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PubMed2004

The prevalence of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks Ixodes ricinus and mosquitoes Aedes spp. within a selected recreational area in the city of Szczecin.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in ticks Ixodes ricinus and mosquitoes Aedes spp. within the Bukowa Forest, collected between 2000 and 2001. The study covered 215 ticks (193 nymphs and 22 adults) and 947 mosquitoes female of the genus Aedes. Spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were detected in the arthropods studied with the method of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Positive readings of the immunological reaction were stated in 17.7 % of the collected nymphs and adult forms of Ixodes ricinus, and in 0.8 % of mosquito females of the genus Aedes. The number of B. burgdorferi observed in a view field (400 x) of microscopic preparations of all infected mosquitoes and about 10 % of the infected ticks, ranged from 1-10. This number in 50 % of the nymphs was from 11-50 spirochetes. View fields of the preparations of the other 50 % of nymphs and adult forms featured more then 50 spirochetes. The observed low values of the prevalence and infection intensity of female mosquitoes Aedes spp. compared to ticks suggest that the former do not pose a serious epidemiological threat in the spreading of Lyme disease.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in selected South Bohemian locations (Czech Republic).

In selected localities of Ceské Budĕjovice and Ceský, Krumlov districts, well known by stable high incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) human cases but with low incidence of Lyme borreliosis, monitoring of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in Ixodes ricinus ticks was performed. Research was also aimed at the spread of I. ricinus to mountain areas of this region (National Park Sumava), as well as at investigating this tick for B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies and TBE virus infection. Altogether 498 nymphs, 88 females and 11 males of I. ricinus from lower locations and 58 nymphs from mountain locations (760-1080 m above sea level) were tested by polymerase chain reaction. In lower locations total prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Ixodes ricinus ticks was 35%. Single infection of Borrelia afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) was found in 59, 50 and 63 ticks, respectively (i.e. in 12.8, 11.2 and 14.1%). Double infection was found in 42 ticks (6.0%) and triple infection in three ticks (0.4%). The high frequency of B. burgdorferi s.s. exceeds the as yet reported occurrence in Central Europe. These circumstances are discussed. In mountain locations B. afzelii was found in five ticks, that including two co-infection with B. garinii, in elevations of 762 m and 1024 m above sea level, respectively. This fact signals a real danger of human infections in a region that was previously deemed to be without risk. Moreover, this region is more and more the target destination of tourist activities. The results also suggest that the penetration of infection can be rapid and formation and establishment of natural focus of Lyme borreliosis might be rather quick.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Studies on the occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria in ticks: Ixodes ricinus as a potential vector of Pasteurella.

A total of 372 Ixodes ricinus ticks (101 females, 122 males, and 149 nymphs) collected by flagging in 6 mixed woodlands of eastern Poland were examined by culture for the presence of internal Gram-negative bacteria other than Borrelia burgdorferi. Adult ticks were examined in pools of 2 specimens each and nymphs were examined in pools of 3-5 specimens each. Ticks were disinfected in 70 % ethanol and homogenized in 0.85% NaCl. The diluted homogenate was inoculated onto 3 kinds of agar media: buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE-alpha) for isolation of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria, eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) for isolation of enterobacteria, and tryptic soya agar for isolation of all other non-fastidious Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-negative isolates were identified with the API Systems 20E and NE microtests. A total of 9 species of Gram-negative bacteria were identified, of which the commonest were strains determined as Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica, which were isolated on BCYE-alpha agar from ticks collected in all 6 examined woodlands. The total number of these strains (49) exceeded the total number of all other strains of Gram-negative bacteria recovered from ticks (30). Of the total number of examined ticks, the minimum infection rate with Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica was highest in females (18.8%), and slightly lower in males (12.3%) and nymphs (10%). Besides Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica, the following species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from examined ticks: Pantoea agglomerans, Serratia marcescens, Serratia plymuthica on EMB agar and Aeromonas hydrophila, Burkholderia cepacia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia on tryptic soya agar. Minimal infection rates with these bacteria were low, ranging from 0.7-5.9%. Of the isolated bacteria, Chromobacterium violaceum, Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens are potentially pathogenic for man and/or animals. In particular, the common occurrence of Pasteurella pneumotropica/haemolytica in Ixodes ricinus ticks poses a potential risk of pasteurellosis for humans and animals exposed to tick bites.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bartonellosis and a possible role of Ixodes ticks (family Ixodidae, order Parasitiformes) in the transmission of pathogenic Bartonella bacteria].

