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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Depth of cure of light-cured composite resin with light-curing units of different intensity.

An increase in light intensity is known to produce greater surface hardness of composite resin. The purpose of this study was to determine the depth of cure produced by two light-curing units with different light intensity outputs. Two light-curing units were selected, the one producing 600 mW/cm2 and the other 300 mW/cm2. Five metal plates with thicknesses 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 mm were selected and 20 holes of 5 mm diameter were drilled through each plate. Each hole was slightly over filled with composite resin (Z100, 3M), covered with a polyester strip, compressed, and light-cured; 10 samples on each plate with the 300 mW/cm2 unit and 10 samples with the 600 mW/cm2 unit. The bases of all samples were subjected to Vickers Hardness testing immediately and one hour after curing. Results were analysed with the Student-t-test. There was a decrease in Vickers Hardness with every increase in depth. Significant differences were found between all the immediate and one hour groups, between the 300 and 600 mW/cm2 light intensities at 2 mm depth and the 2 mm and 3 mm groups. Increments of light-curing composite resin should not exceed 2 mm; optimal hardness only developed after one hour; at a depth of 2 mm an increase in light intensity produced a significant increase in Vickers Hardness; beyond 2 mm depth the increased light intensity did not produce a significant increase in Vickers Hardness.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

Morning vs evening light treatment for winter depression. Evidence that the therapeutic effects of light are mediated by circadian phase shifts.

Bright light exposure has been found to alleviate the symptoms of recurrent winter depression in many patients. The mechanism of light therapy may involve shifts in the timing (phase) of circadian rhythms. In this study, morning light exposure (which shifts rhythms earlier) was compared with evening light exposure (which shifts rhythms later) in a double-blind, crossover design. The onset of melatonin secretion in the evening was measured under dim light conditions as a marker for circadian timing (phase) before and after each treatment. Eight patients with winter depression and five control subjects were studied. Morning light was found to be significantly better than evening light in reducing depressive symptoms. At baseline, there was a trend for the onset of melatonin production to be later in the patients than in the controls. Morning light shifted the melatonin onset significantly earlier in the patients but not the controls. Our findings suggest that patients with winter depression have circadian rhythms that are abnormally delayed and that bright light therapy benefits winter depression by providing a corrective advance.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Regulatory light chains and scallop myosin. Form of light chain removal or reuptake is dependent on the presence of divalent cations.

Readdition of regulatory light chains to regulatory light chain denuded scallop myofibrils, in the presence of magnesium, results in a negatively co-operative restoration of calcium sensitivity as a function of regulatory light chain content. The form of the stoichiometry curves obtained in the presence of 10 mM-EDTA, by light chain removal from scallop myofibrils at various temperatures, are parabolic in shape, consistent with a random removal process. However, in the presence of EDTA at low temperatures, regulatory light chains are removed in a biphasic manner, indicating that the binding constants of the light chains for each myosin head are not equivalent under these conditions. It is shown here that as the temperature is raised, light chain removal by EDTA approaches that of a random process. The stoichiometry curves obtained in the presence of 10 mM-EDTA may therefore be seen as a composite of both a biphasic removal process (temperatures below 20 degrees C) and a random removal process (temperatures above 20 degrees C), there being a temperature-dependent switch in the myosin molecule between 17 and 23 degrees C that governs the mode of light chain removal. These results indicate that both myosin heads must contain light chains for calcium sensitivity and are consistent with our earlier proposals for head-head co-operativity within the scallop myosin molecule.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2001

Light acclimation maintains the redox state of the PS II electron acceptor Q(A) within a narrow range over a broad range of light intensities.

