A double-blind randomized therapeutic trial of insect repellents for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy.
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Administration, Topical↗
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Alkyl and aryl neoalkanamides: highly effective insect repellents.
Alkyl and aryl neoalkanamides with a total carbon number between 11 and 14, or within a molecular weight range between 185 and 227, were highly effective repellents of male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). Comparison with known repellents showed that members of this unique family of secondary amides are among the most effective and long-lasting repellents of cockroaches examined to date. In assays with females and nymphs of the German cockroach, male American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), and carpenter ant workers, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer) methyl neodecanamide, propyl neodecanamide, and methyl neotridecanamide were found highly repellent. Because of their broad spectrum of activity, longevity, and safety, these compounds, along with several other members of this family, have important applications as repellents of nuisance pests and of arthropods of public health importance.
Amides↗
Activities of the Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation with medicinal, insecticidal and insect repellent plants.
In addition to original research, Far-Manguinhos, the Pharmaceutical Division of the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), devotes major attention to the finalising of products for use in public health campaigns or, under contract, for private industrial development. Emphasis is on standardisation, adequate supply, safety in use and efficacy. Among the products discussed in this summary of some of its activities in the chemical and pharmaceutical fields are medicinal plants Bidens pilosa, Cymbopogon citratus, Copaifera species, Mentha crispa, Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. and other Phyllanthus species, insecticidal plants, Lonchocarpus urucu and Quassia amara, and the insect antifeedant plants Carapa guianensis and Pterodon emarginatus.
Academies and Institutes↗
Exposure of children to Deet and other topically applied insect repellents.
BACKGROUND: Use of topical repellents on children is common. Anecdotal reports suggest repellents may be applied inappropriately, but no studies characterizing the actual usage patterns and exposure of children have been reported. METHODS: In the summer of 2002, a cross-sectional survey on the use patterns of repellents on children and possible associated effects was conducted in Maryland campgrounds. Information requested included products used, details of applications, post-application practices, and parents' decision-making process. RESULTS: The study yielded 301 respondents. Deet was the most commonly used active ingredient (83.4%); aerosols were the most common formulation (42.5%). Over a third of subjects (38.9%) treated their children's clothing as well as their skin. Over half of the children did not remove the repellent before going to bed. More than a third of parents failed to read or follow label directions. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides documentation of practices leading to undesirable exposure. Educational outreach to change parents' usage patterns is indicated.
Adolescent↗
Coarctation of the aorta in male cousins with similar maternal environmental exposure to insect repellent and insecticides.
Two male infants, whose mothers are sisters and whose fathers are unrelated, were born within two weeks of each other. Both infants had coarctation of the aorta. Since both mothers were exposed to an insecticide while on a camping trip in the first trimester of pregnancy, it is unknown whether genetic or environmental factors caused the anomalies. Observations should be made on other patients with congenital heart defects to clarify the etiologic factors.
Adult↗
Severe neurotoxic reaction associated with oral ingestion of low-dose diethyltoluamide-containing insect repellent in a child.
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the major component of almost all tick repellent products. Reports of severe adverse reactions following voluntary ingestion are rare and primarily involve adults. This report describes a case of a toxic reaction after ingestion of low doses (80 mg/kg) of DEET in a child. The signs and symptoms were coma and seizures within 2 hours of ingestion. The patient recovered without sequelae. It is concluded that even scant doses of DEET may provoke severe encephalopathy in small children, and caution should be used when leaving this chemical unattended.
Child, Preschool↗
Determination of some insect repellents in cosmetic products by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.
A simple and reliable thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in raw material and cosmetic products was developed and validated. A benzene-diethyl ether-cyclohexane (5:3:2, v/v/v) solvent system was used for quantitative evaluation of chromatograms. The chromatographic zones corresponding to the spots of DEET and DMP on the silica gel plates were scanned in the reflectance/absorbance mode at 230 nm. The method was found to be reproducible and convenient for the quantitative analysis of DEET and DMF in raw material and cosmetic products.
Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
N,N'-diethyl-m-toluamide (m-DET): analysis of an insect repellent in human urine and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.
A procedure for monitoring m-DET in human urine and serum is described. m-DET is removed from the urine specimen by partitioning into diethyl ether, but solid-phase extraction is used to remove it from human serum. The urine and serum m-DET values are determined by HPLC with a UV detector. The limit of detection was 0.09 micrograms/mL in urine and 0.09 micrograms/g for serum. The percent of m-DET recovered from human urine spiked between 0.50 and 8.00 micrograms/mL was 90 +/- 5.4%. For human serum spiked between 0.25 and 10.00, the percent recovered was 96 +/- 5.9%. The pooled relative standard deviations (RSD) for spiked matrices were 0.06 for urine and 0.06 for serum.
