Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Lipreading”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Clinical results of the French multichannel cochlear implant.

Clinical assessment and results are described in 66 patients (among them 20 were less than 20 years old). Voice changes may be objectively observed on sonograms. Phonetic discrimination depends on the electrical and nervous status of the implanted deaf cochlea. Discrimination of words and sentences with reference list, but without lipreading, is commonly obtained. Discrimination of unknown words is more difficult and varies from one patient to the other. Discrimination with lipreading progress elicited by the device depends on the pre-operative status and the own possibilities of each patient. Psychoaffective improvement is evident in every case, especially in 3 cases of autistic deaf-mute children. We shall try to summarize the efficacity of the French 12-channel cochlear implant regarding the clinical results we obtained in 66 patients who have been implanted between October 1976 and September 1983. Among them, 39 suffered from pre-lingual deafness and 27 from post-lingual deafness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Categories of Auditory Performance.

Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) is an index consisting of eight performance categories arranged in order of increasing difficulty. It has been used to categorize 53 children who had been deafened below the age of 3. The children were assessed by means of the CAP before implantation, and over the following 3 years. Before implantation, only 2 of the children showed awareness of environmental sounds; immediately after initial tuning, all children showed awareness of environmental sounds, and 50% showed awareness of speech sounds. Their auditory receptive abilities gradually developed over the 3-year period, and by the 3-year assessment interval, 80% were understanding phrases without lipreading, and 40% were understanding conversation. Using these data, we predict that 90% of such children will understand conversation without lipreading 5 years after initial tuning.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of multichannel tactile aids and multichannel cochlear implants in children with profound hearing impairments.

Speech perception skills of prelingually deafened children who used the multichannel Tactaid 7 (n = 10) were compared to those of a matched group of children who used the Nucleus 22 channel cochlear implant (n = 10). Group scores were compared on a closed-set test of word recognition and on an open-set test of phrase recognition in the pre-device condition and at a post-device interval after an average of 1.5 years of multichannel device use. The results revealed that the scores of the implant users improved significantly between the pre- and post-device intervals on all measures. Moreover, the scores of the implant users were significantly higher than those of the tactile aid users on all measures. In contrast, the scores of the tactile aid users showed negligible change over time, except on a test that evaluated open-set recognition of phrases with both auditory and visual cues. The results suggest that children can learn to recognize words and understand speech without lipreading with a multichannel implant, whereas children who used the multichannel tactile aid demonstrate limited speech recognition skills only if auditory/tactile cues are combined with lipreading.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Integration of visual and tactile modalities.

Experiments have been carried out in which subjects were required to discriminate time-varying visual and tactile stimuli presented simultaneously via a 2D array of light-emitting diodes and a vibrator on the fingertip. Contrary to expectations, no problems in parallel visual and tactile perception were apparent. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment in which subjects were require to lipread from a video image and simultaneously identify speech-derived tactile stimuli. The generally poor performance of tactile aids to lipreading has been attributed to problems of parallel perception, but such problems are clearly not present in all circumstances.

Correction of Hearing Impairment↗
PubMed1979

Hearing aid evaluation for persons with postlingual hearing levels of 90 to 100 dB.

Of 20 subjects with profound (90 to 100 dB) hearing loss who underwent a careful hearing aid evaluation, 16 were able to benefit from hearing aid use. With the recommended aids, all subjects could detect speech at levels within the normal conversational range; 75% had some understanding of spondee words; and 56% successfully accomplished tasks in phoneme identification. Two subjects succeeded on a standard speech discrimination test. Ear-level instruments, five binaural, were recommended for 13 of the 16 subjects. Microphones were front-facing in the majority of instances; none were directional. Seven aids used amplitude compression. Subjects were encouraged to relate their subjective impressions, and home trial was an important part of the evaluation. In the majority of instances, lipreading scores were markedly better with hearing aid use than without.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Speech pattern element stimulation in electrical hearing.

A sensation of hearing is provided for the otherwise totally deaf adult by the use of an electrode arrangement, placed external to the cochlea, which provides only larynx frequency speech pattern information. This is normally obtained by acoustic analysis and is presented so that, although its pattern is preserved, its physical form is matched to the patient's auditory capacity. Speech-receptive improvement has been shown using interactive synthetic speech techniques, video-recorded lipreading tests, and interactive conversational-type presentations. Speech production skills are also enhanced by self-monitoring, and examples of voice range improvement and jitter reduction are given. The particular electrode system used is especially suitable for promontory stimulation in adult patients without a tympanic membrane. The work as a whole is relevant, however, to the design of other conservative prostheses for both deaf adults and children.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Seeing speech affects acoustic information processing in the human brainstem.

