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PubMed2006

Food risk perceptions, gender, and individual differences in avoidance and approach motivation, intuitive and analytic thinking styles, and anxiety.

Risks appear to be perceived in two different ways, affectively and rationally. Finnish adult internet users were contacted via e-mail and asked to fill an internet questionnaire consisting of questions of food risks and measures of avoidance and approach motivation, analytic and intuitive information processing style, trait anxiety, and gender in order to find out (1) whether food risks are perceived two-dimensionally, (2) how individual differences in motivation, information processing, and anxiety are associated with the different dimensions of food risk perceptions, and (3) whether gender moderates these associations. The data were analyzed by factor, correlation and regression analyses. Three factors emerged: risk scariness, risk likelihood, and risks of cardiovascular disease. Personality and gender x personality interactions predicted food risk perceptions. Results showed that food risk perceptions generally form two dimensions; scariness and likelihood, but that this may depend on the nature of the risk. In addition, results imply that individuals with high avoidance motivation perceive food risks as scarier and more likely than others, and that individuals with an analytic information processing style perceive food risks as less likely than others. Trait anxiety seems to be associated with higher food risk perceptions only among men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An intuitive visualisation of intercomparison results applied to the KCDB.

A simple and intuitive graphical method is presented for producing a summary overview of experimental results of a common measurand, e.g. in the frame of an intercomparison. The PomPlots display (relative) deviations of individual results from the consensus value on the horizontal axis and (relative) uncertainties on the vertical axis. The z-scores, z=1, 2 and 3, are represented by diagonal lines, creating the aspect of a pyramidal structure. The most accurate and precise measurement results should be situated close to the top of the pyramid. The plots are used to visualise data from the BIPM key comparison database on primary radioactivity measurements.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters.

OBJECTIVE: Examine a model that encourages health at every size as opposed to weight loss. The health at every size concept supports homeostatic regulation and eating intuitively (ie, in response to internal cues of hunger, satiety, and appetite). DESIGN: Six-month, randomized clinical trial; 2-year follow-up. SUBJECTS: White, obese, female chronic dieters, aged 30 to 45 years (N=78). SETTING: Free-living, general community. INTERVENTIONS: Six months of weekly group intervention (health at every size program or diet program), followed by 6 months of monthly aftercare group support. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometry (weight, body mass index), metabolic fitness (blood pressure, blood lipids), energy expenditure, eating behavior (restraint, eating disorder pathology), and psychology (self-esteem, depression, body image). Attrition, attendance, and participant evaluations of treatment helpfulness were also monitored. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Analysis of variance. RESULTS: Cognitive restraint decreased in the health at every size group and increased in the diet group, indicating that both groups implemented their programs. Attrition (6 months) was high in the diet group (41%), compared with 8% in the health at every size group. Fifty percent of both groups returned for 2-year evaluation. Health at every size group members maintained weight, improved in all outcome variables, and sustained improvements. Diet group participants lost weight and showed initial improvement in many variables at 1 year; weight was regained and little improvement was sustained. CONCLUSIONS: The health at every size approach enabled participants to maintain long-term behavior change; the diet approach did not. Encouraging size acceptance, reduction in dieting behavior, and heightened awareness and response to body signals resulted in improved health risk indicators for obese women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A qualitative study exploring the support needs of first-time mothers on their journey towards intuitive parenting.

OBJECTIVE: to gain an understanding of the experiences of first-time mothers in the early weeks of motherhood in order to elicit what areas of support these women find empowering in easing their adjustment. DESIGN: a grounded theory approach was used. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews. SETTING: an area in the South of England with maternity services provided by a consultant obstetric unit and four midwife-led centres. PARTICIPANTS: eight primiparous women aged 20-39 years, who had given birth normally at term to a healthy baby. FINDINGS: five categories 'expert to novice', 'losing touch', 'perceiving expertise', 'restoring balance' and 'falling into place' revealed a journey women travelled as they left behind their comfortable, controlled lives in which they were 'experts' and faced the unknown world of motherhood. Eventually, practice, support and knowledge shared with peers facilitated proficiency and intuitive mothering. Throughout this transition, the overriding concern of the mothers was to develop confidence and skills to give optimal care to their baby. 'Doing it right' emerged as the core category. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: an understanding of the factors women considered to be supportive or inhibitive in easing their adjustment to motherhood might enable midwives to move beyond more traditional forms of postnatal care to explore innovative ways of providing and facilitating access to supportive resources.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Extreme discordant phenotype methodology: an intuitive approach to clinical pharmacogenetics.

