive experiences. These results suggest that culturally defined gender-role characteristics may be more important than gender with respect to different aspects of depressive experiences in normal young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Fetal male masculinization in control and prenatally stressed rats.

The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that males in utero masculinize the development of other males. This effect was examined during fetal development in males from control and prenatally stressed rats. A code identified the number of cervical-flanking males between the target male and the cervical end of the uterus. The male parameters morphology (anogenital distance) and body, adrenal, and testis weights were recorded on the eighteenth and twentieth gestational days and categorized by the cervical-flanking male classification. At Day 18, control fetuses with two cervical-flanking males in utero displayed significantly greater anogenital distance values than did males with no cervical-flanking male. At Day 20, control fetuses with two cervical-flanking males had testicular weights significantly greater than those of fetuses with one or zero cervical positioned male. Prenatal stress markedly impaired male fetal development at gestational Days 18 and 20 while suppressing the cervical-flanking male effect. These results confirm and extend previous data that indicate: (a) prenatal stress disrupts normal fetal development, resulting in long-term changes; and (b) androgens via a cervical-flanking blood-flow mechanism influence littermate morphology and sexual development during the prenatal period. Our findings also demonstrate that a general masculinizing effect could not be made across the measured male parameters since the effect of males positioned at the cervical-flanking region in utero appears to be dependent upon maternal sources of variance. Finally, androgens prenatally have an apparent positive interaction with somatic growth.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2001

Sexual orientation and eating psychopathology: the role of masculinity and femininity.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research suggests that eating disorders are related to homosexuality in men, although links with female sexual orientation are less clear. Appearance factors have generally been implicated in this relationship. However, previous studies have failed to consider the role of femininity, even though evidence suggests that this is a more critical factor than sexual preference. The aim of this study was to consider the relationship between gender-role orientation and eating psychopathology in nonclinical men and women of different sexual orientations. METHOD: One hundred university students (40 homosexual; 60 heterosexual) completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Eating Attitudes Test. RESULTS: For the group as a whole, there were links between femininity and high levels of eating psychopathology, whereas masculinity was associated with relatively healthy eating-related attitudes and behaviors. When considering the role of sexual orientation, these links were specific to homosexual men and women. CONCLUSIONS: In relation to homosexual men and women, the results support a model where femininity might be seen as a specific risk factor for eating disorders, whereas masculinity is likely to be a protective factor. Methodological and conceptual implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Social scientific paradigms of masculinity and their implications for research and practice in men's mental health.

Clinical researchers and practitioners are increasingly aware of the need for quality theory, research, and intervention in men's mental health. Successful work in this area requires an understanding of the multitude of ways that gender, and more specifically masculinities, can be conceptualized beyond a sole focus on sex differences between men and women. Drawing from a range of social sciences in addition to psychology, the authors consider several theoretical, research, and clinical directions that can follow from social learning, psychodynamic, social constructionist, and feminist paradigms. It is concluded that thinking deeply and critically within different paradigms of masculinity is critical for progress in both research and practice.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Gonadal regeneration in masculinized female or steroid-treated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

In salmonids, the development of an indifferent gonad into a testis or an ovary is normally determined chromosomally but can be reversed or changed by the administration of exogenous steroids during specific times in embryonic development. Because the gonads of sexually mature rainbow trout (RBT) are capable of regeneration following surgical removal and since regeneration of some tissue involves dedifferentiation, the objective of this experiment was to determine if the phenotypic sex of RBT gonads could be reversed during the regenerative process. In experiment 1, male RBT were surgically gonadectomized (Gx) or left intact and subsequently treated with estradiol-17beta, a steroid that feminizes male RBT embryos. All Gx males regenerated testicular tissue regardless of treatment. Likewise, the gonads of sham-operated, intact fish treated with exogenous estrogen showed no evidence of sex-reversal. In experiment 2, testes from masculinized females (XX genotype; male phenotype) were surgically removed. In all cases, only testicular tissue was regenerated in the masculinized females. Taken together, these results are consistent with the conclusion that gonads of salmonid fishes are not susceptible to sex-reversing stimuli during the regenerative process and that gonadal regeneration in salmonids is a result of cellular proliferation of the remaining gonadal remnant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Masculinized sexual partner preference in female zebra finches with sex-reversed gonads.

