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PubMed2002

Comparing an IPM pilot program to a traditional cover spray program in commercial landscapes.

An integrated pest management (IPM) pilot program for landscape plants was implemented during 1997 and 1998 on two commercial, two residential, and one institutional property managed by landscape professionals. When compared with preprogram, calendar-based cover spray program costs at these sites in 1996, the IPM program was cost-effective at one of the five sites in both 1997 and 1998, and cost effective at a second additional site in 1998 when the cooperator, initially skeptical of IPM, discontinued calendar-based cover sprays performed in 1996 and 1997. The mean cost per site was $703.40 (preprogram), $788.26, and $582.22 in 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. Volume of pesticide applied decreased a mean of 86.3% on the four sites not receiving cover sprays and increased 2.3% at site 2 (still using cover sprays) in 1997. In 1998, pesticide volume was reduced an average of 85.3% at all five sites compared with preprogram levels. The majority of insect pest problems were corrected using spot sprays of insecticidal soap or horticultural oil or by physical means such as pruning. One-third of the woody plant material on the commercial and institutional sites consisted of holly, juniper, and azalea. The most prevalent pests encountered were mites (Tetranychidae), aphids, lace bugs, scales, whiteflies, and Japanese beetle. Spiders were the most abundant group of predatory arthropod and ants, green lacewings, and lady beetles were also well represented in the managed landscapes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Interim and archival preservation of plant specimens in alcohols for DNA studies.

Three plant species, spinach, juniper and broccoli, were stored in different alcohol solutions, and the DNAs were examined to determine changes in the quality and quantity of DNA over time. The smallest changes in the genomic DNA were found in the samples stored in the lower mol wt alcohols (100% methanol and 100% and 95% ethanol) and when proteinase (Pronase E) was used in the extraction procedure. After 11 months of storage in ethanol, excellent yields of high mol wt DNA were obtained, but only when the procedure utilized Pronase E. The use of proteinase was found to be essential to obtain DNA from preserved specimens of spinach and broccoli. This appears to explain the previous reports of failures to obtain DNA from alcohol-preserved specimens. Vacuum infiltration of ethanol resulted in better DNA preservation than passive infiltration of ethanol.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2003

Grazing of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) by cattle and horses in Arizona.

Spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus) is a toxic, perennial plant that may, if sufficient precipitation occurs, dominate the herbaceous vegetation of pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Colorado Plateau. Six cow/calf pairs and four horses grazed a 20-ha pasture with dense patches of locoweed in eastern Arizona during spring 1998. Locoweed density was 0.7 plants/m2 in the pasture. Locoweed averaged 30.4% NDF and 18.4% CP. Concentrations of the locoweed toxin, swainsonine, fluctuated from 1.25 to 2 mg/g in locoweed. Horses ate more (P < 0.01) bites of locoweed than did cows (15.4 and 5.1% of bites, respectively). Horses generally increased locoweed consumption over time since they ate approximately 5% of bites in the preflower stage compared with 25% of bites in the pod stage. Cattle consumed almost no locoweed (< 1% of bites) until the pod stage, when they increased consumption to 15% of bites. Horses were very avid (approximately 65 to 95% of bites) in selecting the small quantities (approximately 40 to 150 kg/ha) of available green grass, and it appeared that their propensity to eat scarce green forage influenced their locoweed consumption as well. Horses ate relatively little dry grass, even when it was abundant, whereas cattle ate large amounts of dry grass until green grasses became more abundant. Calves began eating locoweed on the same day as their dams and ate approximately 20% of their bites as locoweed. Serum concentrations of swainsonine were higher (P < 0.05) in horses than in cattle (433 vs. 170 ng/mL, respectively). Baseline swainsonine was zero in all animals, but swainsonine was rapidly increased to above 800 ng/mL in serum of horses as they ate locoweed. Horses exhibited depression after eating locoweed for about 2 wk; after 5 wk of exposure, horses became anorectic and behaviorally unstable. Although limited in scope, this study indicates that horses should not be exposed to spotted locoweed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States.

To investigate climatic, spatial, temporal, and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases in the Four Corners region, we collected exposure site data for HPS cases that occurred in 1993 to 1995. Cases clustered seasonally and temporally by biome type and geographic location, and exposure sites were most often found in pinyon-juniper woodlands, grasslands, and Great Basin desert scrub lands, at elevations of 1,800 m to 2,500 m. Environmental factors (e.g., the dramatic increase in precipitation associated with the 1992 to 1993 El Niño) may indirectly increase the risk for Sin Nombre virus exposure and therefore may be of value in designing disease prevention campaigns.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Presence and density of common bile duct microlithiasis in acute biliary pancreatitis.

