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PubMed2005

Retinal degeneration and other eye disorders in wives of farmer pesticide applicators enrolled in the agricultural health study.

Retinal degeneration is the leading cause of visual impairment in older adults. An association between retinal degeneration and fungicide use was observed previously among farmer pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study, a large study of farm families from Iowa and North Carolina. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether wives of these farmer pesticide applicators were at increased risk of retinal degeneration. Self-reported cross-sectional data obtained via questionnaire between 1993 and 1997 from 31,173 wives were used. Associations of specific pesticides and groups of pesticides based on function (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and fumigants) or chemical structure (organophosphates, organochlorines, and carbamates) with eye disorders were evaluated using logistic and hierarchical logistic regression analyses. Self-reported retinal degeneration was associated with the wife's fungicide use (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 3.1) after adjustment for age and state of residence. Specific fungicides that appeared to drive this association were maneb or mancozeb and ziram. No associations between pesticide use and other eye disorders were found. Although these findings for retinal degeneration are based solely on self-reported disease, they are consistent with those reported for farmer pesticide applicators. These findings suggest that exposure to some fungicides and other pesticides may increase the risk of retinal degeneration and warrant further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Degradation of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in oxic and anoxic sandy aquifers.

Ethylenethiourea is an important degradation product of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides, which are widely used in different kinds of crops. The ethylenebisdithiocarbamate group includes maneb, zineb and mancozeb. The ethylenebisdithiocarbamates are not highly toxic and degrade rapidly in the presence of moisture and oxygen, forming different compounds. One of these is the polar ethylenethiourea, which is relatively stable. Thus, this compound appears to be a potential contaminant for groundwater. Batch experiments were carried out under biotic as well as abiotic conditions to study the degradation dependence of concentration, temperature and organic matter. The decomposition of ethylenethiourea under abiotic conditions was found to be less than 5% of the degradation under biotic conditions. Further, ethylenethiourea showed to be stable over a period of 150 days at 20 degrees C in tap water as well as in batch with soil sterilized with NaN3. The degradation of ethylenethiourea depends on the concentration in the water implying first order reaction kinetics. The microbial degradation of ethylenethiourea is highly temperature dependent with aerobic Q10 between 2.9 and 4.2, and an anaerobic between 2.1 and 2.5. A minor increase in degradation rates was observed by application of nitrate and manure to the batches. The experiments show extremely complete degradation of ethylenethiourea in the presence of microbial nitrate reduction with pyrite which occurs in deeper parts of the aquifers.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1981

Influence of topically applied corticosteroids on patch test reactions.

Four commercially available corticosteroid preparations were assayed for their capacity to suppress patch test reactions with contact allergens (nickel sulfate, nitrofuralum, potassium dichromate, epoxy resin, wood tars and Maneb) in sensitized individuals (n=14). Beta-methasone valerate, betamethasone dipropionate, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate and triamcinolone acetonide (0.05-0.7% solutions in isopropanol or ethanol) were applied under occlusion in amounts of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 ml, respectively. Patch tests were performed on the pretreated skin sites. The patches were removed 24 h after application and the reactions were read 15 min and 24 h later. The intensity of the reactions and the size of the infiltrated areas of the pretreated sites were measured and compared with those of a control patch test. Topical application of corticosteroids was found to have a suppressive effect both on the intensity as well as on the size of the epicutaneous reactions. No marked difference in the suppression effect of the four corticosteroids could be observed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1990

Contact sensitization by pesticides in farmers.

30 farmers with contact dermatitis and 20 controls were patch tested with a series of locally used pesticides. Allergic reactions to 1 or more pesticides were seen in 11 patients but none of the controls. Carbamates (maneb, carbofuran, carbaryl) were the most frequent sensitizers (7 patients), followed by organophosphorus compounds like: malathion and oxydemton methyl (4 patients); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and fenvalerate (3 patients each); streptocycline (2 patients). Irritant reactions to captaf were seen in 4 patients, thiobencarb weedicide in 3, and organophosphorus compounds in 3. Pesticides should be patch tested in all farmers with contact dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contact dermatitis caused by pesticides among banana plantation workers in Panama.

