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Crowded hospital X-ray file rooms and the increasing economic value of silver have contributed to the need to substitute microfilm for original X-rays. X-ray minification, already successful in the United States, will be increasing worldwide as governments begin to understand the art of X-ray microfilming and as economic pressures force the decline of hospital X-ray holdings.
We compared the cost to store X-ray films among storing them by themselves, utilizing rental stock, converting to microfilm and entering images into optical file system. We used microcomputer and spread sheet system on it for this comparison. Storing X-ray films by themselves is the most inexpensive, but the cost is depend on the price of land. Rental stock is the second. If the price of land is high, microfilm is most inexpensive. Optical file system is much expensive. It is not suit to store X-ray images which are already being stored as X-ray films. Beside of the cost, we should also estimate the factors as accessibility to image, easiness of use the systems etc.
The case records of the Psychological Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania the first established in this country, have been transferred to microfilm to save them from desctruction. A survey of the records indicate that they may be valuable in both historical and follow-up research. The microfilms can be made available to qualified investigators with worthy projects.
Several techniques are described in this review to study the structure and the stability of froths and foams. Image analysis proved useful for detecting structure changes in 2-D foams and has enabled the drainage process and the gradients in bubble size distribution to be determined. However, studies on 3-D foams require more complex techniques such as Multiple-Light Scattering Methods, Microphones and Optical Tomography. Under dynamic foaming conditions, the Foam Scan Column enables the water content of foams to be determined by conductivity analysis. It is clear that the same factors, which play a role in foam stability (film thickness, elasticity, etc.) also have a decisive influence on the stability of isolated froth or foam films. Therefore, the experimental thin film balance (developed by the Bulgarian Researchers) to study thinning of microfilms formed by a concave liquid drop suspended in a short vertical capillary tube has proved useful. Direct measurement of the thickness of the aqueous microfilm is determined by a micro-reflectance method and can give fundamental information on drainage and thin film stability. It is also important to consider the influence of the mineral particles on the stability of the froth and it have been shown that particles of well defined size and hydrophobicity can be introduced into the thin film enabling stabilization/destabilization mechanisms to be proposed. It has also been shown that the dynamic and static stability can be increased by a reduction in particle size and an increase in particle concentration.
A total of 1,205 primary school children were examined for cystic echinococcosis in five villages of Manisa, Turkey, to evaluate the efficacy of diagnostic methods of this infection in community-based screening surveys. Six hundred and thirty children from three villages, examined by a portable ultrasound scanner, chest microfilm and serological methods (ELISA, indirect hemagglutination) in our previous study, were designated as Study Group 1; and 575 children, from two adjacent villages, examined by ultrasonography alone in the present study, were designated as Study Group 2. In Study Group 1, hepatic cystic echinococcosis was detected in two cases (0.3%) by ultrasonography, while 43 (8.9%) and 49 (10.1%) cases were found to be positive for cystic echinococcosis by ELISA and indirect hemagglutination, respectively. Three of 575 children (0.5%) were diagnosed with cystic echinococcosis (two hepatic and one renal involvement) by ultrasonography alone in Study Group 2; and lung lesions were later detected in both cases with liver involvement by chest radiography. Our results suggested that serological tests may be beneficial in suspected cases for confirmation and differential diagnosis, but have some drawbacks, such as discrepancy in results and high false seropositivity rates. Chest microfilm is not easy in field studies and exposure to X-ray is undesirable. As a reliable, simple, inexpensive and rapid technique, ultrasonography alone is recommended to be used in community-based screening surveys for cystic echinococcosis with confirmatory tests for suspected cases found during the screening program.
