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PubMed1997

Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age.

According to previous research findings, objective life conditions such as physical health, socioeconomic status, financial situation, the physical environment, and social involvement cannot fully explain the well-being of older persons. Instead, personality characteristics and developmental influences appear to have a stronger impact. This study combines personality and individual development by introducing the ancient but neglected concept of wisdom as a predictor of life satisfaction. Using a sample of 120 elderly women and men from the 1968/69 Berkeley Guidance Study, structural equation models with latent variables show that wisdom (defined aa a composite of cognitive, reflective, and effective qualities) has a profoundly positive influence on life satisfaction independent of objective circumstances. The inclusion of wisdom as an additional predictor of subjective well-being increases the explanatory power of the model considerably. Gender differences in predictors of life satisfaction are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Depression and life satisfaction in patients with traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between depression and life satisfaction among survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) over a 3-year period after injury. It was hypothesized that survivors of TBI with depression would have decreased life satisfaction. RESEARCH DESIGN: Two groups (depression vs no depression) longitudinal design. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Interviewed survivors of TBI (n = 324) by telephone at 24, 48 and 60 months after hospitalization. At the 24-month interview, 90 (27.8%) respondents reported a post-injury diagnosis of depression and 234 (72.2%) reported no diagnosis. Respondents then completed the Life Satisfaction Index I-A, which was repeated at the 48- and 60-month interviews. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The depression group had significantly lower life satisfaction than the no depression group at 24-, 48- and 60-month interviews. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and diminished life satisfaction among survivors of TBI are persistent problems that require the close attention of medical and rehabilitation professionals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge of aging and life satisfaction among older adults.

Four hundred young-, middle-, and old-old adults responded to a battery of quizzes dealing with life satisfaction and objective aging knowledge in the physical, psychological, and social domains. Analyses incorporated domains of aging knowledge, life satisfaction, age, gender, and demographic variables. Both means difference and regression analyses were computed. Significant age group, gender, and life satisfaction differences were found for the three aging knowledge domains. For successive age groups, knowledge of aging decreased, with females knowing less than males. The greater knowledge of aging, the higher the life satisfaction. The demographic variables education, financial status, health, living arrangement, and volunteerism were significant covariates for knowledge of aging. Results from this study indicate that knowledge of aging in specific domains varies among older adult age groups and is associated with life satisfaction.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Religious effects on health status and life satisfaction among black Americans.

This study tests a theoretical model linking religiosity, health status, and life satisfaction using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, a nationally representative sample of Blacks at least 18 years old. Findings reveal statistically significant effects for organizational religiosity on both health and life satisfaction, for nonorganizational religiosity on health, and for subjective religiosity on life satisfaction. Analyses of structural invariance reveal a good overall fit for the model across three age cohorts (< or = 30, 31-54, > or = 55) and confirm that assuming age-invariance of structural parameters does not significantly detract from overall fit. In addition, after controlling for the effects of several sociodemographic correlates of religiosity, health, and well-being, organizational religiosity maintains a strong, significant effect on life satisfaction. These findings suggest that the association between religion and well-being is consistent over the life course and not simply an artifact of the confounding of measures of organizational religiosity and health status.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Life satisfaction among kidney transplant recipients: demographic and biological factors.

PURPOSE: The Transplant Learning Center is a program providing education and support for solid-organ transplant recipients taking cyclosporine (Neoral or Sandimmune). One goal of the program is to improve patients' quality of life, which may be influenced by demographic and biological factors, and in turn influences adherence to prescribed medication regimens. We analyzed the results from the initial survey of enrollees to better understand life satisfaction and to test the validity and reliability of the satisfaction scale used in the program. METHOD: Patients enter the program through self-selection: all enrollees who received a kidney transplant were included in this analysis. Satisfaction was measured using the Life Satisfaction Index, which includes 8 questions about aspects of satisfaction with the patient's life. Associations between the Life Satisfaction Index and demographic factors, comorbid medical conditions, adverse effects of immunosuppressants, and medication compliance were examined. RESULTS: All 3676 kidney transplant recipients who completed the initial survey were included. Mean satisfaction scores were highest in persons who were older than 64 years, men, and those who were married. Satisfaction scores were positively correlated with education and income. Mean satisfaction score was significantly lower among persons with medical comorbidities, persons who reported that adverse effects of medications were more frequent, and persons who reported noncompliance with their medication regimen. CONCLUSION: The Life Satisfaction Index is a transplant-specific measure of health-related quality of life that can be used to help detect areas of potential concern in the clinical management of kidney transplant recipients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effect of positive writing on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction.