Adolescent↗
Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcomas, insect repellents, and phenoxyherbicides.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if there is an additional risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or soft tissue sarcoma as a consequence of exposure to a combination of phenoxyherbicides, rubber gloves, DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and sunlight compared with each of the individual chemicals. METHODS: This was a population-based study of men with specific cancers and age, province-matched control subjects. RESULTS: No additional risk from these combinations of exposures of developing these three types of tumor was found in contrast to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms by which phenoxyherbicides contribute to the risk of multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be different.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
Neurological effects associated with use of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET).
BACKGROUND: N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide, an effective tick repellent, when applied to the skin, is the major component of essentially all of the products marketed for this purpose. It is used by about 30% of the US population, and by 23-29% of children in this population. Reports of neurologic adversity and death are rare and primarily involve children, but the dose relationship between N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide exposure and the symptoms reported in the clinical literature is difficult to establish. METHODS: Animal toxicology studies, clinical reports of neurological adversities in children and adults, and the available Poison Control Center records have been reviewed in an effort to understand the relationship between the N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide exposure and reported adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Based on (1) the animal toxicology database on N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, (2) the reports of adverse events in humans, and (3) the possible alternate etiologies for the symptoms reported in most patients, the risk of adversity from label-directed use of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide appears low. Future efforts should focus on the prospective collection of adversity data with special attention paid to the documentation of clinical effects.
Administration, Cutaneous↗
Laboratory evaluation of controlled-release insect repellent formulations.
Seven microcapsule formulations and two polymer formulations of deet were tested on white rabbits for their repellency against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Two microcapsule formulations and one polymer formulation provided more than 80% protection for 12 hours. Results demonstrated that the protection period of deet can be extended through controlled-release techniques.
Administration, Cutaneous↗
Insect repellent jacket tests against biting midges (diptera: Culicoides) in Panama.
Light-weight net jackets treated with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) were field-tested in Panama against five species of biting midges, principally Culicoides furens (Poey) and C. barbosai Wirth and Blanton. The deet-treated jacket provided 87-93% protection. Time of day as well as season appeared to influence the proportionate numbers of species collected. The mean coefficient of protection was slightly lower during morning tests when C. barbosai was most abundant and higher during evening tests when C. furens was most abundant.
Benzamides↗
Garlic as an insect repellent.
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Animals↗
Laboratory testing of the insect repellent KBR 3023 against Phlebotomus duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae).
The relative efficacy of commercially available formulations of the new repellent KBR 3023 (Bayrepel, Bayer, Germany) was compared against Phlebotomus duboscqi. The results provided laboratory evidence of phlebotomine sandfly sensitivity.
Animals↗
Diethyltoluamide (DEET) insect repellent toxicosis.
Poisonings resulting from DEET are rarely encountered in companion animals. In human patients, DEET toxicosis has been associated with the development of a toxic encephalopathy characterized by tremors, seizures, behavioral changes, and abnormal movements. Generally, DEET toxicosis in companion animals is of short duration and is characterized by vomiting, tremors, ataxia, and excitation. Treatment for DEET toxicosis includes symptomatic therapy and decontamination.
Animals↗
Synthesis of grisan and coumaran-3-one derivatives with potential insect-repellent properties.
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Aedes↗
Anaphylaxis associated with insect repellent.
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Adult↗
Dermal absorption of the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) in rats and monkeys: effect of anatomical site and multiple exposure.
The dermal absorption of 14C-ring-labeled DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) applied in acetone to the skin of Sprague-Dawley rats and rhesus monkeys for 24 h was determined. Absorption in rats dosed middorsally was 36 +/- 8% with a urinary excretion half-life (t1/2) of 20 h. Both the extent and rate of absorption in monkeys were highly dependent on anatomic site, with 14 +/- 5% (t1/2 = 4 h) penetrating the forearm, 33 +/- 11% (t1/2 = 6 h) the forehead, 27 +/- 3% (t1/2 = 7 h) the dorsal forepaw, and 68 +/- 9% (t1/2 = 8 h) the ventral forepaw. Since DEET is commonly applied frequently by the same individual, the effect of multiple exposure was investigated. No significant difference (p greater than or equal to .3) was obtained either between the total percentage absorbed dermally with single (36 +/- 8%; t1/2 = 20 h) as compared with three (31 +/- 5%; t1/2 = 16 h) DEET applications at 2-h intervals to rats, or between single (14 +/- 5%; t1/2 = 4 h) as compared with three (12 +/- 1%; t1/2 = 4 h) applications at 0.5-h intervals to monkey forearm. A DEET metabolite detected in urine 4 h following topical exposure in humans was extractable following either acid (HCl) hydrolysis or urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase and was identified as ethyltoluamide (parent ion 163; base ion 119) following HPLC purification and characterization by GC/MS.
Animals↗