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PubMed1986

The cycle index, an alternative to the farrowing index converted to a yearly basis.

The farrowing index is an important parameter for the evaluation of sow productivity. The value of the farrowing index calculated over a relatively short period of time and converted to a yearly basis, depends largely on the number of litters produced during this period. Random differences in the numbers of litters produced in subsequent periods will strongly influence the farrowing indices of these periods. The cycle index is designed to obtain a more valuable and consistent parameter. The cycle index is based on reproductive data of sows that farrowed during a certain period and the number of production days lost because of culling of sows during that period.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Creatinine arm index as alternative for creatinine height index.

Nutritional assessment of elderly people is limited due to a lack of age-corrected standards. The objective of this study was to develop a new, more age-independent index for nutritional assessment by correcting the creatinine height index (CHI) for the age-induced changes in its variables. This might improve the differentiation between physiological reduction in muscle mass in elderly people and the changes induced by malnutrition. Seventy-four elderly and 100 young healthy volunteers were compared by anthropometric and biochemical-assessment variables. From the high correlation between total arm length and body length (r = 0.86; P less than 0.001) and the use of an alternative formula to calculate ideal body weight (IBW) from height and wrist circumference, a relatively age-independent estimate of IBW was determined. Creatinine arm index, as an adapted index of CHI, is proposed based on this age-independent IBW estimation and a specific creatinine coefficient for different age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prediction of movement at laryngeal mask airway insertion: comparison of auditory evoked potential index, bispectral index, spectral edge frequency and median frequency.

We have studied 46 patients to compare the efficacy of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) index, bispectral index (BIS), 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF) and median frequency (MF) in predicting movement in response to insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Anaesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusions of propofol and alfentanil. After loss of eyelash reflex and adequate jaw relaxation, the LMA was inserted without the assistance of a laryngoscope or neuromuscular blocker. Patients who showed any visible spontaneous muscle movement within 1 min of LMA insertion were defined as movers. Values in movers and non-movers at 30 s before LMA insertion were analysed. Only AEP index discriminated between movers and non-movers with a prediction probability of 0.872. BIS, SEF and MF could not predict movement at LMA insertion. AEP index was the most reliable predictor of movement in response to LMA insertion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Noninvasive ratio indexes to evaluate fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C: role of platelet count/spleen diameter ratio index.

OBJECTIVES: Noninvasive evaluation of fibrosis is an on-going effort in the management of chronic hepatitis C. This study was planned to noninvasively evaluate fibrosis staging. DESIGN: We evaluated the biochemical, functional [aminopyrine breath test (ABT)] and ultrasonographic variables of 75 chronic hepatitis C patients. RESULTS: Clinical [body mass index (BMI)], biochemical [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and platelets (PLT)] and ratio indexes, together with the ABT, showed a higher relationship with fibrosis: initial (score 2) fibrosis: BMI (24+/-2 vs. 26+/-2, P=0.0007), AST (56+/-36 vs. 88+/-65, P=0.0159), ALT (92+/-54 vs. 139+/-108, P=0.0290), PLT (220+/-64 vs. 173+/-61, P=0.0007), PLT/spleen diameter ratio (PLT/SPD) (2133+/-786 vs. 1540+/-681, P=0.0003), AST/platelet count ratio index (APRI) (0.80+/-0.87 vs. 1.51+/-1.47, P=0.0010), ABT%d/h30 min (10.8+/-4.5 vs. 7.6+/-3.8, P=0.0007), ABT%d/cum120 min (8.9+/-3.3 vs. 6.5+/-3.1, P=0.0007). Considering the differences between fibrosis score 2 and 3 patients, BMI, ABT and PLT/SPD ratio proved to be statistically significant. Multivariate stepwise analysis (with and without BMI) identified two models for distinguishing between initial and evident fibrosis: Model 1: -0.569+(BMIx0.107)+(APRIx0.169)-(PLT/SPDx0.304), and Model 2: 2.376+( APRIx0.152)-(ABTd/h30x0.043)-(PLT/SPDx0.249). These models showed concordance in identifying or ruling out evident fibrosis in 76% and 78.7% of the patients respectively. The PLT/SPD ratio also showed 78.7% concordance with the histological score. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that noninvasive evaluation of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C may be considered an effective tool thanks to the use of an inexpensive, reproducible ratio index.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Variability in recording and grading the need for orthodontic treatment using the handicapping malocclusion assessment record, occlusal index and dental aesthetic index.