AIM: Common bile duct microlithiasis (CBDM) is found in majority of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) and no CBD stones in fluoroscopy during urgent ERCP. It is unclear, however, weather CBDM is a cause or the result of the disease. This prospective study was done to investigate the presence and density of CBDM in patients with ABP, when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was done in different periods from the onset of the disease. METHODS: One hundred fifty one consecutive patients with ABP and no CBDS on ERCP, performed as an urgent (< 24h of admission) procedure, (101 - with gallbladder stones, 50 post-cholecystectomy patients), treated during last 4 years were prospectively included to the study. The presence and density of CBDM (cholesterol monohydrate crystals-CMCs and calcium bilirubinate granules-CBGs) in bile collected directly from common bile duct during ERCP was prospectively calculated according to Juniper and Burson criteria. High density of crystals was considered,when we found >10CMCs and/or >25 clusters of CBGs on 1 slide. RESULTS: CBD microlithiasis was present in given number of patients: on d1-30/34 (88.2%), on d2 41/49 (83.7%), on d3-23/33 (69.6%), on d4-7-24/35 (68.6%) ( P for trend=0.018). In patients with CBD microlithiasis the high density of crystals was observed in given number of patients:on d1-27/30 (90%), on d2-34/41 (82.9%), on d3-18/23 (78.3%), on d4-7-16/24 (66.7%)( P for trend=0.039). CONCLUSION: In patients with ABP and no CBDS on ERCP, CBD microlithiasis is observed in the majority of patients, especially during the first day of the disease. Density of CBD microlithiasis is the highest in the first day of the disease. This suggests that CBD microlithiasis can be the cause and not the result of ABP.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

A household-based, case-control study of environmental factors associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States.

During an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the southwestern United States, trained environmental assessment teams conducted surveys at 17 case-patient homes and matched controls from June through August 1993. Variables related to rodent abundance were quantified and standardized rodent trapping was conducted around and within households. The majority of households were located in pinon-juniper vegetation zones, and there were no significant differences in the type of house in which cases and controls lived. The only environmental factor that distinguished case households from controls was significantly higher small rodent densities (median trap success for case sites = 17.3%, 12.7% for near controls, and 8.3% for far controls). Frequency of hantaviral infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) did not vary significantly among households of cases and controls, with a range of 27.5-32.5% antibody-positive. Indices of rodent fecal contamination were slightly higher in case houses. The data indicate that higher rodent densities were associated with households in which HPS cases occurred. Strategies that control rodent numbers and decrease rodent access to dwellings may reduce risk of human infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Patterns of association with host and habitat: antibody reactive with Sin Nombre virus in small mammals in the major biotic communities of the southwestern United States.

The distribution and prevalence of antibody reactive with Sin Nombre virus were determined in mammals in biotic communities of the southwestern United States. Small mammals (n = 3,069) of 69 species were trapped in nine communities from lower Sonoran desert to alpine tundra. Antibody was found in rodents from all communities (overall prevalence = 6.3%); prevalence was lowest at the altitudinal and climatic extremes (0.4% in desert and 2.0% in alpine tundra). Antibody occurred in 11% of 928 deer mice, 20% of 355 brush mice, 23% of 35 western harvest mice, and 12% of 24 Mexican voles. No infected deer mice were found in desert habitat; prevalence varied from 4% in chaparral to 17% in pinyon-juniper. Brush mice were frequently infected in chaparral and montane forest (25%). Seropositivity was higher in males and in heavier animals, suggesting horizontal transmission among adult males. Decreasing prevalence with age among the youngest deer mice suggests that infected dams confer passive immunity to pups.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. An emerging interaction].

