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Physical attractiveness, romantic love, and equity restoration in dating relationships.

Measures of physical attractiveness, romantic love, and dominance were given to a sample of 123 dating couples. Contrary to expectation, attractive subjects were not loved more than those judged as less attractive. As suggested by equity theory, however, subjects who believed that their partners were the more attractive member of the dyad loved their partners more (p < .05) and indicated greater submission in their relationships (p < .01) than those who believed that they were the more attractive member. The results suggest that as the dating relationship progresses, the relative difference in attractiveness between partners may become a more important determinant of attraction than overall level of attractiveness.

Journal Article↗

An attachment classification of desperate love.

The assessment utility of attachment theory constructs for research and diagnostic purposes is being increasingly explored and demonstrated. This study focuses on the association between desperate love and a modification of Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall's (1978) taxonomy of attachment styles, hypothesizing that the experience of desperate love will be positively associated with the dependent and resistant/ambivalent attachment styles with no gender differences. The findings based on multivariate regression analyses generally corroborate the attachment style hypotheses, although with significant gender differences. Discussion focuses on the possible contrasts in the intrapsychic experience of desperate love for men and women as well as indications of causal trends for future research.

Journal Article↗

Introduction of the Low Vision Evaluator (LoVE) for children.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the Low Vision Evaluator (LoVE) can grade the visual acuity of young children with light perception and hand movement acuity into finer acuity steps and at what age reliable measurements can be obtained. METHODS: Two hundred twenty children were tested with the LoVE. Each eye was tested separately, and each stimulus magnitude (intensity x duration) was presented three times. Three catch trials per eye also were presented. RESULTS: Scores ranged from -8 to -1 on variable-duration tests and from 22.5 to 37.5 dB on fixed-duration tests for four children with hand movement vision. Scores ranged from -12 to 0 on variable-duration tests and from 12.5 to 40 dB on fixed-duration tests for five children with light perception vision. Reliable measurements were obtained at different times on different days. Mean scores for children with counting finger vision or better were significantly better than scores for eyes with light perception and hand movement (P < .001 and P < .01, respectively). Reliability was less for children younger than age 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: The LoVE is capable of grading the visual function of children with light perception and hand movement vision into finer steps. Reliable measurements can be obtained for children age 4 years and older.

Child↗

Living, loving and losing: implications for health and well-being.

Living, loving and losing - we live, we love and we lose - this is an integral part of life's unending circle. Throughout the lifecycle, we are confronted continually with experiences of loss and separation. The loss of a loved one through separation, divorce, or death is one of the most difficult experiences to be dealt with in a lifetime. How do we cope with the "crisis of loss" in our lives? If education is supposed to prepare one for life, then Death Education is crucial in assisting individuals to cope with "myriad loss issues." This paper will explore the implications of loss for health and well-being, and briefly review some of the research findings regarding the negative impact of grief and bereavement upon health. The stages of the grief process will be cited, mentioning some of the barriers to grief resolution. Most importantly, the positive aspects of loss upon life and health will be elaborated.

Attitude to Death↗

Categories as symptoms: conceptions of love in the psychoanalytic relationship.

An invitation to participate in a conference, especially the phrase, "we hope that your [contribution] might deal with same-sex love," reveals the persistent, lingering effects of the creation of the categories homosexual and heterosexual. Analysis of the phrase suggests a fantasy condensed in the invitation: that a gay psychoanalyst loves and works differently than his heterosexual colleagues and that this difference is determined by his sexual orientation. Approaching the creation of these categories as a symptom of a process of repudiation and projection, the author seeks to begin identifying and sorting through the projected psychic contents that keep these categories' specious effects alive.

Attitude↗

Love: addiction or road to self-realization, a second look.