Pharmacogenetics represents "the study of variability in drug response due to heredity". Of the more than six dozen pharmacogenetic differences described in the medical literature, the majority of these variations occurs in drug-metabolizing enzyme genes and others in drug receptor and drug transporter genes, whereas many others have not yet been explained on a molecular basis. It is clear that "drug efficacy" or "drug toxicity" represents a multiplex phenotype, i.e. interaction between the drug (or its metabolites) and the gene products (enzymes, receptors, other targets) of two, and usually many more than two, genes. Because there is a gradient in these phenotypes (efficacy or toxicity), it is extremely important to select patients having the most unequivocal phenotype possible-if one wishes to find the gene(s) responsible for the trait. The method of "extreme discordant phenotype" (EDP) is therefore highly recommended. Using EDP methodology, DNA sequence variants (genotype) can be unconditionally correlated with drug efficacy or toxicity (phenotype). EDP methodology is mathematically intuitive and, in essence, has been used in a number of previous clinical pharmacogenetic studies. This EDP approach should be applicable to virtually any pharmaceutical agent in patient populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Resistance, capacitance, and electrode kinetic effects in Fourier-transformed large-amplitude sinusoidal voltammetry: emergence of powerful and intuitively obvious tools for recognition of patterns of behavior.

Large-amplitude sinusoidal ac voltammetric techniques, when analyzed in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform-inverse Fourier transform sequence, produce the expected dc and fundamental harmonic ac responses in addition to very substantial second, third, and higher ac harmonics that arise from the presence of significant nonlinearity. A full numerical simulation of the process, Red right arrow over left arrow Ox + e(-), incorporates terms for the uncompensated resistance (R(u)), capacitance of the double layer (C(dl)), and slow electron transfer kinetics (in particular, the reversible potential (E degrees ), rate constant (k(0)), and charge transfer coefficient (alpha) from the Butler-Volmer model). Identification of intuitively obvious patterns of behavior (with characteristically different sensitivity regimes) in dc, fundamental, and higher harmonic terms enables simple protocols to be developed to estimate R(u), C(dl), E degrees , k(0), and alpha. Thus, if large-amplitude sinusoidal cyclic voltammograms are obtained for two concentrations of the reduced species, data obtained from analysis of the recovered signals provide initial estimates of parameters as follows: (a) the dc cyclic component provides an estimate of E degrees (because the R(u) and k(0) effects are minimized); (b) the fundamental harmonic provides an estimate of C(dl) (because it has a high capacitance-to-faradaic current ratio); and (c) the second harmonic provides an estimate of R(u), k(0), and alpha (because the C(dl) effect is minimized). Methods of refining the initial estimates are then implemented. As a check on the fidelity of the parameters (estimated on the basis of an essentially heuristic approach that solely utilizes the dc, fundamental, and second harmonic voltammograms), comparison of the predicted simulated and experimental third (or higher) harmonic voltammograms can be made to verify that agreement between theory and experiment has been achieved at a predetermined level. The use of the heuristic pattern recognition approach to evaluate the oxidation of ferrocene at a platinum electrode (a reversible process) in the very high resistance solvent dichloromethane (0.1 M Bu(4)NPF(6)) and the reduction of [Fe(CN(6))](3)(-) at a glassy carbon electrode (a quasi-reversible process) in much lower resistance but higher capacitance conditions found in aqueous (0.5 M KCl) media is described and verifies the inherent advantages of employing large-amplitude sinusoidal techniques in quantitative studies of electrode processes.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a method for evaluating drug-likeness and ease of synthesis using a data set in which compounds are assigned scores based on chemists' intuition.

The concept of drug-likeness, an important characteristic for any compound in a screening library, is nevertheless difficult to pin down. Based on our belief that this concept is implicit within the collective experience of working chemists, we devised a data set to capture an intuitive human understanding of both this characteristic and ease of synthesis, a second key characteristic. Five chemists assigned a pair of scores to each of 3980 diverse compounds, with the component scores of each pair corresponding to drug-likeness and ease of synthesis, respectively. Using this data set, we devised binary classifiers with an artificial neural network and a support vector machine. These models were found to efficiently eliminate compounds that are not drug-like and/or hard-to-synthesize derivatives, demonstrating the suitability of these models for use as compound acquisition filters.

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Hydration of phenylketene revisited: a counter-intuitive result.