This study explored the effect of writing about positive emotional experiences on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. One hundred and seventy-five adults wrote about one of the following three topics: positive experiences with a cue for emotion regulation reflection, positive experiences without this cue, or a control writing topic. Multivariate analysis showed a significant time (pretest, posttest, and follow-up) by group effect. Writing about positive emotional experiences with an emotion regulation cue led to significant increases in emotional intelligence and life satisfaction at posttest and the increase in life satisfaction was maintained at 2-week follow-up. Further, participants who were cued to reflect on emotional regulation while writing about positive experiences rated their emotional intelligence significantly higher than the participants in the control writing group both at posttest and at follow-up. There were no significant differences in emotional intelligence or life satisfaction between those who were cued to reflect on emotional regulation while writing about positive experiences and those who wrote about positive experiences without such a cue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Preliminary study of health value as a moderator of the link between age and life satisfaction.

In the present study of the influence of health value as a potential moderator of age and life satisfaction. 157 undergraduate students (M = 20.8 yr.) completed a battery in which they provided demographic information and completed a number of different self report measures, including the Satisfaction With Life Scale and the Health Value Scale. A 2 (younger vs older) x 2 (high vs low health value) analysis of variance with life satisfaction as the dependent variable showed a significant man effect for health value and a significant interaction between age and health value but no man effect for age. These findings support health value as a moderator of the relation between age and psychological well-being. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Change in life satisfaction: a longitudinal study of persons aged 46-70.

Longitudinal analyses were performed on changes in life satisfaction among a sample of 378 community residents, aged 46-70. There were no significant changes in the mean life satisfaction scores for any age-sex cohort and no significant differences between the sexes, although there were some individual changes. Life satisfaction at the end of a 4-year-period was significantly related to initial levels of self-rated health, social actiivty, and sexual enjoyment. Attempts to predict residual change in life satisfaction by initial levels or by changes in these variables were largely unsuccessful.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Relatives' opinions of IT support, perceptions of irritations and life satisfaction in dementia care.

We studied relatives' opinions of IT support at a residential home for persons with dementia. We also investigated the relatives' perceptions of irritations and life satisfaction before and after increased IT support. This was accomplished using an experimental group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 8) of subjects in dementia care. The design was quasi-experimental with baseline assessments and three follow-ups. Data were collected using two questionnaires measuring opinions of the IT support: irritations in care (the Nursing Home Hassles Scale) and life satisfaction (the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire). Results showed that relatives' opinions of IT support were generally positive. In the experimental group, relatives' perceptions of practical/logistical irritations decreased between baseline and 12-month follow-up. In the control group, there was an increase in the total Nursing Home Hassles score between baseline and three-month follow-up. This difference did not persist at seven- and 12-month follow-ups. No significant differences were found for life satisfaction. We conclude that relatives had positive opinions of IT support, and their perceptions of practical/logistical irritations decreased after implementation of the IT support package.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A 6-month pilot study of effects of a physical activity intervention on life satisfaction with a sample of three generations of women.