To characterize dermatitis related to pesticide exposures among banana plantation workers in Panama, the authors studied 281 workers seen at The Occupational Health Department of the Social Security Hospital of Changuinola and Puerto Armuelles between 1988-1992 and in 1993. Exposure data were collected through a standardized occupational health history. Physical examination, a standard patch test, and a pesticide patch test (PPT) were carried out. Of the 244 men (86.8%) and 37 women (13.2%), 17 and 37, respectively, were packing station workers. The other 227 men were field workers, exposed to many pesticides (propiconazole, maneb, chlorothalonil, dithane, dalaphon, ametrine; and gramoxone). The 54 packing station workers were exposed to imazalil, thiabendazole, aluminum hydroxide solutions, and formaldehyde. The hands were the most frequently affected areas (82%), followed by the thorax and abdomen (9%), legs and feet (5%), and genital area (4%). There were 78 positive PPTs (27.8%) in 281 patients. The most frequent reactions were to the fungicides chloro-thalonil (51.4%), thiabendazole (12.8%), imazalil (10.2%), and aluminum hydroxide (10.2%), which accounted for 85% of all positive tests. The majority of the cases were related to exposures to fungicides; 246 with negative PPTs were classified as irritant contact dermatitis patients; 48 controls were negatives. Contact dermatitis related to pesticide exposure is a significant occupational health problem for banana workers in Panama.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Workplace carcinogen and pesticide exposures in Costa Rica.

The CAREX data system converts national workforce volumes and proportions of workers exposed to workplace carcinogens into numbers of exposed in 55 industrial categories. CAREX was adapted for Costa Rica for 27 carcinogens and seven groups of pesticides. Widespread workplace carcinogens in the 1.3 million workforce of Costa Rica are solar radiation (333,000 workers), diesel engine exhaust (278,000), environmental tobacco smoke (71,000), hexavalent chromium compounds (55,000), benzene (52,000), wood dust (32,000), silica dust (27,000), lead and inorganic lead compounds (19,000), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (17,000). The most ubiquitous pesticides were paraquat and diquat (175,000), mancozeb, maneb, and zineb (49,000), chlorothalonil (38,000), benomyl (19,000), and chlorophenoxy herbicides (11,000). Among women, formaldehyde, radon, and methylene chloride overrode pesticides, chromium, wood dust, and silica dust in numbers of exposed. High-risk sectors included agriculture, construction, personal and household services, land and water transport and allied services, pottery and similar industries, woodworks, mining, forestry and logging, fishing, manufacturing of electrical machinery, and bar and restaurant personnel.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1997

Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico.

Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides are used heavily in the United States. EBDCs (e.g., mancozeb, maneb) are metabolized to ethylene thiourea (ETU). The EPA classifies ETU as a carcinogen, based on thyroid and other cancers in rodents, and has restricted the use of EBDCs, while requiring workers to use protective equipment. There are no data on the potential carcinogenicity of EBDCs in humans, and there is only one study on human genotoxicity. ETU is known to cause decreases of thyroxine (T4) and increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rodents. We have studied cytogenetic outcomes and serum thyroid hormone levels among 49 heavily exposed workers without protective equipment spraying EBDC on tomatoes in Mexico. We also studied 14 lightly exposed landowners and 31 nonexposed controls. Urinary ETU was used to compare exposure between groups. We found an increase in TSH (p = 0.05) among applicators compared to controls, but no decrease in thyroid hormone (T4). We found increases in sister chromatid exchange (p = 0.03) and in chromosome translocations (chromosome aberrations that persist through cell division) for applicators compared to controls (p = 0.05). However, the subset of reciprocal translocations showed a lesser increase (p = 0.24). Our data suggest that EBDCs affect the thyroid gland and the lymphocyte genome among heavily exposed workers. However, our data are limited to subclinical outcomes, are of borderline statistical significance, and should be interpreted with caution.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The metabolism of fungicides.

Of the three main groups of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides), fungicides have probably the longest history, dating back to the accidental discovery in 1882 of Bordeaux mixture and the value of copper-based preparations for the control of vine downy mildew disease. In more recent times a wide range of fungicides have become available, including compounds with not only protectant but systemic activity, and total world-wide sales in 1983 were estimated at 2.8 billion dollars. This review attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge as it relates to the metabolism in animals and plants of examples of several of the major fungicide groups. Specifically the metabolism of maneb, mancozeb, zineb, captan, chlorothalonil, benomyl, triadimefon, triadimenol and cymoxanil are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selective trace determination of dithiocarbamate fungicides in fruits and vegetables by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrochemical detection.

The predominant methods for determination of dithiocarbamate fungicides (DTC) have been based on quantitation of carbon disulfide released by hot acid digestion. Because the subgroups of the DTC family differ in their chemical properties and toxicological behavior, selective determination is required. To meet the demand for a fast, simple, and sensitive procedure, a new reversed-phase ion-pair chromatographic method was developed, consisting of surface extraction followed by direct injection into a liquid chromatographic system equipped with ultraviolet and electrochemical detectors, connected in series. The procedure is applicable to residues of N-methyldithiocarbamates (metam-sodium), N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamates (e.g., ziram and ferbam), ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (e.g., nabam, maneb, zineb, and mancozeb), and propylenebisdithiocarbamates (e.g., propineb) in fruits and vegetables. Limits of quantitation, calculated according to the procedure of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, are 9, 12, 8, and 12 microg CS2/L for N-methyl-DTC, N,N-dimethyl-DTC, ethylenebis-DTC, and propylenebis-DTC, respectively, when electrochemical detection is used.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the fungicide ferbam in wheat grains after adsorption onto microcrystalline naphthalene.