The consumption of herbal medicines is increasing steadily throughout the world, although to our knowledge there are neither studies on their effectiveness nor controls over the quality and safety of these preparations. Considered "food integrators", these preparations are marketed without restriction. It is a common notion that natural therapy has neither side nor toxic effects: allergic reactions, direct toxic effects or those due to contamination, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and heavy metal toxicity have been reported as adverse events caused by herbs. Rather than replacing traditional therapy, most herbal medical treatment is used in conjunction with it. Also, the attending physician is generally not informed that the patient is using herbs. Because Passionflower, hydroalcoholic extracts, Juniper and Verbena officinalis supply variable quantities of vitamin K, they can lessen the effect of oral anticoagulant therapy. Ganoderma Japonicum, Papaw, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginseng, Devil's claw, Garlic, Quinine, Ginkgo, Ginger, Red Clover and Horse-Chestnut reinforce warfarin action by heterogeneous mechanisms. They should thus not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy. The scientific community must take into account the adverse events caused by interaction between herbal medicine and conventional therapy, and patients must be informed of the dangers of these preparations. If a bleeding event occurs or the quality of anticoagulant therapy is poor, the clinician should consider the possibility of interaction between conventional therapy and herbal medicine that the patient has neglected to mention he is taking.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

The influence of a central vacuum system on quality life in patients with house dust-associated allergic rhinitis.

Indoor pollution is one of the most common problems addressed by allergists and troublesome for their patients. Although a large variety of products are available for removing such pollutants, including house dust, there is a relative paucity of data on the effectiveness of such devices. In many cases, central vacuum systems are recommended, particularly in new homes. To specifically address the question of whether a central vacuum system produces an improvement in the well characterized domains of Juniper Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, we selected 25 individuals with a history of documented type I hypersensitivity to house dust. Each of these individuals used either a Beam Central Vacuum System or their own conventional vacuum for a period of 3 months. At the end of this period, the individual switched over to the opposite limb of the study for 3 additional months. Interestingly, in all seven domains of the evaluation, including activity, sleep, nonnasal symptoms, practical problems, nasal symptoms, eye symptoms and emotions, use of the central vacuum proved to be superior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prospective study about the impact of a community pharmaceutical care service in patients with asthma].

BACKGROUND: At present, there are a lot of drugs for the therapeutic approach of all the severity levels of asthma in developed countries. However, there are big difficulties in the correct use of inhalation devices, and usually there are drug related problems causing poorly controlled asthma. The objective of the study is to prove if the community-based pharmaceutical care service improves health outcomes in patients with asthma. METHODS: Community intervention trial, with a controlled multicenter quasi-experimental design, measuring the response variables before and after an observation period of 9 months. 96 patients were recruited in the Intervention group and 69 in the Control group, in 37 pharmacies. The measurement instruments used were the specific quality of life questionnaires AQLQ (adults) and PAQLQ (pediatric) of Juniper, and initial and final interviews containing a scale of 10 signs of poorly controlled asthma and data about health services utilization. RESULTS: Quality of life measures in the Intervention group achieved a mean increase of 0.82 points in adults and 0.81 in children, both clinically significant because they exceed the established clinical thresholds (0.5 and 0.42 respectively). Also there was a statistically significant difference in the final comparason between groups. The signs of poorly controlled asthma decreased significantly in the Intervention group from an initial mean of 2.72 into 1.15. Also a significant difference was found in the final comparason between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The community-based pharmaceutical care service had a beneficial effect in health related quality of life in asthma patients, and in the signs of poorly controlled asthma. It was not found a significant improvement in health services utilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cytotoxic effects of some animal and vegetable extracts and some chemicals on liver and colon carcinoma and myosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To study, the cytotoxic effects of some biological and chemical agents on G1, S, G2, M and G0 phases of liver and colon carcinomas and myosarcoma cells obtained with chemical carcinogens dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and cadmium chloride. METHODS: Eight rabbit livers, colon carcinoma and myosarcoma cell lines were obtained by injection of DMBA in the Biology Laboratory, of the University of Dumlupinar, Kutahya, Turkey between January 2001 and June 2003. All lines were grown at 37 degrees celsius and 5% carbon dioxide in sterile RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum after addition of glutamate, penicillin (50 units/ml) and streptomycin (50 ug/ml) (complete medium). Cells were grown on standard tissue culture plastic flasks to 80% confluence and passed by trypsinization. RESULTS: Tortoise (Testudo graeca) shell, sponge (Geodia cydonium), medusa (Aurelia aurita), meat flies (Calliphora erythrocephala) larva, frog (Rana ridibunda) larva and juniper (Juniperus communis) berry extracts killed a large amount of the liver and colon carcinomas and the myosarcoma cells in G2, M and G0 phases (p<0.01). The mistletoe (Viscum album) extract had more effect in only the G0 phase (p<0.05). Genistein, genistin, glycitein, glycitin, daitzein and daitzin have significantly decreased in the cancer cells tests, particularly, genistein and daitzein caused the apoptotic effect in G2, M and G0 phases (p<0.01). Cesium chloride, a mixture of cesium chloride with magnesium chloride had the most effect on tumor cells (p<0.01). AzhexSi, Azhex-AzhepSi, Et-Azhex-AzhepSi, AzhepSi, Hexamine and DL 54 have been inhibited in various levels of the cancer cells (p<0.05, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This data suggest that some biological extracts and chemicals tested may be useful chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. This study sheds some light for new anti cancerogenic experiments preventing various cancers on humans.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The quality of life of the asthmatic child caregiver].