The papers reviews the literature on bartonellosis and a role of Ixodes ticks, including the representatives of the genus Ixodes, in the circulation and transmission of Bartonella bacteria. It shows that man can be infected with pathogenic Bartonella bacteria by the bite of ticks. The paper also presents data on tick-transmitted human and animal mixed infections, including bartonellosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic variants of Borrelia afzelii, a pathogen of the ixodes tick borrelioses].

Borrelia afzelii is one of two most important pathogens of the ixodes tick borrelioses (ITB) in Russia and neighboring countries. This pathogen circulates in various ecosystems and has a wide range of reservoir hosts and transmitters. The results of studies of genetic heterogeneity of the spirochaetae B. afzelii are considered. A total of 139 primary isolates were studied. The isolates were isolated from three species of Ixodes ticks at different stages of development and obtained from the laboratory of infection transmitters, Gamaleya Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russran Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. The transmitters and reservoir hosts of borrelias were caught in natural foci of Russia (from Kaliningrad region irk the west to south Sakhalin in the east), Czechia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, and Moldavia. Analysis of genotype sequence similarity obtained by sequencing of the rrf(SS)-rrl(23S) spacer demonstrated that the B. afzelii genospecies incorporated no less than 10 genetic variants of spirochaetae, most variants being geographically widespread.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal and geographical distribution of adult Ixodes scapularis say (Acari: Ixodidae) in Louisiana.

The distribution and seasonality of adult black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say) in Louisiana was measured. The presence of adult ticks was determined by flagging at 106 sites throughout Louisiana. It was concluded that Ixodes scapularis is widely distributed throughout Louisiana. Ticks were also collected twice per month at one site over a 15-month period by flagging and use of CO2 traps to establish the relative seasonal abundance pattern of free-living adult ticks. Host-seeking, black-legged adult ticks were collected from October to May. Peak adult abundance was observed in December. More ticks were collected by the use of CO2 traps compared to flagging in October, November, and February. No black-legged tick larvae or nymphs were collected in this study using either collection method.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Ixodes ricinus. Health risks and approaches in prevention].

Ticks belong to the parasitical mites. There are more than 1000 different species worldwide which do need blood of warm-blooded organisms for their own development. As ticks are well known to be vectors of several pathogens which could cause insidious infectious diseases, they are important in human and veterinarian medicine as well. It is not possible to control ticks in nature. Therefore the first step should be an effective prevention. In case of a bite the tick must be removed as soon as possible. Although Ixodes ricinus is more or less responsible for all health risks caused by ticks in Germany, further species like Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor marginatus and Argas reflexus must not be forgotten, as these ticks have appeared more frequently in the recent past and they can be vectors of several diseases as well. This paper describes first and foremost the biological behaviour and development of Ixodes ricinus and the medical importance of this tick in human and veterinarian medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Capreolus capreolus and Ixodes ricinus as a reservoir of Bartonella in north-western Poland].