One aspect of self-realization is to work on constructive intimate relationships in which another person adds to the richness of our existence and expands our horizons. The other person is not a substitute for our self-development nor someone who can make up for our developmental deficits. (Or if this is the case, at least one should become aware of it, since such a relationship is most likely not completely free of some contamination from the past.) When we are in touch with our active, striving, self-realizing self, we have the freedom and choice to "love." Loving implies that we can accept the person for what and who he is, apart from our compulsive needs from him. Certain needs are real and if not met, the relationship is not gratifying. Sharing warmth, caring, affection, and mutual growth as individuals as well as a couple are aspects of a constructive relationship. Hopefully, we will also expand our horizons to include friendships (outside marriage), relationships between equals, whether of the same sex or not, which include intimacy, loyalty, sharing that is unconditional and unselfish. Though it has been said that friendship, in the true sense of the word, is the most singularly uncultivated capacity in American social relations, when we do achieve it, it can add tremendously to our existence.

Adult↗

Love, self-esteem, and multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive chronic disease which generally appears in early adulthood. The debilitating symptoms of MS can have adverse effects on the sufferer's self-esteem, a vital coping resource for sufferers of chronic diseases. This study explores the effects of positive affect and social isolation--conceived broadly together as love--on self-esteem. We found that love was the most powerful predictor of self-esteem, followed by attitude stage, number of years since diagnosis, social class, and physical restriction.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Love, hate, anger, and jealousy in close relationships: a prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis.

The aim of this research was to make a prototype and cognitive appraisal analysis of 4 emotions within marriage. In Study 1, 160 Ss recalled and wrote about a partner-related love, hate, anger, or jealousy incident. Distinct prototypes and appraisal patterns were obtained. In Study 2, 80 Ss wrote accounts of hypothetical love, hate, anger, and jealousy events in marriage. The results suggested both recalled and hypothetical accounts were derived from the same knowledge structures. In Study 3, Ss matched emotions to events described with varying amounts of prototypical and appraisal information, derived from Study 1. Adding such information significantly increased emotion-matching accuracy over the event-description-only condition. The results are discussed in relation to prototype and cognitive appraisal theories of emotion in close relationships.

Adult↗

To know you is to love you: the implications of global adoration and specific accuracy for marital relationships.

Despite the strong positive feelings that characterize newlyweds, many marriages end in disappointment. To understand this shift, the authors argue that although newlyweds' global relationship evaluations may be uniformly positive, not all spouses base their global adoration on an accurate perception of their partner's specific qualities. Two longitudinal studies confirmed that whereas most newlyweds enhanced their partners at the level of their global perceptions, spouses varied significantly in their perceptions of their partners' specific qualities. For wives, but not for husbands, more accurate specific perceptions were associated with their supportive behaviors, feelings of control in the marriage, and whether or not the marriage ended in divorce. Thus, love grounded in specific accuracy appears to be stronger than love absent accuracy.

Adult↗

Caring is loving.

This paper explores nursing's current fascination with defining and exploring the term 'caring'. Fear of caring is proposed as the reason for this fascination. Factors at the root of this fear are identified and an expanded definition of caring (one which arises from the dispelling of such fear) is proposed. This expanded definition is given a new label--loving. For, as this author contends, has not loving always been at the heart of nursing?

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

The neural basis of romantic love.

The neural correlates of many emotional states have been studied, most recently through the technique of fMRI. However, nothing is known about the neural substrates involved in evoking one of the most overwhelming of all affective states, that of romantic love, about which we report here. The activity in the brains of 17 subjects who were deeply in love was scanned using fMRI, while they viewed pictures of their partners, and compared with the activity produced by viewing pictures of three friends of similar age, sex and duration of friendship as their partners. The activity was restricted to foci in the medial insula and the anterior cingulate cortex and, subcortically, in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, all bilaterally. Deactivations were observed in the posterior cingulate gyrus and in the amygdala and were right-lateralized in the prefrontal, parietal and middle temporal cortices. The combination of these sites differs from those in previous studies of emotion, suggesting that a unique network of areas is responsible for evoking this affective state. This leads us to postulate that the principle of functional specialization in the cortex applies to affective states as well.