Afferent auditory processing in the human brainstem is often assumed to be determined by acoustic stimulus features alone and immune to stimulation by other senses or cognitive factors. In contrast, we show that lipreading during speech perception influences early acoustic processing. Event-related brainstem potentials were recorded from ten healthy adults to concordant (acoustic-visual match), conflicting (acoustic-visual mismatch) and unimodal stimuli. Audiovisual (AV) interactions occurred as early as approximately 11 ms post-acoustic stimulation and persisted for the first 30 ms of the response. Furthermore, the magnitude of interaction depended on AV pairings. These findings indicate considerable plasticity in early auditory processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Use of ambiguous visual stimuli to demonstrate the value of acoustic cues in speech perception.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a set of English phrases and sentences in a minimal-pairs syllable-test format for assessing use of acoustic cues in the audiovisual perception of speech; in particular, by persons with severe or profound hearing loss. Test items that were not rejected were categorized as "acceptable" or "ideal." An acceptable item was visually confusable but auditorally distinct compared to its foil (analogous to /p/vs/m/). An ideal item was, in addition, tactilely distinct. Forty-eight items, spoken by a male and a female talker, were presented in a videotaped two-alternative force-choice format under three conditions to three young-adult subject groups. In a lipreading-without-sound condition, 39 items were visually confusable; of these, 16 items were reliably identifiable when sound was added (the "acceptable" items). Seven of the 16 acceptable items were also identifiable in a tactile-pattern-alone condition (the "ideal" items). Performance on the 16 acceptable items was analyzed for an additional 27 young adults with moderate, severe, or profound hearing loss. Results obtained with the new protocol were consistent with conventional assessment results (CID Everyday Sentences, with and without sound) in all but 4 cases. Communication characteristics of the exceptions were examined to explain lack of agreement.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

Speech perception by prelingually deaf children using cochlear implants.

In this investigation we measured the performance of 50 prelingually deaf children on several speech perception tests. Children were from 2 to 15 years of age, and some children were tested with as much as 5 years of cochlear implant use. Speech perception tests included the recognition of stress pattern, consonants, vowels, words, and sentences. The audiovisual perception of consonants was also measured. Average results indicated that gains were being made in the perception of stress and words in a closed-set context within 1 year from implantation. The perception of words in an open-set context demonstrated much slower increases over time. Large individual differences were observed. Some preliminary data suggest that children who receive implants before the age of 4 years obtain higher scores, on average, than children who receive implants after the age of 5 years. Some children become part-time users or nonusers of their cochlear implants. The average results from 18 congenitally deaf children were significantly higher than the average results from 12 children with prelingually acquired deafness after 3 years of implant use. Information on vowel and consonant features shows increases in performance after 2 years of cochlear implant use, with the exception of the place feature. For this feature, no changes were observed. Vision-alone testing indicated that lipreading performance increased over time. An audiovisual enhancement provided by the cochlear implant was observed for all features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cross-modal plasticity underpins language recovery after cochlear implantation.

Postlingually deaf subjects learn the meaning of sounds after cochlear implantation by forming new associations between sounds and their sources. Implants generate coarse frequency responses, preventing place-coding fine enough to discriminate sounds with similar temporal characteristics, e.g., buck/duck. This limitation imposes a dependency on visual cues, e.g., lipreading. We hypothesized that cross-modal facilitation results from engagement of the visual cortex by purely auditory tasks. In four functional neuroimaging experiments, we show recruitment of early visual cortex (V1/V2) when cochlear implant users listen to sounds with eyes closed. Activity in visual cortex evolved in a stimulus-specific manner as a function of time from implantation reflecting experience-dependent adaptations in the postimplant phase.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Do you see what I'm saying? Interactions between auditory and visual cortices in cochlear implant users.

Primary sensory cortices are generally thought to be devoted to one sensory modality-vision, hearing, or touch, for example. Surprising interactions between these sensory modes have recently been reported. One example demonstrates that people with cochlear implants show increased activity in visual cortex when listening to speech; this may be related to enhanced lipreading ability.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The phonological systems of deaf children.

Samples of a group of deaf children's spontaneous speech were used to derive phonological rules. The predictive value of some of the rules was assessed by asking another group of deaf children to lip-read and read nonsense words. The results indicated that the phonological systems of profoundly deaf children are partially rule-governed. There was also some evidence which suggested that lipreading was a major input to the deaf children's phonological systems.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Speech perception by profoundly hearing-impaired children.