This investigation evaluates three malocclusion treatment need indices, the Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR), the Occlusal Index (OI) and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), for reliability and inter-index correlation. Pretreatment study models of 30 cases (mean age 12.9 years, SD 1.2) were assessed using each index. All the indices demonstrated a high level of reliability and non could be selected over the other with regards intra-examiner differences. The DAI, however, was more time-saving (2.68 mins, SD 0.41) and simple to use. The highest correlation was between HMAR and OI (r = 0.87, P < 0.001) which is a reflection of the similarity in their design. This study also discusses the limitations of the three indices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Effect of age on cardiac index, stroke index and left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and during exercise as studied by radiocardiography.

Radiocardiography was used to measure cardiac output, stroke volume and left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and during muscular exercise in relation with age in 148 healthy subjects (age range: 6-78 years). A clear dependence of these parameters on age was found. The mean annual decrease at rest was 22 +/- 9 ml/min/m2 for cardiac index, 0.22 +/- 0.04 ml/m2 for stroke index and 0.0017 +/- 0.0003 for left ventricular ejection fraction. Male subjects had significantly (p less than 0.001) greater cardiac (9 +/- 4%) and stroke indices (11 +/- 3%) than females. During submaximal exercise cardiac index increased from 3.5 +/- 0.7 l/min/m2 to 8.1 +/- 1.6 l/min/m2 in male subjects (mean age: 32 years) and from 3.1 +/- 0.4 l/min/m2 to 7.2 +/- 1.2 l/min/m2 in female subjects (mean age: 29 years). The corresponding increases in stroke index and left ventricular ejection fraction were: from 52 +/- 7 ml/m2 to 62 +/- 9 ml/m2, from 46 +/- 7 ml/m2 to 51 +/- 9 ml/m2 and from 0.66 +/- 0.08 to 0.79 +/- 0.05 and from 0.64 +/- 0.10 to 0.72 +/- 0.10. In subjects who were 60 years and older the increases of these parameters during exercise were considerably smaller.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

Association of Escherichia coli with the small intestinal epithelium. II. Variations in association index and the relationship between association index and enterosorption in pigs.

The association between small intestinal epithelium and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EEC) was studied in ligated intestinal loops of pigs and rabbits. The association indexes (degree of association) for each of two porcine EEC strains varied widely among pigs and independently of each other. Significant litter-to-litter variations in association indexes among colostrum-deprived newborn pigs were interpreted to be the result of congenital resistance to association with specific EEC in some pigs. Since enterosorption occurred in loops with low association indexes, it was not necessary for EEC to establish a high association index for them to cause enterosorption in ligated intestinal loops. Two strains of EEC which are enteropathogenic for humans caused enterosorption in ligated loops in pigs 3 weeks old or less but not in 6-week-old pigs.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1977

Mitral valve closure index. Echocardiographic index of severity of mitral stenosis.

A new echocardiographic index of mitral valve diastolic closure, based on the rate of diastolic apposition of the anterior and posterior mitral leaflet echoes, was measured in 40 patients with mitral stenosis. This mitral valve closure index correlated highly significantly with the mitral valve orifice area (calculated from the Gorlin formula) (r = 0-87). Correlation between the diastolic closure rate (based) on the EF slope) and the calculated valve area was poor (r = 0-37). It is proposed that the mitral valve closure index excludes movement extraneous to the mitral apparatus and expresses the actual rate of valve closure, thus avoiding some of the factors known to contribute to the poor specificity of the diastolic closure rate. The better correlation of the mitral valve closure index with the calculated valve orifice area makes it possible to assess the severity of mitral stenosis by echocardiogram with greater accuracy and confidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hemodynamic imaging with pulsatility-index and resistive-index color Doppler US.