Chrysanthemum inducum-hybrid 'Coral Charm', Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 'Cairo Red' and Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel 'Petit' were grown in natural light in a greenhouse at three levels of irradiance using permanent shade screens. Light acclimation of photosynthesis was characterized using modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence of intact leaves. A close correlation was found between the degree of reduction of the primary electron acceptor Q(A) of Photosystem II (PS II) approximated as the fluorescence parameter 1-q(P), and light acclimation. The action range of 1-q(P) was 0-0.4 from darkness to full irradiance around noon, within the respective light treatments in the greenhouse, indicating that most PS II reaction centres were kept open. In general, the index for electron transport (ETR) measured by chlorophyll fluorescence was higher for high-light (HL) than intermediate-(IL) and low-light (LL) grown plants. However, HL Chrysanthemum showed 40% higher ETR than HL Hibiscus at light saturation, despite identical redox states of Q(A). The light acclimation of the non-radiative dissipation of excess energy in the antenna, NPQ, varied considerably between the species. However, when normalized against q(P), a strong negative correlation was found between thermal dissipation and ETR measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. To be able to accommodate a high flux of electrons through PS II, the plants with the highest light-saturated ETR had the lowest NPQ/q(P). The possibility of using chlorophyll fluorescence for quantification of the energy balance between energy input and utilization in PS II in intact leaves is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Regulation of thylakoid protein phosphorylation at the substrate level: reversible light-induced conformational changes expose the phosphorylation site of the light-harvesting complex II.

Light-dependent activation of thylakoid protein phosphorylation regulates the energy distribution between photosystems I and II of oxygen-evolving photosynthetic eukaryotes as well as the turnover of photosystem II proteins. So far the only known effect of light on the phosphorylation process is the redox-dependent regulation of the membrane-bound protein kinase(s) activity via plastoquinol bound to the cytochrome bf complex and the redox state of thylakoid dithiols. By using a partially purified thylakoid protein kinase and isolated native chlorophyll (chl) a/b light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), as well as recombinant LHCII, we find that illumination of the chl-protein substrate exposes the phosphorylation site to the kinase. Light does not activate the phosphorylation of the LHCII apoprotein nor the recombinant pigment-reconstituted complex lacking the N-terminal domain that contains the phosphothreonine site. The suggested light-induced conformational change exposing the N-terminal domain of LHCII to the kinase is evidenced also by an increase in its accessibility to tryptic cleavage after light exposure. Light activates preferentially the trimeric form of LHCII, and the process is paralleled by chl fluorescence quenching. Both phenomena are slowly reversible in darkness. Light-induced exposure of the LHCII N-terminal domain to the endogenous protein kinase(s) and tryptic cleavage occurs also in thylakoid membranes. These results demonstrate that light may regulate thylakoid protein phosphorylation not only via the signal transduction chain connecting redox reactions to the protein kinase activation, but also by affecting the conformation of the chl-protein substrate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Convexity of the Photosynthetic Light-Response Curve in Relation to Intensity and Direction of Light during Growth.

Photosynthesis in the intermediate light range is most efficient when the convexity of the photosynthetic light-response curve is high. Factors determining the convexity were examined for intact leaves using Salix sp. and for a plant cell culture using the green microalga Coccomyxa sp. It was found that the leaf had lower convexity than diluted plant cells because the light gradient through the leaf was not fully matched by a corresponding gradient in photosynthetic capacity. The degree to which the leaf gradients were matched was quantified by measuring photosynthesis at both leaf surfaces using modulated fluorescence. Two principal growth conditions were identified as those causing mismatch of leaf gradients and lowering of the convexity relative to cells. The first was growth under low light, where leaves did not develop any noteworthy gradient in photosynthetic capacity. This led to decreased convexity, particularly in old leaves with high chlorophyll content and, hence, steep light gradients. Second and less conspicuous was growth under high light conditions when light was given bilaterally rather than unilaterally, which yielded leaves of high photosynthetic capacity at both surfaces. Two situations were also identified that caused the convexity to decrease at the chloroplast level: (a) increased light during growth, for both leaves and cells, and (b) increased CO2 concentration during measurement of high-light-grown leaves. These changes of the intrinsic convexity were interpreted to indicate that the convexity declines with increased capacity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase relative to the capacity of electron transport.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Rapid phytochrome regulation of wheat seedling extension: light pretreatment extends coupling time, increases response lag, and decreases light sensitivity.