In previous work (Can. J. Chem. 1987, 65, 1719-1723 and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9165-9171), flash photolysis of diazoacetophenone or phenylhydroxycyclopropenone in aqueous solution was found to produce phenylketene as a short-lived transient species with absorbance at lambda congruent with 260 nm, which decayed with single-exponential kinetics. It has now been discovered that, in the acidity region [H(+)] = 0.000 01 to 0.06 M, this decay is preceded by a faster absorbance rise, and that the overall change conforms well to a double exponential rate law. Analysis of the new data produces rate profiles whose general shapes, as well as the numerical values of their constituent rate constants, plus the form of buffer catalysis, indicate that this newly discovered absorbance rise represents ketonization of phenylacetic acid enol, and that the subsequent absorbance decay represents addition of water to phenylketene. The chemistry of the system, however, requires ketene hydration to precede enol ketonization in a time sequence opposite from that of the absorbance changes. This seemingly counter-intuitive result is nevertheless consistent with the rate law that governs the time evolution of the central species in a two-step rise and decay, such as that observed here.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Simple, intuitive calculations of free energy of binding for protein-ligand complexes. 1. Models without explicit constrained water.

The prediction of the binding affinity between a protein and ligands is one of the most challenging issues for computational biochemistry and drug discovery. While the enthalpic contribution to binding is routinely available with molecular mechanics methods, the entropic contribution is more difficult to estimate. We describe and apply a relatively simple and intuitive calculation procedure for estimating the free energy of binding for 53 protein-ligand complexes formed by 17 proteins of known three-dimensional structure and characterized by different active site polarity. HINT, a software model based on experimental LogP(o/w) values for small organic molecules, was used to evaluate and score all atom-atom hydropathic interactions between the protein and the ligands. These total scores (H(TOTAL)), which have been previously shown to correlate with DeltaG(interaction) for protein-protein interactions, correlate with DeltaG(binding) for protein-ligand complexes in the present study with a standard error of +/-2.6 kcal mol(-1) from the equation DeltaG(binding) = -0.001 95 H(TOTAL) - 5.543. A more sophisticated model, utilizing categorized (by interaction class) HINT scores, produces a superior standard error of +/-1.8 kcal mol(-1). It is shown that within families of ligands for the same protein binding site, better models can be obtained with standard errors approaching +/-1.0 kcal mol(-1). Standardized methods for preparing crystallographic models for hydropathic analysis are also described. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the ionization state of the ligands and the pH conditions under which the binding measurements are made. Sources and potential remedies of experimental and modeling errors affecting prediction of DeltaG(binding) are discussed.

Aldehyde-Lyases↗
PubMed1988

Conditional hedges and the intuitive psychology of traits.

The view that the intuitive psychologist exaggerates the consistency of personality implies that dispositional constructs are condition-free summary statements about generalized behavioral tendencies. This article considers the alternative view that dispositional constructs summarize specific condition-behavior contingencies. Despite their condition-free appearance, the dispositional constructs used by child and adult observers in their personality descriptions were hedged by modifiers that reflected knowledge of the variability of behavior. Children's descriptions of their aggressive and withdrawn peers included probabilistic hedges that indicated uncertainty about the occurrence of behaviors (person sometimes does x). Adults made dispositional attributions with greater certainty, but more often modified them with conditional statements which identified when dispositionally relevant behaviors might be observed (person does x when y). Content analyses of these conditional statements revealed that adults systematically linked specific categories of conditions (e.g., aversive interpersonal events) to specific categories of social behavior (e.g., aggressive acts). The results help to clarify how people may hedge dispositional terms in ways that reflect their sensitivity to covariation between situations and behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Emotion in social reflection and comparison situations: intuitive, systematic, and exploratory approaches.

We asked 26 subjects to recall and describe social situations in which either a close or a distant other performed better or worse than the self at an activity that was either high or low in relevance to the self. Subjects then rated the extent to which they experienced each of 18 different emotions in each situation. They also rated each situation on a series of dimensions that Smith and Ellsworth (1985) found to be consequential for differentiating emotions. In a series of analyses guided by intuitive hypotheses, the Smith and Ellsworth theoretical approach, and a relatively unconstrained, open-ended exploration of the data, the situations were found to vary with respect to the emotions of pride, jealousy or envy, pride in the other, boredom, and happiness. We discuss the results in terms of their relevance to emotion theories and to the self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Children and adults as intuitive scientists.