Capreolus capreolus and Ixodes ricinus as a reservoir of Bartonella in north-western Poland. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence Bartonella in Capreolus capreolus from north-western Poland forest. Supplementary, ticks infesting roe deer were also screened in order to ascertain their role as vectors and reservoirs of Bartonella. The samples of blood from 98 animals from north-western Poland were PCR-screened. Bartonella DNA was detected by using primers complementary to the intergenic spacer (ITS) between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, which is used for identification of over a dozen species of this genus. Products of three different sizes were detected: 230 bp and 290 bp may represent two strains of B. capreoli, and 190 bp may be identify as B. bovis. All three amplicons were detected in blood, the 290 bp fragment from B. capreoli was present only in ticks, Ixodes ricinus. Generally, Bartonella infection in C. capreolus amounted to 21.4% of individuals, but was much higher during the autumn-winter seasons (62%), than in spring (4.3%). The results show that C. capreolus may be a reservoir for at least two species, i.e. B. capreoli and B. bovis, and probably do not cause persistent infection in roe deer. The high percentage of infested individuals during spring (84%) and infection detected in I. ricinus (5.2%) show that ticks are reservoir and vector of Bartonella.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in north-west Poland].

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), the etiological agent of Lyme diesease, is transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ricinus. During May and September 1999, field surveys on Lyme disease spirochetes were conducted in three locations of a region of north-west Poland, known as recreational districts visited by many people. The ticks Ixodes ricinus were collected in natural habitats by dragging a flanel cloth over the vegetation. Sex and developmental stage of each tick were determined. Based on a polymerase chain reaction test with primers that recognize a chromosomal gene of all strains, out of the total 1414 specimens collected, 126 (8.9%) were found to be infected. The species B. burgdorferi s. l. comprises at least three pathogenic genomospecies, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s. s.), Borrelia garinii, and Borerelia afzelii, witch could be distinguished in nested-PCR tests with species-specific primers. B. burgdorferi s. s. was most prevalent (96% of infected ticks), followed by B. garinii (1.3%), and B. afzelii. was not found. Of the infected ticks, over the 99% were infected with a single species, one specimens was infected with two species. For 4 ticks, the infecting species could not be identied. The difference in rates of prevalence was observed among the tree locations (17%--5.3%--3.2%).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks Ixodes ricinus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)].

Attempts were made to identify the causative orgamsm of Lyme disease in Szczecin from tick Ixodes ricinus as a vector. Ticks were collected in 1997 year in forest areas of Szczecin, from localites associated with numerous attendance of people. The method used in this study was the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the flagellin structural gene fla of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. The flagellin PCR primer set reaction was conservative for B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii. The overall prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato, in tick population studied was 8.8%. The female, nymphs and larves of Ixodes ricinus were infected almost just the some--about 10%, when the male 2.5% only.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The occurrence of Ixodes ricinus in the selected recreative areas in the province of Szczecin. Part III].

Within the last years, the incidences of diseases transmitted by Ixodes ricinus tick have rapidly increased. We estimated the occurrence of Ixodes ricinus in the popular recreation urban areas in Szczecin and in the Province of Szczecin. The study was carried out in 1999, with two samples at each site, and were compared with data of 1998. The temperature and humidity of air were measured. The most ticks were found in the range of 70-80% relative humidity of air. Among 3.198 specimens collected 59.5% were nymphs, 19.0% larvae, 11.1% females and 10.4% males. The nymphs were the most frequent in spring and in autumn, while the larvae were most frequent in autumn (26.2%) then in spring (11.9%).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The occurrence of Ixodes ricinus in the select recreative areas in the Province of Szczecin. Part I].

Among Polish ticks species the most common Ixodes ricinus has the biggest medical importance. Within the last few years, the incidence of disease transmitted by ticks has rapidly increased. We have made a thorough analysis of the quantative and rate per cent of occurrence of various stages Ixodes ricinus in the forest areas of some places in Szczecin province and in the parks of Szczecin, that are known as highly recreative and frequently visted by many people. A total of 426 (68% numphs) specimens collected there show that ticks frequently occupy habitats closely associated with man.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks, Ixodes ricinus in Tarnowskie Góry district].