This pilot study assessed possible changes in Life Satisfaction across three generations of women after a 6-mo. physical activity intervention. The primary purpose of the study was to test the study design and discover critical issues that should be controlled for or changed in a follow-up study. A quasi-experimental design was used to assign randomly a convenience sample of participant triads into two groups: a home-based group (n=27) and a control group (n=9). Daughters were pre-menarcheal (n=13, M=10.1 yr., SD=1.5), mothers were premenopausal (n=13, M=37.2 yr., SD=4.2), and grandmothers were postmenopausal (n=11, M=61.5 yr., SD=4.4). Life Satisfaction was measured using the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Participation in physical activity was measured using the Physical Best Physical Activity Questionnaire and a pedometer to count the number of steps taken per day. Compared with the control group, participants in the home-based group generally increased physical activity but their scores for Life Satisfaction did not increase. Recommendations concerning the study design, reducing limitations, and hypotheses for further study are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of life satisfaction: an aid analysis.

The Automatic Interaction Detector (AID3) was used to develop a model based on the interaction of predictors of life satisfaction. The sample consisted of 871 people over fifty-five years of age. Thirty-one potential predictors were used representing demographics, environmental variables, and social psychological variables. The findings indicate that nine predictors explained 22.1% of the variance in life satisfaction scores. The most important predictors of life satisfaction were family life satisfaction, personal health satisfaction, and satisfaction with dwelling. The interactions between the predictors indicated that a simple linear-monotonic relationship between the predictors was too restrictive.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

General self-concept and life satisfaction for boys with differing levels of physical coordination: the role of goal orientations and leisure participation.

Participation in leisure-time activities, self-concept perceptions and individual dispositional goal orientations were examined as mediators of relationships between physical coordination and self-evaluations of life satisfaction and general self-concept for 173 boys aged 10-13 years. Participants completed seven-day activity diaries and 12-month retrospective recall questionnaires recording participation in leisure-time activities. Self-report measures of self-concept, global life satisfaction and dispositional goal orientations were also completed. Results showed that boys with moderate to severe physical coordination difficulties had significantly lower self-concept perceptions of physical ability and appearance, peer and parent relations and general self-concept, as well as lower life satisfaction than boys with medium to high levels of physical coordination. The relationships between boys' physical coordination and their self-perceptions of life satisfaction and general self-concept were significantly influenced by individual self-concept appraisals of physical ability and appearance, peer and parent relations. Adopting task-oriented goals was found to positively change the relationship between physical coordination and both general self-concept and life satisfaction. Team sport participation positively mediated the relationship between physical coordination and life satisfaction. The potential for team sport participation and adoption of task-oriented goals to influence life satisfaction for boys with differing levels of physical coordination was discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Alumni of medical sciences and their life satisfaction].

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Medical doctors are especially burdened with psychological and social aspects of their occupation. These circumstances may lead to low life satisfaction and substance abusing behaviour and burn out symptoms are probable. In this paper we investigate, if alumni of medical sciences show lower life satisfaction compared to their peers. If so, we want to know, which factors influence this result. This survey is based on n = 671 alumni of medicine in seven German universities. RESULTS: The life satisfaction of alumni differs significantly from the peer sample. Outstanding are the highly significant and powerful differences to the scale "leisure". It was evident by an iterative regression that the variables "extreme input at work", "instrumentality/masculinity", "effort-reward imbalance", "expressivity/femininity" as well as "career self-efficacy-expectation", clarify 43 % of the variance in the group of alumni working by the time of enquiry. CONCLUSIONS: The results point out, that already alumni of medical science are in the "circle of burn-out". Their life satisfaction is more affected, if the workload is perceived high and the perceived benefits are low. Individual as well as external aspects influence life satisfaction and can be a starting-point for prevention.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of reminiscence on life satisfaction of elderly female nursing home residents.

The author investigated the efficacy of a reminiscence group in increasing life satisfaction in elderly female nursing home residents. E. Erikson's (1982) developmental theory and R.N. Butler's (1981) theory of reminiscing provided the theoretical framework for the study. It was hypothesized that reminiscing would increase life satisfaction when measured by the Life Satisfaction Index A (Neugarten et al., 1961). The design was experimental, using pretest and posttest data collection. Thirty-six female nursing home residents over 65 years of age were randomly assigned to a reminiscing group or a control group. A statistically significant difference (p = .03) was found between the reminiscing group and the control group on the dependent variable, life satisfaction, when data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

A preliminary investigation of multicultural perspective and life satisfaction.