Pulsatility index and resistive index were mapped with color Doppler ultrasound (US) and compared with spectral Doppler US findings. In the carotid arteries and/or kidneys in 12 healthy subjects, the pulsatility index and resistive index were estimated from mean frequency shifts and mapped into "cool-warm" or "rainbow" color scales. Surveys that depicted intervessel variations in a complex vascular field were useful in deciding where to perform spectral Doppler US. Intravessel variations were consistent with fluid dynamic theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of the bone robusticity index and bone weight/bone length index with the results of bone densitometry and bone histomorphometry in experimental studies.

In experimental studies of bone in rats, two morphometric indices reflecting bone density have been proposed, the bone robusticity index and bone weight/bone length index. In rats, the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of a selected bone can be determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); bone volume can be measured by histomorphometry and other techniques. This study was undertaken to compare two morphometric indices (bone robusticity and bone weight/bone length) with the results of DXA and histomorphometry. Forty female Wistar rats (100 days old, mean weight 239+/-12 g) were studied: 20 controls and 20 ovariectomized rats (OVX). The morphometric indices and BMD differed significantly (Friedman test) in the overall group of rats; no differences were observed in the control group, but significant differences were apparent in the OVX group (p<0.0001). The morphometric indices correlated more closely with BMC than with BMD; the femur length/ femur weight index had closer correlations than the robusticity index. Nonetheless, both morphometric indices differed significantly from BMD determined by DXA under abnormal conditions, which makes them unreliable for use in these circumstances.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

The diagnostic efficiency of the Rorschach Depression Index and the Schizophrenia Index: a review.

This review focuses on the diagnostic efficiency of the new versions of the Rorschach Comprehensive System Depression Index (DEPI) and the Schizophrenia Index (SCZI). Clinical diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was chosen as the external validation criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification rates for the indices were presented from the studies or computed from the data when possible. The positive and negative predictive validity was estimated at three different base rates. As regards the DEPI the results showed a large variation in diagnostic performance as the index seemed to have relatively more success in identifying nonpsychotic and unipolar depression than psychotic and bipolar depression. The DEPI did not successfully identify depression among adolescent patients. As regards the SCZI the results more consistently indicated that the index effectively discriminates between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients and the predictive validity of both a positive and negative SCZI was found to be high.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[The index F and relative index Fr of chromatographic fingerprints].

AIM: The index F and relative index Fr of chromatographic fingerprints were firstly proposed to indicate how bountiful was the information in traditional Chinese medicines chromatographic fingerprints, how better was the separation effect, how high was the peak signal and how equal were the peak areas. METHODS: The index F and relative index Fr of chromatographic fingerprints were firstly applied to evaluate the chromatographic fingerprints results of traditional Chinese medicines determined by the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method and high performance capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS: The Shegan Kangbingdu injection and all its traditional Chinese medicines ingredients had been evaluated by F and Fr, so did for the HPLC fingerprints of Radix salviae miltiorrhizae reported in literature. As the same time, the F and Fr of the capillary electrophoresis fingerprints of Folium isatidis, Rhizoma belamcandae and compound liquorice tablets were successfully determined. As far as F was concerned, there was no evident difference between HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE), but the Fr values came from CE was usually a thousand times more than that from HPLC. CONCLUSION: The F and Fr can be applied to evaluate objectively, simply and thoroughly the chromatographic fingerprints.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

[Relativity study of the topological index of methylalkane structures and chromatographic retention index].

Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) have been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in chromatography. QSPR have been used to obtain simple models to explain and predict the chromatographic behavior of various classes of compounds. The study of quantitative structure and retention index relationship (QSRR) is an important subject in chromatographic field. One hundred twenty-seven topological descriptors of 207 methylalkane structures are calculated. GAPLS method, which is a variable selection method combining with genetic algorithms (GA), back stepwise and partial least squares (PLS), is introduced in the variable selection of quantitative structure gas chromatographic (GC) retention index relationship. Seven topological descriptors are selected from 127 topological descriptors by GAPLS method to build QSRR model with high regression quality: squared correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99998, standard deviation (S) of 2.88. The error of the model is similar to the experimental error. The validation of the model is checked by leave-one-out cross-validation technique. The result of leave-one-out cross-validation indicates that the built model is reliable and stable with high prediction quality, such as squared correlation coefficient of leave-one-out (R2cv) of 0.99997 and standard deviation of leave-one-out predictions (Scv) of 2.95. A successful interpretation of the complex relationship between GC retention indexes of methylalkanes and the chemical structure is achieved using QSPR method. The seven variables in the model are also rationally interpreted, which indicates methylalkane retention index are precisely represented by topological descriptors.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of data from mitogen studies in CBA mice: comparison of counts per minute, stimulation index and relative proliferation index.

Lymphocyte proliferation assays were conducted on splenic lymphocytes collected from CBA mice that had been exposed to lead acetate or cadmium chloride for 10 weeks. The ability of mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, as well as purified protein derivative, to induce proliferation in vitro in the presence or absence of macrophages was assessed. Data were compared by using counts per minute (cpm), stimulation index, and relative proliferative index. Data varied considerably within treatment groups performed on different days, which is a typical characteristic of mitogen proliferation investigations. According to cpm data, only 3 of 21 treatments were significantly (P less than 0.05) altered when compared with controls. The stimulation indices were highly influenced by background counts and frequently did not correlate with cpm. The relative proliferative index, on the other hand, calculates net cpm, closely corresponds to cpm, compensates for background counts and is affected less by variation than is the stimulation index, and selected cutoff values give a more sensitive measure for determination of altered proliferative responses when statistical procedures are not applicable. Effects of macrophages, carbon dioxide, and bovine fetal serum on lymphocyte transformation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Prenatal risk index for fetal Down's syndrome with serum markers. Comment on the contribution by R. Benz, U. Müller, M. Krahner-Pilat, S. Wagner-Geuder, R. Terinde: Serum screening for Down's syndrome in women less than 35 years of age with an age-independent index].

5 years ago, maternal serum markers have been established for individual risk estimation of fetal Down syndrome. Recently Benz et al. presented an arbitrary age-independent risk index. Compared to the commonly applied statistical approach a 20% increase in detection rate was obtained by using the index (85% versus 65%). We recalculated data from 19,333 prospectively investigated pregnancies without trisomy 21 and 57 pregnancies with fetal Down syndrome using the proposed risk index. At the corresponding false-positive rate (7.9%) the age-independent detection rate was only 56%. This result indicates that the sensitivity cannot be increased by the Ulm index, when compared to statistical methods of risk estimation.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1996

[An new index to evaluate the elderly health care-geracomia effect index].

This paper introduced a new index--geracomia effect index (GEI) which is expressed by the ratio of survival years of the elderly after their retirement to the expected survival years in order to evaluate the health care service to the elderly. The application of this index was discussed using the mortality data of cardiovascular diseases of a city from 1983 to 1994. The results showed that coronary heart disease, pulmonary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease had a stable influence on the survival years of the elderly during this period while the negative effect of diabetes had been weaken with the calendar years. However, myocardial infarction had begun to threaten the younger groups. The author realized that it needs further practice to make the index applicable.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Measures and interpretation of venous flow in stress tests. Manual compression and Parana manoeuver. Dynamic reflux index and Pstakis index].

Reproducibility of venous flow measurements with Doppler velocimetry depends on the type of stress test used. The signification of the resulting index varies with the type of calculation used. The Paranà manoeuvre has three advantages: it is easy to perform; has good reproducibility and the stress test is hemodynamically similar to the real situation. Unlike volumetric measurements such as the Psatakis index, the dynamic back flow index can be used to evaluate the degree of incontinence. The Psatakis index does however allow detection and measurement of shunt effect. By calculating these two indices when performing the Paranà manoeuvre (isometric reflex contractions of the lower limbs in stationary standing position), the real hemodynamic conditions controlling deep vein function when walking can be evaluated more precisely.

Blood Flow Velocity↗