Microfilms were prepared from the case histories of 357 consecutive patients submitted to liver biopsy for the first time so that all information after the time of the liver biopsy was erased. The microfilms were assessed by four clinicians, and the pre-biopsy diagnostic proposals were graded according to the degree of certainty and were compared with the results of the liver biopsies. Out of 357 patients, 200 had a history of alcoholism, of whom 172 had alcohol-induced changes in the liver biopsies: 80 cases of alcoholic cirrhosis, 84 cases of steatosis, and 8 cases of alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis. In 65 of the 80 patients with biopsy-verified alcoholic cirrhosis the clinical pre-biopsy diagnosis was in agreement with the histological findings. In 51 cases in which the clinical diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis was given as moderately certain or very certain, 4 clinically incorrect diagnoses occurred. No incorrect diagnoses occurred in the 35 cases in which the clinicians claimed the greatest diagnostic accuracy. In the 84 patients with steatosis in the liver biopsies the clinicians felt uncertain or moderately certain about all but 2 patients, and 14 incorrect diagnoses occurred. In none of the 8 patients with histological alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis was a correct clinical diagnosis made. The clinical pre-biopsy diagnosis of acute hepatitis was in agreement with the results of the liver biopsies in 52 out of 57 patients. In 51 cases in which the clinical diagnosis of acute hepatitis was given as moderately certain or very certain, 1 clinically incorrect diagnosis occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In order to find the most precise and practical procedure to record the prevalence of tuberculosis in group screenings, 7405 students staying at Hacettepe University dormitories between 1984 and 1987 were screened by 3 different methods used in tuberculosis screening, namely microfilms, tuberculin tests and tuberculosis symptoms (cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, etc). The average sensitivity of these tests were found to be as follows: microfilm 6.3%, tuberculin 45.8%, screening of tuberculosis symptoms 60.4%. The most ideal tuberculosis group screening method was found to be detailed examination of cases with symptoms of tuberculosis plus cases who are at the pathological border in tuberculin skin tests (with BCG inoculations > or = 20 mm and without BCG inoculation > or = 10 mm).
One of the by-products of computerizing a clinical laboratory is the resultant increase in paper production and its associated manual system overloads. In an attempt to resolve this problem, we have devised a computer-generated laboratory record system that provides continuous access, yet ensures record security. By the use of closed-circuit television, intercom, and a microfilm reader/printer, it is possible to configure a remote record facility that is convenient for physician use and yet operates with a low original capital investment and utilizes no additional personnel.
An assessment of alternative methods of filing histopathology report forms in alphabetical order showed that orthodox card index filing is satisfactory up to about 100000 reports but, because of the need for long-term retrieval, when the reports filed exceed this number they should be copied on jacketed microfilm and a new card index file begun.
A convenient, low cost microfiche system for the random access, storage and retrieval of EEG data is described. Some of the more important advantages of microfilm in an EEG laboratory are: enormous data reductions; reduced operating costs; simplified records handling; improved communications between electroencephalographers; and access to an expanding number of inexpensive publications and reference materials.
Overcramped conditions and lack of available storage space are usually the instigating factors for implementation of a micrographics system, but there are many other benefits to be gained, It is critical that a system be well planned and carefully researched to assure that you are indeed in control. If your only goal is to microfilm records to make more space, this space will also be "jammed" within a short period of time and you will have accomplished nothing. A good micrographics system can, and should, improve the integrity of the records, in addition to saving space. It should and will provide control of the records, while at the same time making the information readily available to all users. The system can be combined with an existing computer system within the facility and/or be shared with other departments. An ill-planned micrographics system will ultimately lead to one that is neither cost-effective nor efficient.
This paper covers the operational and financial details of the first Illinois computer-output microfische installation. Fiscal 1981 costs and output are compared against earlier data highlight the economics of micrographics in effecting cost savings against an ever-increasing need for computer data output to assist management information needs. Typical user data is shown and monthly report forms covering source document microfilming, photographic processing and laboratory services are presented. Operational costs are compared and the cost per microfiche copy and per original silver negative are developed. The semantics of "savings" versus "cost avoidance" is explored.
Computer-assisted retrieval (CAR) systems combine computers with microfilm to create a cost-effective, productive method of managing information. CAR systems range in size from large computerized mass-storage systems utilizing image scanning and digitized technologies to small, tabletop, standalone microprocessor-driven systems. When properly configured, a CAR system can not only provide vital information today, but will also be able to grow and expand into a total office system.
Since storage space, silver, and personnel time are each precious commodities, the need for solutions to problems in film storage and retrieval is great. In this article, radiology administrators and technologists describe retrieval systems in use at their institutions and discuss the desirability and advantages and disadvantages of microfilming. The technique of digital image storage, which is expected to have wide use once the technology is fully developed, also is described.
Considerations on the theory of communication point to the importance of "redundant" data in medicine. These usually arise from texts such as catamneses, descriptions of findings etc., and escape digital data pooling and storage on organizational and financial grounds. Here, microfilm is available as an economical storage medium taking little room. Developments in recent years enable integration of automatic analog storage into digital information systems. The use of such a hybrid system in the field of pathology is described.