The present study represents a preliminary investigation of Ramirez' contention that developing a multicultural identity would lead to better mental health and more life satisfaction. Using a tentative index of a multicultural perspective analysis indicated that, although a multicultural perspective is associated with more life satisfaction, it accounts for only 8% of the variance. Further, one of the measures used by Ramirez to measure an aspect of a multicultural perspective was not correlated with life satisfaction, and another correlated negatively. This latter measure accounts for only 6% of the variance in life satisfaction. Combined, these findings provide limited support for Ramirez perspective by explaining 14% of the overall variance in life satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Structural effects and life satisfaction among the aged.

This study investigates whether adjustment, or life satisfaction, is a function of the structural effect of community age density, the behavioral varaibles of total social interaction and age-graded interaction, or both. The sample contains one hundred eight-five persons seventy years of age and older in a midwestern state who have resided in their community at least five years. Thus, the study examines the influence of community structure on life satisfaction, age-graded interaction, and total interaction in a "real world" setting by using a relatively non-mobile sample. The findings suggest that no significant relationship exists between community structure and either total or age-graded interaction. Age-graded interaction, however, is significantly correlated with life satisfaction in large communities.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

The stability of life satisfaction in a 15-year follow-up of adult Finns healthy at baseline.

BACKGROUND: While physical health has improved considerably over recent decades in Finland, the disease burden of mental health, especially that of depression, has become increasingly demanding. However, we lack long-term data on the natural course of subjective well-being in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term course of self-reported life satisfaction. METHODS: This was a 15-year prospective cohort study on a nationwide sample of adult Finnish twins (N = 9679), aged 18-45 and healthy at baseline, who responded to postal questionnaires in 1975, 1981 and 1990 including a 4-item life satisfaction scale (happiness/easiness/interest in life and feelings of loneliness). Life satisfaction score (range: 4-20) was classified into three categories: satisfied (4-6), intermediate (7-11) and dissatisfied group (12-20). The associations between life satisfaction scores during the follow-up were studied with linear/logistic regression. RESULTS: Moderate stability and only a slight effect of age or birth-cohort on mean life satisfaction score (LS) were detected. In 1990, 56% of all and 31% of the dissatisfied remained in the same LS category as at baseline. Only 5.9% of the study subjects changed from being satisfied to dissatisfied or vice versa. Correlations between continuous scores (1975, 1981 and 1990) were 0.3-0.4. Baseline dissatisfaction (compared to satisfaction) predicted dissatisfaction in 1981 (OR = 10.4; 95%CI 8.3-13.1) and 1990 (5.6; 4.6-6.8). Multiple adjustments decreased the risk only slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Life satisfaction in adult Finns was moderately stable during 15 years. Among an identifiable group (i.e. the dissatisfied) life dissatisfaction may become persistent, which places them at a greater risk of adverse health outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The dynamic process of life satisfaction.

Drawing from the Cognitive Affective Personality System (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1998), we argue for a need to examine within-individual variation in life satisfaction. Thus, employing a diary study of 76 fully employed, married adults we examined the magnitude, antecedents, and consequences of intra-individual variation in life satisfaction. Our findings establish a substantial amount of intra-individual variation, comparable to other personal evaluations assessed with a state approach (e.g., self-esteem), but less than that observed with major mood dimensions. In addition, concurrent changes in life satisfaction were systematically related to fluctuations in job and marital satisfaction; however, contrary to prediction, our results did not support a cross-level moderating role of Neuroticism in these associations. Our findings also lend support for the lagged influence of life satisfaction on next-day domain satisfaction ratings. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the systematic nature and importance of within-subject variation in life satisfaction.

Activities of Daily Living↗