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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Individual psychotherapy with mentally retarded individuals: a review and call for research.

Although most mental health professionals doubt the capacity of mentally retarded patients to benefit from psychotherapy, a review of case studies, writings, and research revealed that mentally retarded patients responded positively to treatment. Practitioners familiar with this population developed six major recommendations for adapting psychotherapeutic approaches to mentally retarded patients. In order for therapy to be successful, it is recommended that clinicians adapt standard technique to the patient's cognitive level, be directive in approach, be flexible during therapy, engage significant others in the therapeutic process, carefully manage transference and countertransference issues, and directly address the issue of mental retardation as a disability. The results of three research studies suggested that mentally retarded patients benefit from psychotherapy, although a fourth study showed negative results. There is a great need for systematic research to develop a knowledge base to support the growing applications of psychotherapeutic methods to this population.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do individuals with substance abuse diagnoses incur higher charges than individuals with other chronic conditions?

Concerns about high costs have led to limits on the services covered by most insurance plans for substance abuse treatment. But, the commonly used comparison group for cost analyses, all enrollees in a health-care plan, may not be appropriate because addiction is a chronic condition. Therefore, to determine whether substance abusers incur higher charges than patients with other serious chronic conditions, we used health insurance information for employees and dependents over 3 years (1989 to 1991) for two firms with a total of almost 40,000 employees to do alternate comparisons. We compared average annual charges for patients with the following diagnoses: substance abuse, substance abuse with mental illness, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes. Patients who undergo treatment for abusing alcohol, drugs, or both often (but not always) incur higher charges than people with other chronic conditions. Clear differences in average charges emerge between patients with and without mental health claims.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Short-term memory scan in normal individuals and individuals with aphasia.

Ten matched pairs of normal adults and adults with aphasia participated in a short-term memory, visual recognition paradigm wherein each determined whether or not a probe digit appeared in a subset of digits previously presented. Reaction times, measured in milliseconds from onset of probe digits until completion of visual-motor responses, were analyzed as a function of increasing subset size (two, four, and six digits) and the positive versus the negative response condition. Reaction times were significantly slower for the subjects with aphasia. Both groups of subjects demonstrated linear increases in reaction time across levels of subset size. For both groups, increases in reaction time were similar in the positive vs the negative-response conditions. Resulting parallel slopes suggested that both groups of subjects used a serial exhaustive scan of short-time memory. Results from this study did not support results obtained by others in previous studies which may have been confounded by group differences in visual retention spans.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Test battery for the diagnosis of dementia in individuals with intellectual disability. Working Group for the Establishment of Criteria for the Diagnosis of Dementia in Individuals with Intellectual Disability.

A working battery of tests for the diagnosis of dementia, which is applicable to most adults with intellectual disability, is proposed by an international Working Group. The battery, reflecting contemporary research and practice findings, includes scales for informant report of functioning and tests for direct assessment. The Working Group recommends the international use of the battery both as part of ongoing and new longitudinal research, and in clinical practice. The widespread use of a common battery will enhance communication and collaborative opportunities among researchers and clinicians at various sites, and will help to standardize diagnostic protocols and research findings. The collaborative evaluation of such a battery will address one of the greatest challenges in the field, that of differentiating change associated with ageing from that associated with dementia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The phonological loop and memory for rhythms: an individual differences approach.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between short-term memory for rhythm and the phonological loop in working memory. Results showed that digit span scores significantly correlated with the scores on the rhythmic memory task, and that the correlation between the two scores remained significant even after the common variance with reading speed was partialled out. Partial correlation and regression analyses indicated that the relation between memory for rhythm and digit span scores is mediated by the third component in the phonological loop, the component that is responsible for regulation of timing mechanisms in immediate memory tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prediction of thoracic dimensions and spine length based on individual pelvic dimensions in children and adolescents: an age-independent, individualized standard for evaluation of outcome in early onset spinal deformity.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of spine, chest, and pelvic dimensions of normal CT scans from 1999 to 2004 was performed. OBJECTIVE: To determine age-independent predictors of spine and chest dimensions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Progressive thoracic deformity is associated with early-onset spinal deformities. Patients with severe early-onset scoliosis are commonly smaller and slower to grow than normal. Newer treatment approaches emphasize spine length and chest growth. Assessing treatment outcomes is hampered by the lack of normal values appropriate for diseased children. This study establishes normal range standards of chest and spine dimensions to aid in assessment of treatment outcomes. METHODS: A total of 198 CT scans of previously healthy patients 0 to 21 years of age were measured. Measurements taken from CT scans include maximum inner chest width, anteroposterior chest depth, thoracic spine height, lumbar spine height, total spine height, and pelvic inlet width. Linear regression was applied to establish gender-specific reference ranges for spine and chest dimensions based on pelvic width. RESULTS: Chest and spine dimensions were significantly correlated with pelvic inlet width and gender (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression indicated that pelvic inlet width provided excellent fit in establishing gender-specific normal ranges independent of age. CONCLUSION: Pelvic inlet width is an age-independent predictor of pediatric chest width and thoracic dimensions that may be used to assess thoracic and spine growth in early onset spine deformity patients.

Adolescent↗