Borrelia burgdorferi is an aetiological factor of borreliosis (Lyme disease). The main vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi are larvae, nymphs, and females of Ixodes ricinus. The aim of this paper was to analyse infection parameters of Borrelia burgdorferi in a selected populations of Ixodes ricinus. The study was conducted in Tarnowskie Góry administrative district (Krupski Młyn, Zielona, Lubliniec, Tarnowskie Góry, Swierklaniec, Tworóg, and Zbrosławice). A total of 85 ticks were collected with a piece of cloth dragged over the vegetation. The Borrelia burgdorferi infection was confirmed with a PCR method, using flagellin protein gene DNA amplification. DNA of Borrelia burgderferi sensu lato was present in 14 ticks, which constituted 16.5% of the population studied. The percentage of infected females and nymphs was 26.8%, 22.2%, and 5.6%, respectively. A high prevalence of the pathogen (50%) was in ticks revealed in the recreation areas and the community forest in Swierklaniec.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Occurrence of Babesia microti in ticks Ixodes ricinus on selected areas of western Pomerania].

The aim of present study was to evaluate acquisition risk of babesiosis in human population exposed to ticks Ixodes ricinus by examination of Babesia microti DNA occurrence in ticks of all development stages. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to estimate the occurrence of DNA Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus. The Bab1 and Bab4 primers were used to amplify fragment. 238bp in length, of 18S rRNA gene for small ribosomal subunit. Amplicons were electroforeticaly separated in agarose gels. Ticks were collected in year 1999 and 2000, twice in each year in spring-summer (May-July) and summer-autumn (August-October) seasons from Goleni6w Forest and Pobierowo. These places have been classified as people attendance and tourist areas. The 716 I. ricinus ticks were collected in 1999 with 61.3% of nymphs, 17.8% larvae, 10.9% females and 9.9% males. Highest range of infection was observed in females--28.8% studied, than males--18.3%, nymphs--7.7% and larvae--3.l1%. The total number of 416 I. ricinus was collected in year 2000 with 64% of nymphs. 13.4%/males. 11.9% females and 10.7% larvae. The infection with Babesia microtri occurred only in three nymphs, which was 0.7% of studied population.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of Babesia microti in Ixodes ricinus ticks from Lublin region (eastern Poland).

A total of 1,367 Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 5 districts of the Lublin region (eastern Poland) were examined for the presence of Babesia microti DNA by PCR and nested-PCR. As many as 74 ticks (5.4 %) were found to be infected with Babesia microti. The infection rate varied significantly with stage/sex of ticks (chi (2) =16.48543, df=2, p < 0.000264). The infection rates in females and males amounted to 6.4 % and 8.8 % respectively and were significantly higher (p=0.006 and p=0.0001 respectively) compared to minimum infection rate in nymphs that was equal to 2.8 %. The prevalence of infection showed also a significant variability depending on geographic location within the Lublin region (chi(2) =18.62812, df=4, p < 0.000932). The highest rates of infection with Babesia microti were noted in ticks collected from the areas of Puławy district situated in the northern part of region and the suburban Lublin district situated in the central part of the region (8.0 % and 7.3 % respectively). Mediocre infection rates (respectively 3.4 % and 3.3 %) were found in ticks from the Parczew and Włodawa districts situated in eastern part of the region and covered with humid lakeland forests. The lowest infection rate (0.5 %) was noted in ticks from the Zamość district situated in southern part of the region. In conclusion, the infection rate of Ixodes ricinus ticks with Babesia microti found in this study is higher compared to the majority of data reported by Polish and other European authors, and indicates a potential risk of human infection during occupational or recreational exposure to tick bite.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The first isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) ticks in Poland.