This article reviews the limitations of defining profound hearing impairment solely by reference to pure-tone audiograms. Instead, profoundly hearing-impaired children may be described as those whose ability to distinguish spectral features in speech is extremely poor, and for whom the gross intensity variations in the waveform envelope are the principal acoustic cues. Examples of pattern cues that are available to profoundly hearing-imparied children are presented through an optical analog, and the usefulness of these cues is shown with regard to vowel and consonant identification, word stress-pattern perception, and distinction among sentences that differ in number of syllables, pattern, intensity, or rate. Perception of speech material through vision (lipreading) and also through combined auditory and visual modes are described, with a discussion of articulatory and language factors that influence intelligibility. Instructional strategies are briefly reviewed as they relate to educational improvement of speech-perception abilities of profoundly hearing-impaired children and to the development of special sensory aids.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

Effects of repair strategies on visual identification of sentences.

This investigation determined whether information elicited by repair strategies enhances an individual's ability to lipread a misperceived sentence. Five groups of subjects were each assigned one of five repair strategies: (a) asking the talker to repeat a sentence, (b) simplify it, (c) rephrase it, (d) say an important keyword, and (e) speak two sentences. Subjects viewed sentences spoken by six different talkers. When a subject did not recite a sentence verbatim, the talker performed the assigned repair strategy and then repeated the original sentence. A control group of subjects saw only the original sentence repeated twice. All five test groups demonstrated a significantly greater improvement for the second presentation score (referenced to the first presentation score) than the control group. The benefits provided by the repair strategies were independent of the talker, and benefits did not differ significantly among the groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Perceptual dimensions underlying vowellipreading performance.

This study was concerned with the extraction, description, and verification of visual perceptual features underlying vowel lipreading performance. Ten viewers with normal hearing rated the visual similarity of pairs of 15 vowels and diphthongs presented in an /h-g/ context by four speakers. Multidimensional scaling techniques were used to extract potential perceptual features which were then labeled by the experimenters. The resulting perceptual dimensions were correlated with physical measurements of lip shape to evaluate the adequacy of the feature labels. The results indicated that the traditional extended-rounded vowel feature and a vertical lip separation feature were the characteristics most prominent in judging ths stimuli. In addition, a feature related to overall area of maximum lip opening and two features unique to diphthong perception were tentatively identified.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Visual-neural correlate of speechreading ability in normal-hearing adults.

Significant product-moment correlations ranging from -0.90 to -0.91 were computed between a selected peak-latency in average visual electroencephalic responses and speechreading scores. Subjects were 20 adults with normal hearing and assumed normal vision who had had no formal training in the speechreading process. The negative peak selected as this study's measure of visual-neural firing time occurs at an average of 130 msec from stimulus-onset in average visual electronencephalic responses evoked from either the right or left side of the head of normal adults. Speechreading measures included word and sentence scores obtained using a videotape of a female speaker presenting the 31 sentences that appear in the Utley Sentence Test of Lipreading Ability, Form B.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Visual vowel and diphthong perception from two horizontal viewing angles.

This study investigated vowel and diphthong lipreading performance from 0 degree and 90 degree angles of observation. Sixteen English vowels and diphthongs were placed in an /h-g/ context to form the stimulus items. Each item was presented by a speaker ten times in random order for a total of 160 items. The speaker was simultaneously videotaped from 0 degree and 90 degree angles under optimal lighting conditions. Ten normal hearing adults subjects phonetically recorded the vowel or diphtong they perceived as each item was visually presented. The diphthong stimuli were significantly easier to identify than the vowel stimuli at both angles of observation. In addition, no significant differences were found between the 0 degree and 90 degree angles in terms of percentage of correct identifications of all phonemes examined. Orderly, predictable confusions also were observed. Those confusions occurring in visual diphthong recognition tended to shift toward the stressed vowel element of the diphthong or to a vowel produced in a manner similar to the stressed element.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Tactual speech perception by minimally trained deaf subjects.

Research on tactual perception of speech has shown that many phonetic contrasts can be transmitted to the deaf through artificial hearing devices that stimulate the sense of touch. Past research has emphasized long-term training with tactual reception for the achievement of maximal perceptual performance. The present study demonstrates that, with a brief training period, deaf adolescents can attain a high level of perceptual performance with a tactual speech system in discrimination of certain hard-to-lipread word pairs pronounced by both a male and female speaker. Thus some speech sounds previously indistinguishable by the deaf people can be immediately available for speech comprehension through the tactual vocoder; and other speech sounds will be recognized with further training. The reason that some contrasts are learned quickly and others require extensive training may be found in a pattern perception postulate proposed by Gavin (1979): word patterns that result in stimulation across a greater area of skin tend to be more discriminable than word patterns which stimulate only small areas of the skin.

Adolescent↗