UNLABELLED: Despite better understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma, the application of better drugs (potent anti-inflammatory medications and beta2 adrenergics with long-lasting effects), some symptoms persist and the illness itself, at the same time with exacerbation, may compromise the integrity of the patient. This calls for an evaluation of the impact of the ailment in different aspects of daily life of patients and of his/her caregivers. To address these situations, quality-of-life questionnaires for patients and caregivers were designed. With this study, our objective was to make up a quality-of-life questionnaire to be filled out by caregivers of asthmatic children treated with one of two therapeutic schemes: with inhaled steroids (EI), or the EI plus prolonged action bronchodilator (BAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Controlled, experimental, and comparative clinical trial polling asthmatic child caregivers, applying a questionnaire designed by Elizabeth Juniper (PACQLQ). Patients and caregivers were randomized in two groups: group A was treated with IE (Beclomethasone) plus BAP (Salmeterol) during a 6-week period, followed by a 2-week wash-out period followed by a 6-week period with only IE. Group B were treated only with EI followed by a 2-week period of wash-out and a six-week period with IE plus BAP. Caregivers filled in the questionnaires at the beginning, and at second, fourth, and sixth weeks of treatment. RESULTS: We included 30 patients and their caregivers who were randomized in two groups. Values in every group showed significant improvement in quality of life, as compared to basal values. Values between groups showed greater improvement in groups who received EI plus BAP at the beginning. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that administering treatment for asthma improves significantly the caregiver's appreciation of quality of life with respect to the PACQLQ questionnaire. The group that received EI therapy plus BAP at the beginning showed greater improvement. These results coincide with those published to date. We recommend the use of questionnaires at the beginning of the treatment as part of the integral evaluation of every patient with asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy and safety of formoterol delivered via a new multidose dry powder inhaler (Certihaler) in adolescents and adults with persistent asthma.

Our objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of formoterol (Foradil) delivered via a novel multidose dry powder inhaler (Certihaler) with placebo and albuterol [pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI)], in patients with persistent asthma. After a 2-week run-in phase, 265 patients (13-81 years) previously treated with regular/PRN bronchodilators for persistent asthma were randomized to 12 weeks' double-blind treatment with formoterol 10 microg BID via Certihaler (n = 86), albuterol 180 microg QID via pMDI (n = 88) or placebo (n = 91). The primary efficacy variable was 12-hour AUC of FEV1 after 12 weeks' treatment. Secondary efficacy variables included peak expiratory flow (PEF), rescue bronchodilator medication use, asthma-related quality of life (Juniper Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire), and asthma symptom scores. Formoterol via the Certihaler had an onset of action within 5 minutes and was associated with a clinically relevant and statistically significant increase in 12-hour AUC of FEV1 after 12 weeks' treatment compared with placebo and albuterol (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Average PEF was significantly superior for formoterol compared with placebo and albuterol (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Compared with placebo, rescue albuterol use during the study was significantly lower for formoterol (p < 0.01) and was accompanied by a trend toward an improvement in asthma-related quality of life (QoL). Asthma symptom scores improved to a similar extent for all treatment groups. Treatment with formoterol via Certihaler was well tolerated. Formoterol 10 microg BID, delivered via the novel Certihaler device, is well tolerated and provides rapid, long-lasting, and clinically superior bronchodilation to placebo and albuterol via pMDI in patients with persistent asthma.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

[A case of severe persistent bronchial asthma who showed significant improvement by switching to hfa-bdp, with reducing the dosage of oral steroids].