Among ticks Ixodes ricinus collected in April 1994 in the forest near Fraknowo (Olsztyn province, N. C. Poland), 17 ticks were evaluated for Borrelia infection by cultivating in the BSK-H medium (Sigma). The ticks were examined in five pools--four of 3 females and one pool of 5 nymphs. Spirochaetes were cultured successfully only from one pool of females and identified as Borrelia burgdorferi with monoclonal antibodies: H 9724, H 5332, H 3TS and 11 G 1 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). This is the first reported isolate of B. burgdorferi from Ixodes ricinus in Poland.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Geographic variability in the sexually mature phase of Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae). Experience in using databases on morphometry].

The aim of the article is to estimate geographic variation of Ixodes persulcatus adults as a whole. Intraspecific variation of the females and males of Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930 has been studied in eight geographical localities ("populations") of its distribution range (fig. 1.). The distance between western and eastern localities is more than 8700 km, between northern and southern ones it is approximately 2900 km. Twenty five to thirty specimens of each sex were studied in each geographical locality. The following eleven characters were used (fig. 2, 3): length of scutum (conscutum), width of scutum (conscutum), length of anal ring, width of anal ring, length of spiracular plate, width of spiracular plate, length of gnathosoma, width of gnathosoma, length of II-III articles of palps, length of hypostome, length of tarsus 1. The multidimensional scaling method by means of software package SYSTAT was used for estimation of relationships between populations on the basis of morphometrical data. The differences between the populations were revealed only from absolute sizes of organs, whereas their proportions (i. e. shape) were constant in all geographical localities. Fig. 4, 1 shows that females from localities G (Primorski Territory) and C (Tien Shan Mountains) occupy extreme positions. Fig. 4, 2 shows that males from localities G (Primorski Territory) and D (SW Altai Mountains) on the one hand and A, B (European) on the other one occupy extreme positions. Locality C (Tien Shan Mountains) is similar to F (Western Sayan Mountains) and to European (A, B) whereas females of locality C differ from A, B and F. Taking into account the partial discrepancy of relationships between populations in sexes we have united the data on corresponding characters of both sexes in the aggregate data base (fig. 4, 3). This was possible owing to the multidimensional scaling method. Fig. 4, 3 shows isolated position of the population G (Primorski Territory), specimens of which are the largest in sizes. The populations D (SW Altai Mountains) and H (Sakhalin Island) are morphometrically most similar to the population G. The population C (Tien-Shan Mountains) is represented of the smallest specimens. The European populations (A and B) are closer to C. The largest sizes are typical of the populations G and D associated with relict Tertiary landscapes of Primorski Territory and SW Altai with which areas of ecological optimum of I. persulcatus coincide. The smallest sizes are observed in the European populations (A, B) near the north-western boundary of the distribution range of the species, as well as in the Alpine population of Tien-Shan Mountains, near the upper vertical boundary of the distribution range (2000-3000 m above sea level). Climatic conditions of the habitat in these areas are similar to those of the northwestern part of the distribution range of I. persulcatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Spatial distribution of larval Ixodes scapularis (Acari:Ixodidae) on Peromyscus leucopus and Microtus pennsylvanicus at two island sites.

Larval blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, were collected from white-footed mice. Peromyscus leucopus, on Prudence Island (where Microtus pennsylvanicus were not captured) and from meadow voles. M. pennsylvanicus, on Patience Island (where P. leucopus was absent) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island from June to October 1992. Ixodes scapularis larvae were also collected by flagging in the vicinity of host captures. On both islands, the relative density of larvae changed from July to September in samples from hosts, but not in flagging samples. Consequently, different sampling techniques can give different assessments of tick populations. Larvae were highly aggregated on both of the host species throughout the sampling period. As the mean relative density of larvae increased in the environment (based on flagging samples), larvae on the hosts became more dense and more crowded. Increased densities of larvae in the environment were not correlated with increased patchiness in the distribution of larvae among host animals on either island. Changes in the spatial distribution of larval I. scapularis on each host species had similar trends as larval densities and distributions within the environment. These results suggest that M. pennsylvanicus can serve as an alternative host for immature I. scapularis in a P. leucopus-free environment and have similar distributional characteristics.

Analysis of Variance↗