A procedure was developed for the determination of iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate by converting it into iron(II)-bathophenanthroline-tetraphenylborate complex, which was then adsorbed onto microcrystalline naphthalene. The absorbance was measured at 534 nm against a reagent blank. Beer's Law was obeyed over the concentration range of 0.4-20 microg mL in final solution. Ten replicate determinations on 70 microg ferbam solutions gave a mean absorbance of 0.36, with a relative standard deviation of 0.91%. The method is sensitive and highly selective. It was applied for the determination of ferbam in a commercial sample and in mixtures with various dithiocarbamates (ziram, zineb, maneb) and wheat grains.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1975

[Embryotoxic and teratogenic action of some pesticides].

The authors carried out experiments on white rats in order to evaluate embriotoxic and teratogenic effect of pesticides: cyneb, mneb, cypromate, basfungine, remrod, dipterex and bromex. The preparations were administered oraly as followed: 1) singly in the course of whole pregnancy in a dose of 1/2 LD50 and lower doses till finding single nonacting dose and 21 in the course of the whole pregnancy in doses rangling from the determined single threshold dose till finding minimal acting dose during multiple application and nonacting teratogenic dose under the same conditions. The authors examined the changes in some liver enzymic systems of the mother and fetus. It was established that there was raised actitity of LDH, A1Ph, AcPh, glucose -6-phosphat-dehydrogenase and HEA with degree differences in both examined categories - the mother and fetus. Single treatment of pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis induced anomalies in the development of the nervous system; of the skeletal system - facial cranium, extremities, tail as well as functional and biochemical changes. The authors determined teratogenically nonacting doses for single application: for cyneb - 1000 mg/kg; for maneb - 50 mg/kg and for cypronat - 250 mg/kg.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2002

[Human neurotoxicity of ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates (EBDC)].

Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates (EBDC) (maneb, mancozeb,...) are fungicides which rarely cause acute toxicity reactions, but may have a severe long-term toxic effect. Twelve cases reported to the Bordeaux Anti-Poison Center over a 10-year period generally exhibited short-term neurological symptoms of variable severity. Cases of acute intoxication reported in the literature have involved various neurological signs including headache, dizziness and confusion, and a few cases of seizures, all of which were rapidly reversible. Long-term exposure has been associated with parkinsonism and epidemiological studies have found an increased risk of neurocognitive impairment associated with long-term exposure to pesticides in general and to EBDC specifically. Experimentally, EBDC increases the neurotoxicity of MPTP and paraquat. Their metabolite, ethylene thiourea (ETU), is neurotoxic in utero. There are indications that EBDC and/or ETU may increase sensitivity to genetic and environmental risk factors for cell death and apoptosis. Occupational or accidental exposure to EBDC and its possible long-term consequences require adequate studies concerning their mechanism, surveillance and prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pesticide exposure and neuropsychological impairment in migrant farm workers.

The chronic, long-term effects from exposure to many frequently used pesticides have yet to be fully documented. Migrant Hispanic farm workers who are the frequent victims of such exposures are rarely studied. A neuropsychological test battery was administered to 21 migrant farm workers acutely exposed to Phosdrin, Lannate and Maneb on two occasions, and to 11 controls matched for age, sex, education, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. Results revealed that two years after the pesticide exposures, the exposed group was significantly more impaired than controls on tests of psychomotor speed, dexterity, and visuospatial memory. Disturbing emotional symptoms were reported with significantly greater frequency by the exposed group in comparison to controls. Results are consistent with the previously reported constellation of symptoms and neuropsychological deficits associated with pesticide exposure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[Monitoring and official control of pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Poland in 2004].