The metaphor of children and lay adults as intuitive scientists has gained wide acceptance. Although useful in one sense, pertaining to scientific understanding, in another, pertaining to the process of scientific thinking, the metaphor may be fundamentally misleading. Research is reviewed indicating that processes of scientific thinking differ significantly in children, lay adults, and scientists. Hence, it is the instruments of scientific thinking, not just the products, that undergo "strong restructuring" (Carey, 1986). A framework for conceptualizing development of scientific thinking processes is proposed, centering on progressive differentiation and coordination of theory and evidence. This development is metacognitive, as well as strategic. It requires thinking about theories, rather than merely with them, and thinking about evidence, rather than merely being influenced by it, and, hence, reflects the attainment of control over the interaction of theories and evidence in one's own thinking.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Bayesian statistics in medical research: an intuitive alternative to conventional data analysis.

Statistical analysis of both experimental and observational data is central to medical research. Unfortunately, the process of conventional statistical analysis is poorly understood by many medical scientists. This is due, in part, to the counter-intuitive nature of the basic tools of traditional (frequency-based) statistical inference. For example, the proper definition of a conventional 95% confidence interval is quite confusing. It is based upon the imaginary results of a series of hypothetical repetitions of the data generation process and subsequent analysis. Not surprisingly, this formal definition is often ignored and a 95% confidence interval is widely taken to represent a range of values that is associated with a 95% probability of containing the true value of the parameter being estimated. Working within the traditional framework of frequency-based statistics, this interpretation is fundamentally incorrect. It is perfectly valid, however, if one works within the framework of Bayesian statistics and assumes a 'prior distribution' that is uniform on the scale of the main outcome variable. This reflects a limited equivalence between conventional and Bayesian statistics that can be used to facilitate a simple Bayesian interpretation based on the results of a standard analysis. Such inferences provide direct and understandable answers to many important types of question in medical research. For example, they can be used to assist decision making based upon studies with unavoidably low statistical power, where non-significant results are all too often, and wrongly, interpreted as implying 'no effect'. They can also be used to overcome the confusion that can result when statistically significant effects are too small to be clinically relevant. This paper describes the theoretical basis of the Bayesian-based approach and illustrates its application with a practical example that investigates the prevalence of major cardiac defects in a cohort of children born using the assisted reproduction technique known as ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection).

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of intuitive versus systematic strategies for aetiological diagnosis of pericardial effusion.

In an attempt to elucidate better the various aetiologies of pericardial effusion, we developed a diagnostic protocol that incorporated a battery of systematic tests including blood cultures, throat swab cultures and serological tests for various infectious agents and estimation of serum antinuclear antibodies and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. Over a 2-y period ending May 2000, we evaluated prospectively and diagnostic usefulness of our strategy in a cohort (n = 136) of patients with pericardial effusion treated at Hospital Timone (HT), Marseille. We compared our findings with those observed in a retrospectively (May 1998-May 2000) drawn cohort (n = 127) of patients treated at Hospital Louis Pradel (HLP), Lyon and in which the laboratory investigation towards establishing an aetiological diagnosis was undertaken intuitively. Overall, the aetiologies were obvious clinically in 18% of cases. In other cases, specific aetiologies (27.3% vs 3.9%; p < 0.001), including treatable conditions (11.1% vs 2.4%; p < 0.001) were identified significantly more frequently in the HT cohort compared to the HLP cohort. The diagnosis strategy we propose may be helpful in elucidating the aetiological diagnosis of pericardial effusion when a cause is not obvious clinically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Mechanical manipulator for intuitive control of endoscopic instruments with seven degrees of freedom.

Performing complex tasks such as vascular anastomosis in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is demanding due to a disturbed hand-eye co-ordination, the application of non-ergonomic instruments with limited number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) and a lack of three-dimensional perception. Robotic tele-manipulatory systems enhance surgical dexterity by providing up to seven DOFs. They allow the surgeon to operate in an ergonomically favourable position with more intuitive manipulation of the instruments. Robotic systems, however, are very bulky, expensive and do not provide any force feedback from the tissue. The aim of our study is to develop a simple mechanical manipulator for MIS. The Minimally Invasive Manipulator (MIM) is a purely mechanical device. When manipulating the handle of the MIM, the surgeon's wrist and grasping movements, which are essential for suturing, are directly transmitted to the deflectable instrument tip in seven DOFs. It gives the surgeon direct control of the instrument tip. First phantom experience indicates that the system functions properly. The MIM provides force feedback to improve safety. A set of MIMs seems to be an economical and compact alternative to robotic systems and will offer more surgeons the capability to perform complex MIS and to shorten their learning curve.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Kurtzke scales revisited: the application of psychometric methods to clinical intuition.