As elsewhere, in medicine it has become evident that the "pure" ideal of on-line, full-text real-time computerized systems offers no panacea for the diverse information problems of researchers, practitioners, and administrators. More flexible, efficient and economical possibilities are available in the form of "hybrid" systems of computers and other techniques, such as micrographics and COM. There are a number of alternative strategies. LORBAS is one family of such systems. LORBAS is based on a mini-microfilm technique (reduction ratio to 250:1, up to 200,000 pages per liter), permitting rapid digital random access to every page. The computer is used off-line for the administration of the system and for generating a variety of retrieval aids which are worked into the film inventory (through COM). Numerous user stations can be equipped with the full document basis(incl. the retrieval aids), and operated off-line. On-line linkage is optional on every desired level of sophistication.
In an earlier investigation (Irish [1993] Biological Affinities of Late Pleistocene Through Modern African Aboriginal Populations: The Dental Evidence [Ann Arbor: University Microfilms]), biological affinities of 32 sub-Saharan and North African dental samples were estimated using comparative analyses of 36 dental morphological traits. Marked dental homogeneity was revealed among samples within each of the two geographic regions, but significant interregional differences were noted. Assuming dental phenetic expression approximates or is an estimate of genetic variation, the present study of 976 sub-Saharan-affiliated Africans indicates they are not closely related to other world groups; they are characterized by numerous morphologically complex crown and root traits. Turner ([1984] Acta Anthropogenetica 8:23-78; [1985] in R Kirk and E Szathmary (eds.): Out of Asia: Peopling the Americas and the Pacific [Canberra: The Journal of Pacific History], pp. 31-78; [1990] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 82:295-318; [1992] Persp. Hum. Biol. 2/Archaeol. Oceania 27:120-127; [1992] in T Akaszawa, K Aoki, and T Kimura (eds.): The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia [Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha Publishing Co-], pp. 415-438) reports that Northeast Asian/New World sinodonts also have complex teeth relative to Europeans, Southeast Asian sundadonts, Australian/Tasmanians, and Melanesians. However, sinodonty is characterized by UI1 winging, UI1 shoveling, UI1 double shoveling, one-rooted UP1, UM1 enamel extension, M3 agenesis, and three-rooted LM1. Sub-Saharan peoples exhibit very low frequencies of these features. It is proposed that the collection of dental traits which best differentiate sub-Saharan Africans from other worldwide samples includes high frequencies of the Bushman Canine, two-rooted UP1, UM1 Carabelli's trait, three-rooted UM2, LM2 Y-groove pattern, LM1 cusp 7, LP1 Tome's root, two-rooted LM2, UM3 presence, and very low incidences of UI1 double shoveling and UM1 enamel extension. This suite of diagnostic traits is termed the sub-Saharan African dental complex.
The aim of this study was to obtain quantitative information from published data on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of serious lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infancy and early childhood. We identified 21 relevant publications on the relation between ETS and the prevalence of serious LRTI by reviewing reference lists in relevant reports and by conducting manual and computer searches (Medline database; Dissertation abstracts index of Xerox University Microfilms) of published reports between 1966 and 1995. Thirteen studies were included in a quantitative overview using random effects modeling to derive pooled odds ratios. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the decision rules used in extracting odds ratio data. The results of community and hospital studies are broadly consistent and show that the child of a parent who smokes is at approximately twice the risk of having a serious respiratory tract infection in early life that requires hospitalization. This association was pronounced in children younger than age two and diminished after the age of two. The combined odds ratio for hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in infancy or early childhood is 1.93 (95% CI 1.66-2.25); the combined odds ratio of prevalence of serious LRTI at age less than 2 years, between 0 and 6 years, and between 3 and 6 years were 1.71 (95% CI 1.33-2.20); 1.57 (1.28-1.91), and 1.25 (0.88-1.78), respectively. There was no evidence of heterogeneity across the studies in these combined odds ratios. We conclude that this meta-analysis provides strong evidence that exposure to ETS causes adverse respiratory health outcomes such as either a serious LRTI or hospitalization for LRTI. New public health campaigns are urgently needed to discourage smoking in the presence of young children.