A case, 54-year-old female teacher, has been treated for severe persistent asthma mainly with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide (BUD), 600 microg/day. The higher dose was considered inappropriate due to the adverse effects including hoarseness, thus, prednisolone (PSL) was frequently given when needed. In this situation, administration of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone dipropionate (HFA-BDP), 400 microg/day, was started instead of BUD, and then improvement of the clinical symptoms, PEF and pulmonary function were observed promptly, followed by reduction in the dosage of PSL and a short-acting beta-stimulant. With higher doses of HFA-BDP, her pulmonary condition improved more remarkably. The levels of ECP, Eotaxin and RANTES in induced sputum obtained by inhalation of 10%-hypertonic saline were measured prior to the medication change and after one year, and all of the levels were found to be decreased, from 19000 to 96.0 microg/L, from 410 to 319 pg/ml, and from 281 to 85.1 pg/ml, respectively, indicating improvement of the condition. The overall score of Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire by Juniper also improved from 5.3 to 6.6 points after one year. In this case study, it was suggested that HFA-BDP may reduce eosinophilic inflammation remained in the peripheral airway, and may be effective in supplementing the activity of PSL which must be taken orally by severe asthmatic patients.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

A pragmatic, three-arm randomised controlled trial of spiritual healing for asthma in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Well-designed trials are required to assess if complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is effective. AIM: This study assessed the effectiveness of spiritual healing for asthma. DESIGN OF STUDY: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Aberdeen, Scotland. METHOD: This was a single-blind, three-armed randomised, controlled trial of spiritual healing for asthma, comparing the effectiveness of five sessions of spiritual healing with placebo (delivered by an actor), and with a control group receiving normal care only. The primary outcome measure was the Juniper Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). Secondary outcomes were forced expiratory flow in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), HADS (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale), SF-36 and MYMOP (Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile). Baseline and follow-up data were collected. RESULTS: Eighty-eight adult patients receiving pharmacological treatment for asthma participated. AQLQ scores improved significantly from baseline and the end of treatment in all groups (spiritual healing P = 0.008; 'sham' healing P = 0.001 and control P = 0.01) but there was no significant difference between groups (P = 0.57). These improvements were maintained at follow-up 1 for two of the groups (spiritual healing P = 0.016; sham healing P = 0.001 and control P = 0.09) but none of the groups showed an improvement at follow-up 2 (spiritual healing P = 0.161; sham healing P = 0.016 and control P = 0.11). Similar proportions of patients in each group showed a clinically important improvement in AQLQ score. Analysis of AQLQ scores at end of treatment and both follow-up periods indicated no significance between group differences. No consistent changes were seen in secondary outcome measures, possibly due to the small sample size. CONCLUSION: Spiritual healing does not appear to have any specific affect on patient asthma related quality of life.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Airborne pollen survey for Lincoln, Nebraska: I. Trees.

Pollen counts in 1988, 1989, and 1990 revealed 14 different tree pollen types. The main tree pollination season in Lincoln extends from late February or early March through the end of May. First linden and then pine and juniper extend the trees through October. The sequence of flowering for the plants is similar to that found in other regions of the country. The highest counts (peaks of ca. 1000 grains/m3) are in March, April, and May when the largest number of trees are in bloom. Counts fall through June (highest ca. 300 grains/m3) and July (highest at ca. 35 grains/m3) when grasses and some weeds are flowering.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1990

DNA adduct formation in human and mouse skin by mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

32P-Postlabelling analysis has been used to detect the formation in vivo of DNA adducts by components of complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coal-tar, creosote, bitumen, juniper tar, used engine oils and fuel exhaust condensates. The presence of DNA adducts derived from these agents has been investigated in mouse skin, in human skin explants maintained in short-term organ culture and in human skin in vivo, and the formation of many different PAH-DNA adducts was observed. Similar levels and patterns of adducts were found in DNA from human skin to those in mouse skin, which is known to be susceptible to the carcinogenic activity of PAH mixtures, thus demonstrating the potential hazard to man of epidermal contact with these materials.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Antigen recognition in Filipinos, Japanese, Chinese, and Caucasians.

Allergic Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Caucasian groups were compared and contrasted according to their skin test reactivity to pollens of grasses and trees. If a subject reacted to grasses, there was a significantly greater risk of reaction to trees (P less than .0005). The risk was profoundly greater in the three non-Caucasian groups (Filipino, Chinese, and Japanese) compared with the Caucasian group (P less than .0005). Reactivity to grass appeared to amplify the risk of reaction to trees. This effect was particularly striking in the non-Caucasian groups. In groups that did not react to grasses, there was no difference between races in reactivity to trees. The non-Caucasian races did not demonstrate significant differences in their reaction to grasses. All three non-Caucasian groups appear to be more sensitive than the matched Caucasians to cedar, cypress, and juniper.

Asthma↗