When developing his disability scales for multiple sclerosis, Kurtzke demonstrated perception and insight. However, 45 years later, the evaluation of his clinically derived scales remains limited, particularly for more disabled patients. Indeed, many of Kurtzke's assumptions underpinning the development of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Functional Systems (FS) are untested. This study aims to build on previous work and provide a more detailed examination using psychometric methods of the EDSS and FS. There are three study objectives: (i) to examine comprehensively the psychometric properties of the EDSS in more disabled people with multiple sclerosis undergoing in-patient rehabilitation; (ii) to examine the reliability of the FS and test Kurtzke's assumptions that they measure different aspects of the neurological examination and measure different constructs from that measured by the EDSS; and (iii) to examine whether the FS can be summed to generate a summary score. The EDSS was examined for its acceptability (score distributions), reliability (inter- and intra-rater reproducibility, standard error of measurement), validity (convergent and discriminant validity, measurement precision, discrimination between individuals) and responsiveness (effect size). The FS were examined for their reliability (inter- and intra-rater reproducibility), intercorrelations, correlations with the EDSS and the extent to which they satisfy Likert's criteria as a summed rating scale. In this more disabled sample of people with multiple sclerosis, the EDSS is an acceptable measure but demonstrates limited variability. Inter-rater reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC = 0.78) is adequate for group comparison studies, but intra-rater reproducibility is variable (ICC = 0.62-0.94). Convergent and discriminant validity for the EDSS is supported, but its measurement precision relative to the Functional Independence Measure is limited (56%). Also, the EDSS has a limited ability to distinguish between individuals in terms of their disability and its responsiveness is poor (effect size = 0.10). Results indicate that the FS measure constructs distinct from each other (intercorrelations = -0.23 to +0. 52) and from the EDSS (correlations = -0.10 to +0.59). Intra-rater, but not inter-rater reproducibility is adequate for group comparison studies. The FS do not satisfy criteria as an eight-, seven- or six-item summed rating scale. Despite being based on sound clinical intuition, the lack of psychometric input into the development of the EDSS and FS has limited their usefulness as evaluative outcome measures in multiple sclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Individualised aminoglycoside dosage based on pharmacokinetic analysis is superior to dosage based on physician intuition at achieving target plasma drug concentrations.

1. A prospective randomised trial was conducted to compare aminoglycoside dose prediction based on individually measured pharmacokinetic data, with dosage based on physician intuition. 2. After 2 days of therapy more patients in the pharmacokinetic group had achieved both peak (6-10 mg 1(-1] and trough (1-2 mg 1(-1] target plasma concentrations (P = 0.007), peaks alone (P = 0.01) and troughs alone (P = 0.01). Their mean (s.e. mean) peak concentration was 6.49 +/- 0.39 mg 1(-1) compared with 4.27 +/- 0.52 mg 1(-1) in the control group (P = 0.001), with trough concentrations of 1.44 +/- 0.22 mg 1(-1) and 0.94 +/- 0.21 mg 1(-1) respectively (P = 0.054). 3. After 5 days of therapy, peak and trough concentrations were still significantly higher in the pharmacokinetic group despite empirical dose adjustment (P = 0.01 and P = 0.013 respectively). 4. The mean (s.e. mean) daily dose of aminoglycoside was higher in the computer group (312 +/- 17 mg vs 203 +/- 13 mg, P = 0.001). 5. These findings suggest that dose estimation based on measured pharmacokinetic parameters is superior at achieving target plasma drug concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Confidence intervals in procedural dermatology: an intuitive approach to interpreting data.

BACKGROUND: Significant differences observed in therapeutic trials in procedural dermatology are typically denoted by p values of less than .05. Alternatively, significance can be conveyed by use of confidence intervals. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to clarify how confidence intervals convey the same information about outcomes as p values, albeit in a slightly different manner. METHODS: (1) Selective review of textbooks and other relevant literature and (2) presentation of a brief tutorial describing confidence interval determination for therapeutic clinical trials comparing differences between means of two groups. RESULTS: Routine use of confidence intervals is an intuitively satisfying means for conveying the statistical significance of results and can be used in combination with p values for understanding these results. Specifically, confidence intervals are a useful tool for indicating the size, spread, and direction of the observed differences. Unfortunately, dermatologic surgery trials tend to have low sample sizes, which frequently result in outcomes below the threshold of statistical significance (p > .05, or confidence intervals including 1.00). In the absence of statistical significance, neither p values nor confidence intervals yield definitive results. CONCLUSION: Confidence intervals can complement p values as a means for explaining statistical significant differences. When differences are not statistically significant but are clinically significant and approach statistical significance, neither p values nor confidence intervals can definitively establish whether the observed trends are indicative of an underlying difference. In these cases, common in procedural dermatology, larger, better designed, randomized prospective trials are needed.

Confidence Intervals↗