Poland, as a Member State of the European Union, is obliged to establish efficient system of food control allowing assessment of health quality of food products for general population as well as for high risk groups, like infants and toddlers. In case of pesticide residues this task is realized by carrying out programs of monitoring and official control of foodstuffs in order to check compliance with Maximum Residue Levels set up by Polish Regulation of Minister of Health on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food. The Chief Sanitary Inspectorate is an authority responsible for above mentioned activities with essential participation of Department of Environmental Toxicology of National Institute of Hygiene. The analysis of food samples indicated in yearly developed plans of sampling, is carried out in 16 integrated local laboratories of National Sanitary Inspection. In 2004, 868 samples have been analyzed in system of monitoring and official control of foodstuffs in Poland. The samples were taken in retail and wholesale. Among analyzed samples 67% were fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables, and 14% were baby food. The samples have been analyzed or presence of over 50 pesticides. In the year 2004 maximum residue levels have been exceeded in 14 samples (2%) of fruit, vegetables and cereals. All samples were of Polish origin, except two samples from Spain. In samples with violated MRLs the following pesticides have been found: Benomyl group, Maneb group, Endosulfan, Mecarbam, Hexachlorobenzene, and Methyl bromide. Additionally, 49 follow-up enforcement samples has been analyzed. In none of them MRLs violation have been found.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of nabam fungicide in crops by liquid chromatography with postcolumn reaction detection.

The ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide, nabam, was determined in several crop matrixes using liquid chromatography with postcolumn reaction detection. After separation by micellar liquid chromatography, nabam (EBDC sodium salt) was acid hydrolyzed to ethylenediamine and fluorigenically labeled with o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol (OPA-MERC). Standard curves were linear from the detection limit of ca 1 ng to 1000 ng. Nabam was recovered in high yield (89 plus or minus 7.7%) over a range of concentrations (0.1 to 20 ppm) from fortified samples of papaya, lettuce, cucumber, spinach, and applesauce using a simple extraction method. Efforts to convert the more popular EBDC fungicides, maneb and mancozeb, to nabam are discussed.

Cetylpyridinium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health effects of pesticides in the flower-bulb culture in Holland.

In a comprehensive project the health risk for workers using pesticides in the flower-bulb culture was addressed in several studies regarding biological monitoring, occupational hygiene and health effects. With respect to biological monitoring, methods were developed for the analysis of metabolites in urine of captan, pirimicarb, zineb and maneb and the soil fumigant dichloropropene. For dichloropropene in a field study a clear relationship was found between the external personal exposure and the excretion of two metabolites (mercapturic acids) in urine. The application technique distinctly influenced the extent of exposure. For the other substances preliminary measurements were performed in the urine of exposed workers; for captan and pirimicarb the methods are promising for further studies of the uptake of these substances under working conditions. In an occupational hygiene study, the dermal exposure due to different application techniques used in crop protection and bulb disinfection was investigated. This resulted in method specific exposure values (grams/field area of bulbs) that showed large differences between the techniques. These exposure values in combination with information on the type of techniques used, the treated area and the frequency of application were used to calculate a personal exposure index (grams/working life); this is an estimate of the potential (external) exposure of individual workers. In an effect study 137 workers who applied pesticides for more than 10 years (average 20 years) in at least bulb disinfection and crop protection (the most important area's of exposure for the growers) were compared to 73 controls. Tests for autonomic and peripheral nerve functions including the distribution of conduction velocities and refractory periods, were applied as well as computerized neurobehavioral tests and electro-encephalography. Significant effects were found on peripheral nerve function parameters, on measures of attention and perceptual coding and on the amount of beta-activity in the EEG; the data suggest that for the majority of subjects these effects are small. No effects were found on liver and renal function and no difference in the prevalence of symptoms that might be ascribed to the usage of pesticides. In a number of exposed workers a cutaneous allergy to pesticides was found. Based on this study, measures are recommended to diminish effectively the exposure to pesticides in this culture.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1989

[Contact eczema caused by pesticides in East Germany].

19 allergic, occupational contact eczemas and 1 irrative contact dermatitis caused by pesticides from 1985-86 in the GDR are described. The 20 casuistic reports are supplemented with data concerning age, sex, exposure time, patch-test results, occupation site and dermatological details. The following pesticides were determined: maneb, zineb, mancozeb, propineb, thiram, demephion, dimethoate, propachlor, metham-Na, benomyl, chloralhydrate with chloralmethylhalbacetal, carbaryl, dinocap captan, phenyl-Hg-acetate and trichlodinitrobenzene. Each individual case adhered to the recommended test concentration for skin tests. Contact eczemas brought about by the pesticides demephion and trichlordinitrobenzene have not yet to be described. Those working in gardening seem to be particularly prone.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epicutaneous testing with plant protective and pest control agents (pesticides)].

A catalogue concerning adequate concentrations of pesticides for use in patch testing is presented. These recommendations are based on author's experiences also utilizing case reports both of the GDR and of the international literature. In particular case reports are mentioned on contact dermatitis due to Metham-sodium, Dazomet, Zineb and Maneb, Benomyl, Captan, Propachlor, Phenmedipham, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, Dichlorvos, Parathionmethyl, Trichlorfon. The recommended patch test concentrations should be made a subject for discussion and further investigations.

Agriculture↗