Adult↗

Love and caring. Ethics of face and hand--an invitation to return to the heart and soul of nursing and our deep humanity.

This manuscript offers a new view of old and timeless values: the essential ethic of love, informed by contemporary European philosophies, and caring theory, as well as ancient poetry and wisdom traditions. It integrates some of the philosophical views of Levinas and Logstrup with Watson's Transpersonal Caring Theory. The metaphysics, metaphors, and meanings associated with "ethics of face," the "infinity of the human soul," and "holding another's life in our hands" are tied to a deeply ethical foundation for the timeless practice of love and caring, as a means to sustain, not only our shared humanity, but the profession of nursing itself.

Empathy↗

Love: an important dimension in marital research and therapy.

How do men and women describe and assess their relationship? What themes are decisive for its quality and stability? To answer such questions, we investigated a random sample of 204 married couples (reference sample), and 31 married couples undergoing psychotherapy (clinical sample) using a newly developed questionnaire. The participating couples were asked to evaluate a total of 19 themes with respect to their importance for the couple's connectedness. Although only rarely directly addressed in couple therapy and investigated in couple research, the theme "Love" proved to be the decisive factor for quality and stability. The results of the present study, therefore, indicate that "Love" should be investigated more thoroughly in couple research and included more actively in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Adult↗

Love between therapist and patient: a review.

To avoid the passions of love and hate between them, therapists and patients construct and preserve negative barriers of angry criticism, dissatisfaction, and sadomasochism. This review aims to help therapists tolerate and work with loving feelings between patient and therapist for the benefit of the patient.

Female↗

Love, praxis, and desirable therapist qualities.

Until recently, both love and praxis as therapist qualities have not enjoyed the attention they deserve. The components of praxis and the derivatives of love (namely, empathy and good-will) are important ingredients of therapeutic behavior. They are also capable of promoting mental health. Inculcating the trainees with these qualities should become foci of training in psychotherapy.

Empathy↗

Romantic love and sexually transmitted infection acquisition: hypothesis and review.

Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the UK continue to increase. A discrepancy between knowledge and awareness of STIs, and sexual behaviour appears to be ubiquitous throughout the world. We hypothesize that human beings are biologically programmed to fall in love and bond in powerful relationships, which, at least in the short term, prevents them from using knowledge and cognitive strategies to prevent STI acquisition. We compare this with obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours seen in obsessive-compulsive disorders. We suggest how romantic love might overwhelm logical thought processes to cause a deterministic and non-logical response to have sex and thus acquire STIs. An understanding of this concept may help us humans to be more insightful and thoughtful about STI acquisition.

Female↗

The experience of family members caring for a dying loved one.

Qualitative nursing research into the experience of family members caring for a dying loved one has been limited. This study used a phenomenological approach to explore this experience. The pattern of caring for a dying loved one and its intertwined dimensions were described. Caregivers felt a sense of helplessness that was associated with illness progression, their inability to relieve pain and discomfort, and decision-making related to patient admission to a palliative care unit. Lack of support from health professionals and having to face personal limits were found to accelerate the decision to admit a patient. The role of a support person involved with the caregiver was also considered and found to be an area worthy of further investigation. Health professionals must provide information and support tailored to the caregivers' needs as they change along a patient's illness trajectory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

The role of friendship in the development and maintenance of lesbian love relationships.

The role of friendship in the development and maintenance of lesbian love relationships was investigated by means of a structured interview with 23 lesbian women. Friendship was found to be a key factor in the development of the respondents' first same-sex love relationships; the first sexual/romantic relationship often grew out of an established friendship between the women. Also, friendship was found to be a prime developmental and maintenance factor in the women's current relationships; 78% stated that their current lover had first been their friend, and 77% stated that their current lover had become their closest friend. Some related issues, such as development of a lesbian identity and definitional differences between "lover" and "friend," were also examined. A theoretical discussion interpreting the friendship findings within a feminist framework of women-identification is included.

Adult↗