Rapid effects of light on wheat seedling extension growth were monitored by sensitive transducer techniques. Seedlings grown in complete darkness responded to light by a marked deceleration of extension growth after a mean latent period of 10.4 minutes. Pulses (5 minutes) of red (660 nanometers), green (530 nanometers), and far-red (730 nanometers) light caused marked extension rate depression, and the red effect could not be reversed by 730 nanometers far-red. Pulses of 1 second red (72 micromoles per square meter) were effective, and were reversible by immediate long wavelength (759 nanometers) far-red. Seedlings pretreated with 2 minute broadband green light (0.6 micromole per square meter), 28 hours prior to the experimental light treatments, displayed similar extension rate decelerations in response to red light, but after a longer mean lag of 23.75 minutes. No response was observed with red light treatments of less than 1 minute, and the effects of 5 minutes of red light were fully reversible by 5 minutes of 730 nanometers far-red. Fluence-response curves showed that nonpretreated seedlings were approximately 100 times more sensitive to far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome than were those given prior light treatment. Although the fluence-response relationship for nonpretreated seedlings matched the photoconversion kinetics of phytochrome reasonably well, that for the pretreated seedlings indicated a requirement for repeated photoconversions for maximum action. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that phytochrome may regulate the availability, or the activity, of a component of its own transduction chain.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Daily variation and effects of ambient light and circadian factors on the human light reflex.

Measures of pupillary size and the dynamic light reflex are safe and noninvasive methods to quantify and characterize the mechanism and site of drug action. The effects of variations in ambient light and time of day on pupillary measures were determined. In dark adapted volunteers (n = 13), ambient light was incrementally increased at < 0.1, 4, 40, 100 and 200 foot-candle (ftcd). Subjects adjusted to each light level for 1 min before the light reflex was elicited. Replicate measures were collected with the contralateral eye open and covered with an opaque patch. Data were collected every 3 h between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m. The prestimulus diameter of the dark adapted pupil averaged 6.4 mm at < 0.1 ftcd and 2.3 mm at 200 ftcd. Constriction amplitude decreased with increases in ambient light from 2.1 mm (< 0.1 ftcd) to 0.2 mm (200 ftcd) while constriction and dilatation velocities decreased from 7.7 to 2.8 mm/sec and 4.3 to 2.8 mm/sec, respectively. Time of day effects were small but statistically significant and the interaction of ambient light and time of recording suggests the pupil is differentially sensitive to ambient and phasic light stimuli over the course of the day. A patch over the contralateral eye increased pupil size and velocities of the light reflex. In a second study, 10 volunteers were tested twice a day at 4 and 80 ftcd for four days. While there was wide between subject variability, the within subject differences were small. Such baseline data may be useful in describing the normal variations in these increasingly popular indices of drug action.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: does directional information change with light intensity?

Magnetic compass orientation in birds is based on light-dependent processes, with magnetoreception being possible only under light containing blue and green wavelengths. To look for possible intensity-dependent effects we tested Australian silvereyes during autumn migration under monochromatic green light (565 nm) produced by light-emitting diodes at various light levels. At intensities of 0.0021 and 0.0075 W/m(2), the birds showed normal activity and were oriented in their seasonally appropriate migratory direction. Under low light of 0.0002 W/m(2) the birds were less active; scatter increased, but they still oriented in their migratory direction. Under a high light level of 0.0150 W/m(2), however, the test birds showed a counterclockwise shift in direction, preferring west-northwest instead of north. This change in behavior may reflect a change in the output of the magnetoreception system, resulting from a disruption of the natural balance between the wavelengths of light.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Two independent light signals cooperate in the activation of the plastid psbD blue light-responsive promoter in Arabidopsis.