Previous research in the zebra finch, a socially monogamous pair-bonding species, suggests that the preference for opposite-sex partners may arise in part through the organizing actions of sex steroids. To further investigate this process, zebra finch eggs were injected with 20 microg fadrozole, a potent estrogen synthesis inhibitor, or with the saline vehicle on embryonic day 5. As adults they were given two-choice sexual partner preference tests followed by group aviary tests. Fadrozole females had masculinized beak color and had testes or ovotestes instead of ovaries. Males were not affected by fadrozole; they did not differ from controls on any measure. In contrast, sexual partner preference was substantially masculinized in fadrozole females in the group aviary tests. Untreated males given a choice between fadrozole and untreated females preferred the untreated females, but this was equally the case when they were given a choice between saline-treated and untreated females. These results suggest that males do not specifically avoid females with testes and that male avoidance is unlikely to explain why fadrozole-treated females pair with other females. The present data add to the evidence that actions of gonadal steroids during development contribute to adult sex differences in partner preference in this pair-bonding species. Furthermore, because fadrozole-treated females do not produce audible song, the mechanisms regulating partner preference and song system development are dissociated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Masculinization of female mammals: lessons from nature.

Although varying degrees of genital masculinization are a reasonably common phenomenon in the world of female mammals, the majority of such variation has not been investigated. In this chapter we have described research on the "masculinized" genitalia of moles and hyenas. Such research raises intriguing possibilities regarding the coordinated role that androgens, estrogens and peptide hormones (e.g., relaxin) might play, at different stages of sexual differentiation and development, in preparing genital tissues for their functional roles in reproduction. Such studies also suggest that non-androgenic mechanisms need to be considered. Arnold (1996) and Carruth et al. (2002) have recently presented the argument for broadening our view of sexual differentiation of brain and behavior, emphasizing direct genetic effects. A similar view has been presented for the Tammar wallaby, where formation of a scrotum, or a pouch, is a direct consequence of the presence/absence of two X chromosomes (Pask and Renfree, 2001). Although our research on moles and hyenas has not yet yielded such definitive results, the research reviewed in this chapter calls attention to processes that could well operate in other mammals, including humans.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Masculine and feminine voices: making ethical decisions in the care of the dying.

Drawing on the example of one specific Ethics Committee, the author delineates feminine and masculine styles of ethical decision making and work with the dying as two sides of what it means to be humanistic in patient care. The author draws particularly on the work of Carol Gilligan to differentiate feminine from masculine approaches.

California↗
PubMed1976

Male homosexuality, psychiatric patient status, and psychological masculinity and femininity.

The personality dynamics of homosexuality, psychiatric patient status, and psychological masculinity and femininity were assessed for four groups of 45 male subjects in a full factorial comparison. Results show that homosexuality can be significantly characterized by the Dynamic Personality Inventory independently of psychiatric attendance and that aspects of sex role, considered both normatively and within the sample, are especially effective in that respect. Emphasis is laid on a multidimensional approach to masculinity and femininity. Results are further interpreted with regard to parental relations and the minority status of male homosexuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ten years experience with masculinizing genitoplasty in male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.

An extensive survey in a highly inbred Arab community documented over 60 cases of male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. During a period of 10 years (1981-1991), 16 such patients underwent masculinating genitoplasty. Two children have had a one stage corrective genitoplasty while all others (2 adults, 3 adolescents and 9 children) had staged operations. Cosmetic and functional results are very encouraging in children and adolescents but very poor among adults. Based on our experience and follow-up, we advocate early sex assignment and early masculinizing genitoplasty with preoperative hormonal therapy to male pseudohermaphrodites due to 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2006

Masculine gender roles associated with increased sexual risk and intimate partner violence perpetration among young adult men.

This study sought to assess the association between traditional masculine gender role ideologies and sexual risk and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration behaviors in young men's heterosexual relationships. Sexually active men age 18-35 years attending an urban community health center in Boston were invited to join a study on men's sexual risk; participants (N=307) completed a brief self-administered survey on sexual risk (unprotected sex, forced unprotected sex, multiple sex partners) and IPV perpetration (physical, sexual and injury from/need for medical services due to IPV) behaviors, as well as demographics. Current analyses included men reporting sex with a main female partner in the past 3 months (n=283). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographics were used to assess significant associations between male gender role ideologies and the sexual risk and IPV perpetration behaviors. Participants were predominantly Hispanic (74.9%) and Black (21.9%); 55.5% were not born in the continental U.S.; 65% had been in the relationship for more than 1 year. Men reporting more traditional ideologies were significantly more likely to report unprotected vaginal sex in the past 3 months (OR(adj) = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2-4.6) and IPV perpetration in the past year (OR(adj) = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2-3.6). Findings indicate that masculine gender role ideologies are linked with young men's unprotected vaginal sex and IPV perpetration in relationships, suggesting that such ideologies may be a useful point of sexual risk reduction and IPV prevention intervention with this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Masculinization of females of the isopod crustacean, Armadillidium vulgare, following injections of an active extract of the androgenic gland.

Injections of 64 U of an active extract of the androgenic gland into young females of Armadillidium vulgare induced masculinization of the external sexual characteristics and transformation of the internal female reproductive organs into testes, seminal vesicles, and vasa deferentia. Following injections of 10-U doses, the internal organs were hardly affected in 8 of 10 females although the external characteristics underwent masculinization.

Androgens↗