The psbD blue light-responsive promoter (BLRP), whose activation has been considered to require strong blue light, is recognized only by SIG5 among six sigma factors of plastid RNA polymerase in Arabidopsis. We found SIG5 transcript accumulation was rapidly induced after a 30-min induction time by blue light (470 nm) with an intensity threshold of 5 micromol m(-2)s(-1) through cryptochromes. Besides this weak blue light, the psbD BLRP activation required the stronger light such as 50 micromol m(-2)s(-1) irrespective of blue or red light (660 nm). Thus, the two independent light signalings, the cryptochrome-mediated signaling to induce SIG5 transcription and the stronger light-dependent signaling, cooperate to activate the psbD BLRP.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of expression of genes for light-harvesting antenna proteins LH-I and LH-II; reaction center polypeptides RC-L, RC-M, and RC-H; and enzymes of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus by light and oxygen.

RNA levels were measured by blot hybridization to study the coordinate and differential expression of Rhodobacter capsulatus genes for light-harvesting I antenna proteins LH-I and LH-II; reaction center (RC) polypeptides L, M, and H; and bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis in response to light and O2. The genes for LH-II alpha and beta subunits only have one transcript, 0.5 kilobase (kb) long, whereas the genes for LH-I have two transcripts (0.5 and 2.6 kb). The small transcript (0.5 kb) is the mRNA only for LH-I beta and alpha polypeptides, whereas the large transcript (2.6 kb) codes for RC-L, RC-M, and the beta and alpha polypeptides of LH-I, as well as the product of an unknown open reading frame designated ORF C2397. These five genes thus comprise a single operon (designated the puf operon). The mRNA specifying the LH-II polypeptides is more abundant, more sensitive to changes in O2 concentration, and shows a variation over a wider range than that of the mRNA for LH-I, indicating that the genes for LH-II and LH-I/RC are regulated independently. The gene for RC-H (puhA) has at least two transcripts (1.2 and 1.4 kb) that initiate within ORF F1696 and respond differentially to light intensity. The expression of the genes coding for RC-L, RC-M, and RC-H is coordinately regulated by light intensity and O2 concentration. An increase in light intensity causes a decrease in the expression of the genes for LH-I, LH-II, and RC proteins. The genes coding for the enzymes in the bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathways are regulated by light intensity and O2 in a manner similar to that of the genes for LH and RC proteins. The crt genes coding for the enzymes in carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, however, are regulated in an opposite fashion: high light intensity results in increased expression of crt genes. These results are interpreted based on the protective function of carotenoids under high light intensity in the presence of O2.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1995

Light-regulated and organ-specific expression of types 1, 2, and 3 light-harvesting complex b mRNAs in Ginkgo biloba.

In a prior study (E. Chinn and J. Silverthorne [1993] Plant Physiol 103: 727-732) we showed that the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba was completely dependent on light for chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development and that expression of light-harvesting complex b (Lhcb) mRNAs was substantially increased by light. However, dark-grown seedlings that were transferred to constant white light took significantly longer than angiosperm seedlings to initiate a program of photomorphogenesis and the stems failed to green completely. We have prepared type-specific probes for mRNAs encoding major polypeptides of light-harvesting complex II (Lhcb1, Lhcb2, and Lhcb3) and have used these to analyze the expression of individual Lhcb mRNAs during greening. All three sequences accumulated in the top portions of dark-grown seedlings transferred to light, but, as was seen previously for total Lhcb mRNAs, there was a transient, reproducible decline in the levels of all three mRNAs after 4 d in the light. This transient decrease in Lhcb mRNA levels was not paralleled by a decrease in Chl accumulation. By contrast, there were significantly lower levels of all three Lhcb mRNAs in the lower portions of greening dark-grown stems as well as lower Chl levels. We conclude that although the tops of the plants have the capacity to etiolate and green, Gingko seedling stems continue a program of development into woody tissue in darkness that precludes greening when the seedlings are transferred to the light.

Amino Acid Sequence↗